The novel Moth Smoke by Mohsin Hamid follows the story of Daru, a banker in late 1990s Lahore, Pakistan. It depicts Daru's downward spiral as he falls into a life of drugs and crime. The book draws parallels between Daru's story and the historical struggle for power between the Mughal emperor's sons Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb. It provides a bleak portrayal of the corrupt elite class and exploitation of the poor in Pakistani society. Reviews praise its portrayal of the social climate in Pakistan but note some flaws in storytelling and character development.
This document summarizes several key themes in Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles:
- Tess represents the split between traditional rural culture and the more "refined" educated class of the Victorian era.
- The novel explores themes of memory and the past, fate versus free will, humanity's relationship with nature, women and femininity, justice and judgment, and the contrast between rural and industrial regions in 19th century England.
- Tess is continually punished despite not being responsible for her own actions, raising questions about justice that the reader is left to consider.
south asian diasporic respresentation in shamsi's burnt shadowsabdul rashid
The document discusses Kamila Shamsie's novel Burnt Shadows and how it represents the concept of South Asian diaspora through the lens of acculturation. It examines how characters in the novel are affected both positively and negatively by their experiences with cultural assimilation, integration, identity crises, and feelings of dislocation as a result of migration. It analyzes the characters of Hiroko and Raza in particular and how they struggle with issues of cultural adaptation and forming a sense of identity and belonging across multiple cultures as part of the diaspora experience. The document also discusses Berry's model of acculturation strategies like integration, separation, assimilation, and marginalization in the context presented in the novel.
social class play in the novel Great ExpectationsFatima Gul
Social class played a major role in Victorian society as depicted in Great Expectations. Characters were treated differently based on their class, and one's class determined their access to education. However, social class did not define one's character. While class impacted many aspects of life, it did not connect to someone's true nature. Through his experiences, Pip learns that inner worth is more important than wealth or status.
This document provides an overview of metafiction in J.M. Coetzee's novel Foe. It defines metafiction as fiction that is self-referential and self-conscious of its own constructed nature. It discusses different types of metafiction used in Foe, including historiographic metafiction and situational metafiction. Techniques like self-referentiality, intertextuality, mise-en-abyme, digression, and the use of authorial alter-egos are analyzed. The document concludes that Foe is a multilayered metafictional novel that both references and adapts the works of Daniel Defoe.
The group analyzed passages from Tess of the D'Urbervilles that depict Tess's journey from innocence to experience. They focused on Hardy's use of language and literary devices to explore this theme. Some of the main findings were:
- Hardy uses natural imagery and symbolism to reflect changes in Tess's innocence and purity.
- Religious references and allusions to the Bible show how Tess loses her faith and morality as she experiences hardships.
- Descriptions of the agricultural setting and Tess's work reflect her loss of innocence as she takes on adult responsibilities.
- Seasonal changes parallel transformations
The document summarizes how John Keats used the five senses in his famous Odes from 1819. It analyzes how each ode incorporates vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch through descriptive details and imagery. For example, in "Ode to a Nightingale" Keats references taste through a "draught of vintage" and smell through "soft incense" on the boughs. The document examines examples from each ode to demonstrate Keats' skillful use of sensory language.
- The document lists the group members and their student numbers who are submitting an assignment to their teacher, Mam Zulaikha. It then provides biographical information about Charles Lamb and analyzes his essay "Old China". The essay reflects on how one's ability to enjoy simple pleasures may diminish with wealth and increased means, as reminisced through a conversation between Elia and his cousin Bridget over a new set of china tea cups.
The novel Moth Smoke by Mohsin Hamid follows the story of Daru, a banker in late 1990s Lahore, Pakistan. It depicts Daru's downward spiral as he falls into a life of drugs and crime. The book draws parallels between Daru's story and the historical struggle for power between the Mughal emperor's sons Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb. It provides a bleak portrayal of the corrupt elite class and exploitation of the poor in Pakistani society. Reviews praise its portrayal of the social climate in Pakistan but note some flaws in storytelling and character development.
This document summarizes several key themes in Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles:
- Tess represents the split between traditional rural culture and the more "refined" educated class of the Victorian era.
- The novel explores themes of memory and the past, fate versus free will, humanity's relationship with nature, women and femininity, justice and judgment, and the contrast between rural and industrial regions in 19th century England.
- Tess is continually punished despite not being responsible for her own actions, raising questions about justice that the reader is left to consider.
south asian diasporic respresentation in shamsi's burnt shadowsabdul rashid
The document discusses Kamila Shamsie's novel Burnt Shadows and how it represents the concept of South Asian diaspora through the lens of acculturation. It examines how characters in the novel are affected both positively and negatively by their experiences with cultural assimilation, integration, identity crises, and feelings of dislocation as a result of migration. It analyzes the characters of Hiroko and Raza in particular and how they struggle with issues of cultural adaptation and forming a sense of identity and belonging across multiple cultures as part of the diaspora experience. The document also discusses Berry's model of acculturation strategies like integration, separation, assimilation, and marginalization in the context presented in the novel.
social class play in the novel Great ExpectationsFatima Gul
Social class played a major role in Victorian society as depicted in Great Expectations. Characters were treated differently based on their class, and one's class determined their access to education. However, social class did not define one's character. While class impacted many aspects of life, it did not connect to someone's true nature. Through his experiences, Pip learns that inner worth is more important than wealth or status.
This document provides an overview of metafiction in J.M. Coetzee's novel Foe. It defines metafiction as fiction that is self-referential and self-conscious of its own constructed nature. It discusses different types of metafiction used in Foe, including historiographic metafiction and situational metafiction. Techniques like self-referentiality, intertextuality, mise-en-abyme, digression, and the use of authorial alter-egos are analyzed. The document concludes that Foe is a multilayered metafictional novel that both references and adapts the works of Daniel Defoe.
The group analyzed passages from Tess of the D'Urbervilles that depict Tess's journey from innocence to experience. They focused on Hardy's use of language and literary devices to explore this theme. Some of the main findings were:
- Hardy uses natural imagery and symbolism to reflect changes in Tess's innocence and purity.
- Religious references and allusions to the Bible show how Tess loses her faith and morality as she experiences hardships.
- Descriptions of the agricultural setting and Tess's work reflect her loss of innocence as she takes on adult responsibilities.
- Seasonal changes parallel transformations
The document summarizes how John Keats used the five senses in his famous Odes from 1819. It analyzes how each ode incorporates vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch through descriptive details and imagery. For example, in "Ode to a Nightingale" Keats references taste through a "draught of vintage" and smell through "soft incense" on the boughs. The document examines examples from each ode to demonstrate Keats' skillful use of sensory language.
- The document lists the group members and their student numbers who are submitting an assignment to their teacher, Mam Zulaikha. It then provides biographical information about Charles Lamb and analyzes his essay "Old China". The essay reflects on how one's ability to enjoy simple pleasures may diminish with wealth and increased means, as reminisced through a conversation between Elia and his cousin Bridget over a new set of china tea cups.
The document summarizes the key themes in the novel "Moth Smoke" in 3 sentences or less:
Desire in various forms such as power, greed, lust and temptation are prominent themes explored through the characters' unfaithfulness. Class divisions between the masses and elite are examined. The selection of Lahore as the setting provides a realistic lens into the lives of the contemporary elite class and issues like poverty, crime, and politics.
Symbolism in Archetypal criticism of Northrop FryeSagar Ladhva
This is my presentations of Symbolism in Archetypal criticism of Northrop Frye. Northrop Fry was a Canadian critics or theorist.Archetypal Means like: Arche “first” and typos “form”
An original model or pattern from which copies are made.
Paper 7 Northrop Frye's inductive and Deductive Methodbrijaloza1994
Brijaloza Oza submitted a paper on Literary Theory and Criticism to the Department of English at M.K. Bhavnagar University in 2015-2017. The document defines the inductive and deductive methods of literary analysis. It provides examples of each method, including using inductive reasoning to conclude that all cats are black based on observing three black cats, and using deductive reasoning to conclude that Varun is a bachelor based on the general rule that bachelors are unmarried men and the specific information that Varun is unmarried.
Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary theorist and critic known for his theory of archetypes in literature. He proposed that recurring patterns, symbols, and themes (archetypes) exist across works of literature that fall into categories corresponding to the four seasons - spring, summer, fall, winter. Frye's purpose was to connect literature through these shared archetypes in order to analyze how individual works both conform to and stray from archetypal patterns. Examples provided are the Gujarati poem "Mor Bani Thangat Kare" and the English poem "Four Seasons", as well as the film "Jagte Raho", which potentially demonstrate archetypes.
The document summarizes the themes of the novel Kanthapura by Raja Rao. The main themes are the struggle for Indian independence and the impact of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of nonviolence and equality. The novel depicts the influence of the Gandhian movement on a small village called Kanthapura in Mysore state, with the central character Murthy representing Gandhi by following his teachings.
This document provides a book review of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "Water" from 2006. It summarizes the key plot points and themes of the novel, which focuses on the life of a young girl named Chuyia who is widowed at age 8 and sent to live in a widow's ashram. The review discusses how the novel depicts the miserable conditions faced by widows in 1930s India and criticizes the patriarchal customs and treatment of women. It also analyzes the novel's exploration of Gandhi's ideas as catalyst for social change in opposition to traditional Hindu laws. While praising Sidhwa's subtle humor, the review notes some questions left unanswered regarding customs for widows of
This document summarizes the major themes in Juno and the Paycock by Sean O'Casey, including poverty, fighting for ideals, the debilitating effects of poverty, escapism, religion, reality and fantasy, tragedy and comedy, and feminism. It notes that the play depicts the poverty of its characters and conflicts between dreams and reality. It also analyzes O'Casey's portrayal of women as more realistic and responsible than the men. The document concludes by arguing the play stresses women's instinctive good sense and role in modern life.
This lecture discusses Walter Pater's concept of style. Pater was a Victorian poet and essayist known for his aesthetic philosophy of "art for art's sake." The lecture outlines Pater's biography and covers topics like his views on prose and poetry being the same, the selection of words in writing, and his idea that logical coherence is the "mind" of style while personality is the "soul" of style. The conclusion is that Pater's essay on style expounds not just on good prose but also his aesthetic principles and approach to literary criticism.
1) Postcolonial theory originated in literary studies to examine the cultural impacts of colonialism, particularly how English was used to promote colonial ideologies.
2) Postcolonial studies problematize the distinction between "culture as art" versus "culture as way of life," and the concept of culture itself. They also challenge the colonial assumption that their own cultures were superior.
3) Looking to the future, postcolonial studies will remain grounded in analyzing the local impacts of large ideologies while also constructing theoretical frameworks for analysis and resistance. The field balances general theories with examinations of specific post-colonial realities.
This document provides a summary of Charles Dickens' novel "Hard Times". It summarizes that the novel is set in the mid-19th century in the fictional manufacturing town of Coketown in England. It explores themes of education, where facts are emphasized over imagination; industrialism, where workers are treated as machines; and unhappy marriages as a result of these societal pressures. The narrator speaks in third person with a mocking, ironic and satirical tone about the horrors of this system depicted in Dickens' classic novel.
Significance of the title of ‘Moth Smoke.’AleeenaFarooq
The document provides an analysis of the title and significance of the novel "Moth Smoke" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses how the title is symbolic and metaphoric in nature. The moth represents characters who are helplessly and dangerously attracted to unattainable things or people, like a moth drawn to a flame. The smoke suggests the empty dreams and desires of characters that come to nothing and end up forgotten. The relationship between the moth, smoke and candle (representing people in the love triangle of Daru, Ozi and Mumtaz) is also explored. The title encapsulates the themes of reckless behavior, downward spirals and the shadows of history that characters are entrapped within.
This document discusses archetypal criticism and provides examples of common archetypes and symbols. It defines archetypal criticism as analyzing recurring patterns in literature, myths, and rituals. Some common character archetypes described are the hero, outcast, scapegoat, star-crossed lovers, shrew, and femme fatale. Common situation/symbol archetypes discussed include the task, quest, loss of innocence, and symbols like water and rivers. Examples are given for each to illustrate what they represent in stories.
Thomas Hardy was a Victorian author born in 1840 to a working class family. He received some education but lacked a university background. This informed his novel Jude the Obscure, where the protagonist Jude is denied university access due to his class. The novel shocked readers with its unconventional treatment of relationships and marriage. It depicts Jude and his cousin Sue's relationship and their struggles in a society where opportunities for women were limited and marriage was encouraged. The novel was controversial and led Hardy to abandon writing novels.
This document discusses postcolonial themes in the novel A House for Mr. Biswas by V.S. Naipaul, including diaspora, alienation, identity crisis, and the protagonist Mr. Biswas' search for a home as a way to find identity and emancipation from subjugation. It also touches on Naipaul drawing from his own experiences with displacement and how the novel examines the problems faced by those transitioning from colonial to independent status.
‘Great expectation’ by Charles Dickens is an auto biographical novel Fatima Gul
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is an autobiographical novel that draws from the author's own life experiences. Many key events in the novel, such as Pip's apprenticeship, his sister's death, and his love affair mirror Dickens' life. Additionally, major themes like imprisonment, dissatisfaction, and unfulfilled expectations reflected Dickens' own struggles. By presenting fictionalized versions of real incidents and themes, Dickens created a autobiographical work that also portrayed Victorian society.
1. The document is a paper submitted by Lewade krupali k. for her MA class on the theory of catharsis as defined by Aristotle in his definition of tragedy.
2. Aristotle defined tragedy as "an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of certain magnitude through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of emotion."
3. Catharsis has three possible meanings - purification, purgation, or clarification. The paper examines medical, psychological, purification, and clarification interpretations of catharsis.
The French Lieutenant's Woman by John Fowles is a historical fiction novel set in 1867 that follows Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff. Charles is engaged to Ernestina Freeman but falls in love with Sarah, a mysterious woman who lives alone after being abandoned by her lover. The novel explores their relationship amid the social constraints of Victorian England. It also features a narrator who comments on the story and writing process, highlighting the constructed nature of fiction.
Mahasweta Devi's novel Rudali centers on Sanichari, a low-caste widow in rural India, and her partnership with Bhikni, a professional mourner known as a Rudali. The novel depicts their struggles under the oppressive patriarchal caste system through Sanichari's devastating life story. After suffering poverty and the loss of her husband and son, Sanichari finds work with the wealthy landlord but faces exploitation. Her friendship with Bhikni allows them to find solidarity and ways to survive their miserable circumstances. The story highlights the particularly difficult positions of lower-caste women in Indian society through Sanichari and Bhikni's relationship and Sanichari's experiences with hardship,
The play The Road by Wole Soyinka follows the lives of various drivers and associates in a poor Nigerian neighborhood. One main character, Professor, owns a store on the road and seems obsessed with finding the ultimate "Word." He believes the road symbolizes the journey from life to death. Professor causes accidents and then profits by selling spare parts from the wrecked vehicles. He views the "Word" as a force that can destroy people and as the key to controlling the universe.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A New Historical Perspective (draft)Mehdi Hassanian esfahani
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a student paper analyzing James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man from a New Historicist perspective. The student will examine the protagonist Stephen Dedalus's character development and rebellion against society, religion, and family in the context of Ireland in the 1890s. The introduction discusses New Historicist literary theory and its focus on understanding works in their historical and cultural contexts. It also outlines how the student will analyze Stephen's rebellion in parallel with Ireland's history and culture at the time as presented in the novel.
The document summarizes the key themes in the novel "Moth Smoke" in 3 sentences or less:
Desire in various forms such as power, greed, lust and temptation are prominent themes explored through the characters' unfaithfulness. Class divisions between the masses and elite are examined. The selection of Lahore as the setting provides a realistic lens into the lives of the contemporary elite class and issues like poverty, crime, and politics.
Symbolism in Archetypal criticism of Northrop FryeSagar Ladhva
This is my presentations of Symbolism in Archetypal criticism of Northrop Frye. Northrop Fry was a Canadian critics or theorist.Archetypal Means like: Arche “first” and typos “form”
An original model or pattern from which copies are made.
Paper 7 Northrop Frye's inductive and Deductive Methodbrijaloza1994
Brijaloza Oza submitted a paper on Literary Theory and Criticism to the Department of English at M.K. Bhavnagar University in 2015-2017. The document defines the inductive and deductive methods of literary analysis. It provides examples of each method, including using inductive reasoning to conclude that all cats are black based on observing three black cats, and using deductive reasoning to conclude that Varun is a bachelor based on the general rule that bachelors are unmarried men and the specific information that Varun is unmarried.
Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary theorist and critic known for his theory of archetypes in literature. He proposed that recurring patterns, symbols, and themes (archetypes) exist across works of literature that fall into categories corresponding to the four seasons - spring, summer, fall, winter. Frye's purpose was to connect literature through these shared archetypes in order to analyze how individual works both conform to and stray from archetypal patterns. Examples provided are the Gujarati poem "Mor Bani Thangat Kare" and the English poem "Four Seasons", as well as the film "Jagte Raho", which potentially demonstrate archetypes.
The document summarizes the themes of the novel Kanthapura by Raja Rao. The main themes are the struggle for Indian independence and the impact of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of nonviolence and equality. The novel depicts the influence of the Gandhian movement on a small village called Kanthapura in Mysore state, with the central character Murthy representing Gandhi by following his teachings.
This document provides a book review of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "Water" from 2006. It summarizes the key plot points and themes of the novel, which focuses on the life of a young girl named Chuyia who is widowed at age 8 and sent to live in a widow's ashram. The review discusses how the novel depicts the miserable conditions faced by widows in 1930s India and criticizes the patriarchal customs and treatment of women. It also analyzes the novel's exploration of Gandhi's ideas as catalyst for social change in opposition to traditional Hindu laws. While praising Sidhwa's subtle humor, the review notes some questions left unanswered regarding customs for widows of
This document summarizes the major themes in Juno and the Paycock by Sean O'Casey, including poverty, fighting for ideals, the debilitating effects of poverty, escapism, religion, reality and fantasy, tragedy and comedy, and feminism. It notes that the play depicts the poverty of its characters and conflicts between dreams and reality. It also analyzes O'Casey's portrayal of women as more realistic and responsible than the men. The document concludes by arguing the play stresses women's instinctive good sense and role in modern life.
This lecture discusses Walter Pater's concept of style. Pater was a Victorian poet and essayist known for his aesthetic philosophy of "art for art's sake." The lecture outlines Pater's biography and covers topics like his views on prose and poetry being the same, the selection of words in writing, and his idea that logical coherence is the "mind" of style while personality is the "soul" of style. The conclusion is that Pater's essay on style expounds not just on good prose but also his aesthetic principles and approach to literary criticism.
1) Postcolonial theory originated in literary studies to examine the cultural impacts of colonialism, particularly how English was used to promote colonial ideologies.
2) Postcolonial studies problematize the distinction between "culture as art" versus "culture as way of life," and the concept of culture itself. They also challenge the colonial assumption that their own cultures were superior.
3) Looking to the future, postcolonial studies will remain grounded in analyzing the local impacts of large ideologies while also constructing theoretical frameworks for analysis and resistance. The field balances general theories with examinations of specific post-colonial realities.
This document provides a summary of Charles Dickens' novel "Hard Times". It summarizes that the novel is set in the mid-19th century in the fictional manufacturing town of Coketown in England. It explores themes of education, where facts are emphasized over imagination; industrialism, where workers are treated as machines; and unhappy marriages as a result of these societal pressures. The narrator speaks in third person with a mocking, ironic and satirical tone about the horrors of this system depicted in Dickens' classic novel.
Significance of the title of ‘Moth Smoke.’AleeenaFarooq
The document provides an analysis of the title and significance of the novel "Moth Smoke" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses how the title is symbolic and metaphoric in nature. The moth represents characters who are helplessly and dangerously attracted to unattainable things or people, like a moth drawn to a flame. The smoke suggests the empty dreams and desires of characters that come to nothing and end up forgotten. The relationship between the moth, smoke and candle (representing people in the love triangle of Daru, Ozi and Mumtaz) is also explored. The title encapsulates the themes of reckless behavior, downward spirals and the shadows of history that characters are entrapped within.
This document discusses archetypal criticism and provides examples of common archetypes and symbols. It defines archetypal criticism as analyzing recurring patterns in literature, myths, and rituals. Some common character archetypes described are the hero, outcast, scapegoat, star-crossed lovers, shrew, and femme fatale. Common situation/symbol archetypes discussed include the task, quest, loss of innocence, and symbols like water and rivers. Examples are given for each to illustrate what they represent in stories.
Thomas Hardy was a Victorian author born in 1840 to a working class family. He received some education but lacked a university background. This informed his novel Jude the Obscure, where the protagonist Jude is denied university access due to his class. The novel shocked readers with its unconventional treatment of relationships and marriage. It depicts Jude and his cousin Sue's relationship and their struggles in a society where opportunities for women were limited and marriage was encouraged. The novel was controversial and led Hardy to abandon writing novels.
This document discusses postcolonial themes in the novel A House for Mr. Biswas by V.S. Naipaul, including diaspora, alienation, identity crisis, and the protagonist Mr. Biswas' search for a home as a way to find identity and emancipation from subjugation. It also touches on Naipaul drawing from his own experiences with displacement and how the novel examines the problems faced by those transitioning from colonial to independent status.
‘Great expectation’ by Charles Dickens is an auto biographical novel Fatima Gul
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is an autobiographical novel that draws from the author's own life experiences. Many key events in the novel, such as Pip's apprenticeship, his sister's death, and his love affair mirror Dickens' life. Additionally, major themes like imprisonment, dissatisfaction, and unfulfilled expectations reflected Dickens' own struggles. By presenting fictionalized versions of real incidents and themes, Dickens created a autobiographical work that also portrayed Victorian society.
1. The document is a paper submitted by Lewade krupali k. for her MA class on the theory of catharsis as defined by Aristotle in his definition of tragedy.
2. Aristotle defined tragedy as "an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of certain magnitude through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of emotion."
3. Catharsis has three possible meanings - purification, purgation, or clarification. The paper examines medical, psychological, purification, and clarification interpretations of catharsis.
The French Lieutenant's Woman by John Fowles is a historical fiction novel set in 1867 that follows Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff. Charles is engaged to Ernestina Freeman but falls in love with Sarah, a mysterious woman who lives alone after being abandoned by her lover. The novel explores their relationship amid the social constraints of Victorian England. It also features a narrator who comments on the story and writing process, highlighting the constructed nature of fiction.
Mahasweta Devi's novel Rudali centers on Sanichari, a low-caste widow in rural India, and her partnership with Bhikni, a professional mourner known as a Rudali. The novel depicts their struggles under the oppressive patriarchal caste system through Sanichari's devastating life story. After suffering poverty and the loss of her husband and son, Sanichari finds work with the wealthy landlord but faces exploitation. Her friendship with Bhikni allows them to find solidarity and ways to survive their miserable circumstances. The story highlights the particularly difficult positions of lower-caste women in Indian society through Sanichari and Bhikni's relationship and Sanichari's experiences with hardship,
The play The Road by Wole Soyinka follows the lives of various drivers and associates in a poor Nigerian neighborhood. One main character, Professor, owns a store on the road and seems obsessed with finding the ultimate "Word." He believes the road symbolizes the journey from life to death. Professor causes accidents and then profits by selling spare parts from the wrecked vehicles. He views the "Word" as a force that can destroy people and as the key to controlling the universe.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A New Historical Perspective (draft)Mehdi Hassanian esfahani
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a student paper analyzing James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man from a New Historicist perspective. The student will examine the protagonist Stephen Dedalus's character development and rebellion against society, religion, and family in the context of Ireland in the 1890s. The introduction discusses New Historicist literary theory and its focus on understanding works in their historical and cultural contexts. It also outlines how the student will analyze Stephen's rebellion in parallel with Ireland's history and culture at the time as presented in the novel.
2. Türk Dizileri ve Cinsiyetçilik
Diziler cinsiyetçiliği nasıl besliyor?
Medyanın önemli bir kolu olan diziler; bireyden başlayarak aile, mahalle, okul, işyeri ve gündelik
yaşamın hemen her yerine, her kesimine sirayet etmiş görünen şiddet ve cinsiyetçi toplumsal değerlerin
yeniden üretildiği alanlardan biridir. Dizilerde sistematik şekilde üretilen geleneksel toplumsal değerler
ve özellikle öne çıkan cinsiyetçi vurgular artarak devam ediyor. Dizi içeriklerinde geleneksel değerler
yeniden üretilirken, ideolojik olan formlar gizleniyor ve ataerkillik normalleştiriliyor.
Bugün hem geleneksel medya hem de yeni medya kanallarındaki dizilerde kadına yönelik şiddet,
cinsiyet ayrımcılığı ve her türlü toplumsal baskı yeniden üretiliyor ve biçimlendirliyor
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jrxUSy1g0A 3.37
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GK1-gmrXZ4
3. Yerli Dizilerde Yaratılan Toplumsal Cinsiyet
Rolleri
Yerli diziler, popülerlikleri ve izlenme oranlarındaki yükseklik
düşünüldüğünde, geleneksel toplumsal değerlerin en yoğun vurgulandığı
yapımlar arasında yer alıyor. Bu diziler öne çıkardıkları ya da gizledikleri
üzerinden kadına yönelik şiddet, ayrımcılık ve toplumsal baskının
artmasında önemli bir rol oynuyor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gsc3KVnFATQ 2.12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k5J4HEIZK0
Muhteşem Yüzyıl
4. Yerli Dizilerin Erkek Kahramanları: nefes aldırmamacasına kadınlarına sahip çıkar, ölesiye kıskanırlar. Kadın
yanlış yaptıysa cezası anında kesilir; kadın eğer suçluysa tecavüz, kaçınılmaz olarak en bilindik cezadır.
Yerli Dizilerin Kadın kahramanları: ise erkekleri için her an her şeylerinden vazgeçmeye hazırdırlar. Yaşamda
elde ettikleri tüm becerilerini, donanımlarını aşkları için ellerinin tersiyle anında itiverirler. Namus, ailesi ve
çocukları için kendini feda etme, vefa gösterme kadın kahramanların ezberleri arasında yer alır. Bir erkek için
diğer kadınlara karşı verdiği savaş da çok yaygın kullanılan bir temadır.Kadınlar kadınları yererken genellikle
her koşulda erkeği yüceltirler.(GELENEKSEL ATAERKİL SÖYLEM)
5. Dizilerde genellikle iki uç noktada iki ayrı kadın figürü çizilir:
1. Maddi özgürlükleri olan, kendi yolunu kendi çizebilen, kimseye boyun eğmeyecek gibi duran bir
kadın figürü.(Kültürlü, donanımlı, ne istediğini bilen kadınlar fesat ve kötü karakterlerle karşımıza
çıkıyor.)
2. Her zaman daha mağdur, saf, vefakar, fedakar, hayatın her getirisine boyun eğen bir tipleme.(
Bir nevi saf evine bağlı anaç Anadolu kadını temsili)
Yaprak Dökümü- Fikret Yaprak Dökümü-Ferhunde
2. Tip Kadın Figürü 1.Tip Kadın Figürü
6. Televizyon dizilerinde yer alan kadın karakterler
yansıttığı imaj olarak ataerkil düzenin etkisi
altındadır. Her ne kadar kadın iş hayatında
bulunsa da iyi bir ev hanımı ve anne olma
yükümlülüğüne sahip olmak zorunda kalmıştır.
Çünkü ataerkil toplum düzeni bu şekilde işleyiş
göstermektedir. Tüketim toplumunda da ataerkil
yapıyla bir şekilde kaynaştığında kadın hem
bakımlı, giyimine kuşamına dikkat eden bir cinsel
obje olmakla beraber, gelenekçi yapısını da
sürdürmeli algısını ortaya çıkarmıştır.
7. Son Dönem Türk Dizilerinde Kadın Karakterlerin Meslek Gruplarına Göre Dağılımı
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Kadın
Karakter
Paramparç
a
Gülseren
Vasıfsız
çalışan
Dilara
Ev Hanımı,
anne,
sosyal
Solmaz
Ev Hanımı
Keriman
Vasıfsız
çalışan
Cansu
Öğrenci
Hazal
Öğrenci
Ahu
Avukat
Hizmetçi Hizmetçi Maide
İş Kadını
Kara
Sevda
Nihan
Ressam
Leyla
Zengin,
Vildan
Ev Hanımı
Asu
İş Kadını
Zeynep
Öğrenci
Fehime
Ev Hanımı
Efsane
Hizmetçi
Göç
Zamanı
Cennet
Vasıfsız
çalışan, Ev
Hanımı
Hanım
Ev Hanımı
Sevgi
Ev
Hanımı,
zengin
Zümrüt
Öğrenci
Kiraz
Öğrenci
Kiralık
Aşk
Defne
Asistan
Yasemin
İş Kadını
Neriman
Ev Hanımı
Sude
Öğrenci
Gecenin
Kraliçesi
Selin
Esnaf/İşsiz
Esra
Ev Hanımı
Hüma
Ev Hanımı
Selin’in
Annesi işsiz
Aşk
Yeniden
Zeynep
Vasıfsız
işçi/Girişimci
Gülsüm
Ev Hanımı
Mukaddes
Ev Hanımı
Selin
Öğrenci
Yadigar
Ev Hanımı
Ayfer
Ev Hanımı
Tablo 1.1’ de Kadınların Meslek dağılımları; 14 Ev Hanımı, 4 Vasıfsız çalışan, 7 Öğrenci, 3 İş
Kadını, 3 Hizmetçi, 2 İşsiz, 1 Ressam, 1 Avukat, 1 Asistan
8. Neredeyse tüm öyküler bir erkek karakterin
üzerine kurulu. Bu sırada etrafta yardımcı
karakterler yani kadınlar var. Ayrıca dizilerde
kadınlara biçilen roller de çoğunlukla kalıp
yargıları besleyen nitelikte. Ya kurnaz, kötü
kadın oluyor, ya içinde bulunduğu durumdan
bir erkek tarafından kurtarılmayı bekleyen
yardıma muhtaç kadın ya da fedakar anne.
Hayat hep erkek karakter üzerinden kodlanıyor.
Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğinde Medyanın Rolü Alt Komisyonu’nun başkanı
Zeynep Karahan Uslu:
9. Asmalı Konak (2002-2003)
Aydan Özsoy'a göre, Asmalı Konak'ın baş karakterleri Seğmen Ağa ve Bahar çiftinden
itibaren dizilerdeki popüler ikililer, ataerkilliği meşrulaştırıyor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Wd1EmT7NfI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uL7eP-LA6w&t=493s
10. ASMALI KONAK
-İyi eğitimli, zengin bir köy ağası ile iyi eğitimli,
orta sınıf bir kent kızının New York sokaklarında
başlayan ve Kapadokya'da «kadının erkeğin elini
öpmesi suretiyle» evliliğe dönüşen hikayesidir.
-Çok gezen, çok entel, çok okuyan ressam Bahar
aşkı uğruna her şeyi terk eder ve ağır «maço»
taşra adamı Seğmen Ağa’yı sever.
-Tecavüz ve Seğmen Ağa’nın Bahar’ı dövme
sahnesi kadınlar için yaşamın, her ortamda, ne
kadar zor olduğunu apaçık sergilemiştir.
-Dizideki aşk ve konak yaşamı, genç bir kadın olan
baş kahraman Bahar için baş edemediği bir baskı
ve şiddet sarmalına dönüşür.
12. Yaprak Dökümü
Kötü Gelin Ferhunde Evin İyi Kızı Fikret
A) Kadınlar Üzerine Oluşturulan Kanaat
İki Zıt Karakter: Fikret ve Ferhunde
13. Cinsellik
Ceyda, Leyla ve Necla: Evlilik dışı
gerçekleştirilen cinsel ilişkinin kadınların
hayatlarını nasıl mahvedeceği
vurgulanmıştır.
Fikret ve kocası: "Benim olduğun için ne
kadar şanslıyım.(«Kadının bedeninin
mülkiyet hakkı kocasına aittir» algısı
pekiştirilir.)
ATAERKİL SÖYLEM-GELENEKSEL
ALGILAR
Namus yalnızca kadına atfedilir.
14. Tecavüz
Leyla tecavüze uğrar ve "kirlendiği" düşünülür. Bunun tek çözümü Leyla'nın tecavüzcüsü ile
evlendirilmesidir. Aslında ceza gene kadına verilmektedir, işlenen suçtan sorumlu olan erkek
ödüllendirilmektedir.
15. Babadan kocaya, "tek taş yüzük"
Leyla ve Necla'nın daha fazla sorun açmamaları
için anneleri Hayriye Hanım tarafından bir an
önce evlendirilmesi ve bir anlamda başlarının
bağlanarak dizginleri babadan alıp kocaya teslim
etmek istenir.
«Erkeklerin akıllanması için askere gönderilmesi
şartsa, bir kızın akıllanması için de evlendirilmesi
şarttır.»
«İdeal kadın evinin kadını ve annedir, ideal koca
ise varlıklı ve eşinin koruyucusu, sahip çıkanıdır.»
Bu ataerkil vurgular muhteşem düğünlerle
taçlandırılır.
18. Kalıplaşmış modeller
Deniz: Koruyucu Sevgili Erkek
Aslı: Mine’yi sevgilisini yoldan çıkarabilecek bir varlık
olarak gören kadın
Canan: Evlilik dışı bebek sahibi olan ve istemediği
adamla evlenmek zorunda kalan kadın
Mine: Evlilik dışı ilişkinin kötü sonucu, başında bir
erkek (babası) olmadığından hırçın ve aksi kadın
19. Anneliğe Vurgu
Mine'nin sorumsuz ve ahlak kurallarına aykırı davranmasının kökeninde annesinin yattığı
vurgulanmaktadır.
Ayşe Hanım -Mine'nin anneannesi-
"anne" şefkati ile dizideki herkesi bir çatı
altında toplamaktadır.
"Bu gidişle hiç çocukları olamayacak" ya
da "Gönül biz bu gidişle anne baba
olamayacağız"
21. «Beyefendilik» ve Metres
Hızır Karakteri: Sabah karısına “seni seviyorum” diyip akşamında metresinin kollarına koşan
hatta ondan da bir çocuk yapan, “seni de seviyorum” diyen takdire şayan bir beyefendilik
örneği. Her iki sahne de son derece duygusal ve ikisini de sevebileceğini kabul ettiren bir
üslupla işleniyor. Akıllara işlenmiş olan güzel kadın modelini oldukça karşılayabilen güzel ve
alımlı bir eşi var.
22. Meryem Karakteri
Ailesi,çocukları ve sevdiği söz konusu
olduğunda herkesin gıptayla baktığı
mantığı ve gücü Hızır’a duyduğu aşk
nedeniyle yok oluyor.Hızır’ın zor ve
karanlık hayatını gıkı çıkmadan kabul eden
Meryem, konu onun çapkınlığı ve
uçarılığına gelince hayatının en büyük
acılarını yaşıyor.
‘Anadolu Kadınının Özünde Taşıdığı
Özellikler’
23. Kadının Kadını Yermesi ve Her Koşulda Erkeği
Yüceltmesi
Kaynana-Gelin
Hızır’ın annesi dizide gelinini hiçe
sayıyor, oğlunu pohpohluyor ve
oğlunun metresinin hamileliği son
buldu sandığında ise günlerce dualar
okuyor, yaslar tutuyor. Tüm bunları
yine esas gelini ve torunlarının gözleri
önünde yapıyor.
24. Kadın Düşmanlığı
Hızır,yanında çalışan erkeklere 'hanımlar' diyerek hakaret ediyor. Arada kadınları aşağılayan
özlü sözler söylüyor ve nikahlı eşine metresini kabullenmesi için bağırıp çağırıyor. Bazen silah
çekecek gibi oluyor ama kendini tutuyor. Mükemmel bir kadın nefreti panoraması yansıtılıyor.
‘Sen Düşmanına Etek Giydirirsen
Oğlunda Okul Arkadaşına Giydirir’
Kadın denilen şey ısıtan bir şey olmasa değil yatağıma evime bile sokmam.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZd9-YycFTw 23
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqMSZ4Gg23s
2.50
30. Kadınlar arasında erkek için oluşan rekabet
Kadını aşağılayan töre: Kumalık
İkinci sınıf olrak dizide yer alan kadın tiplemeleri
Doyumsuz erkek ve tek boyutlu güzellik algısı
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7cqraDNaRM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6DbKzxOTQU
3.10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6DbKzxOTQU
32. -Çocuk Yapmanın Erkek için Güç Unsuru Olması «Ustalık Eseri»
-Kız Çocuğunun Erkek Arkadaşı Olması Yadırganırken Erkek Çocuğun Kız Arkadaşı
Olmasından Övünç Duyulması
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEbPc9ZDSxU 20.-49
-Taş Fırın Erkeği/ Light Erkek
-Feminizmin Erkek Düşmanlığı Olarak Lanse Edilmesi
-Geleneksel Algılarla Çatışan İdeal Kadın Tiplemesi: Meltem
33. Var olan geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet algıları görünmez oldukları müddetçe
güçleniyorlar. Popüler kültür kendini eğitimle, gündelik dilin merkezine yerleşen
terminolojisiyle yeniden üretiyor. Muhalif siyasal ve feminist kültür de bu süreçleri
yeterince sorunsallaştırmıyor. Bu nedenle bize düşen görev normalleştirildikleri için
görünmez olan bu kavramları, algıları görünür kılmaktır. Farkında olmak yetmiyor çünkü
farkındalığımızı yaygınlaştırmadıkça "normalleştirilen" algılar içinde marjinal kalmaktan
kurtulamıyoruz.
ATAERKİLLİĞİ GÖRÜNÜR KILMAK