The document discusses the Pascal programming language and introduces sets as a data type. It notes that a set can contain elements of the same type, with no repeated values and a maximum size of 255 elements. It provides examples of defining set types for colors, days of the week, and characters. Operators for sets like intersection, union, difference, subset, superset and membership are also presented. The document includes examples of initializing sets, reading values into a set, and using enumerated types to define sets of named values.

1. Pascal Programming Language
Omar ElSabek & Fayez Ghazzawi
IT Engineering
3th year – UNKNOWN Department
programming II

2. Welcome!
Hope you are doing fine!

3. Sets
 Record
Files (Text & Binary)
Pointers
 Linked Lists
 Unit
Course Index :

4. What Do we need !

5. • Let’s Begin learning the SETS

6. Sets
A set is a collection of elements of same type.
Pascal allows defining the set data type.
The elements in a set are called members. In Pascal, sets are
represented by enclosing the members within square brackets [ ]

7. The Proprieties
• items can not be repeated
• ordinal
• discrete
• finite (in Pascal the maximum size of set is
256 item)

8. 1. We CAN’T repeat values in a single Set
2. We should define the Set as aType
3. In the arrays we can get the value of an element inside by
array[Num].
But here …….We just can’t 
4. The max number of elements in the Set is 255 element
5. All the elements inside have the sameType (integer ,char
,boolean ,enumerated)

9. Type
set-identifier = set of base type ;
Var
s1, s2, ... : set-identifier;

10. Type
Color = (red, blue, yellow, green, white);
Var
s1, s2 : Color ;

11. Type
Color = (red, blue, yellow, green, white);
Days = (Mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun);
Letters = set of char;
Alphabets = set of 'A' .. 'Z';

12. Examples:
Re-initialization
initialization

13. S1 = set of integer;
S2 = Set of 1..300
S3 = Set of char;

14. Program Lesson1_Program1 (input,output);
Type
Days = (Sun, Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu, Fri, Sat);
Var
D : days
Begin
writeln (days(2)); { outputTue}
readln;
End.

15. Program Lesson1_Program1 (input,output);
Type
Days = (Sun, Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu, Fri, Sat);
Var
D : days
Begin
writeln (ord(Mon)); { output 1}
readln;
End.

16. CanWe Define a Set in “Var” ????
Var
S : set of 1..70 ;
Remembering
the ‘:’

17. 17
S1 := [40, 55, 99, 40, 41, 44..55, 300];
40 41 55..99
Won’t add
S1

18. • The operations on Sets :
 ⋂ ⇔ *
 ⋃ ⇔ +
 / ⇔ -
 ⊆ ⇔ <=
 ⊇ ⇔ >=
 ∈ ⇔ in

19. 19

20. 20

26. Procedure ReadsetI (var S:SI; L:integer) ;
var
i, x : integer;
Begin
For i:=1 to L do
begin
Read(x);
S := S + [x];
end;
End;

27. 
EnumeratedType
Car= (kia,BMW,Toyota,ZTR,Mazda)