The document discusses the informal economy in West Africa and its importance for food security. It notes that the informal economy is difficult to define and measure due to its diversity and lack of standard definitions and accounting. However, it plays a major role in providing income, jobs, and services for many households. The document calls for revising concepts and definitions to better capture the full scope and importance of informal economic activities across different sectors. Improving measurements of the informal economy is essential for informing effective food security policies.
KRI Brown Bag Seminar #10: 'Informal and Non-Standard Employment: Cross-natio...KhazanahResearchInstitute
This document discusses informal and non-standard employment based on cross-national statistics and recent trends. It provides an overview of key concepts related to informal employment and the progress made in international statistics on this topic. Specifically, the ILO published the first ever globally harmonized estimates of informal employment in 2018, finding over 60% of total global employment is informal. The estimates provide insight into informal employment trends across regions, sex, employment status, industries, and more. Developing reliable cross-national measures of informal employment has involved collaboration between the ILO and other organizations over many years.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Jorge V. Sibal at the 10th National Convention on Statistics in the Philippines in 2007. The presentation discussed measuring and defining the informal sector in the Philippines and trends in Asia. It provided definitions of the informal sector from the ILO and Philippines, and described common characteristics like composition, activities, organization, problems, and lack of government assistance.
Policy Uses of Well-being and Sustainable Development Indicators in Latin Ame...StatsCommunications
Métricas que Marcan la Diferencia: Uso de los Indicadores de Bienestar y del Desarrollo Sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe/Metrics that Make a Difference: Policy Uses of Well-being and Sustainable Development Indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23-24 October 2019, Bogotá, Colombia. More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/lac-well-being-metrics.htm
Statistical definition of the informal sector - International standards and n...Dr Lendy Spires
The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour market in many countries, especially developing countries, and thus plays a major role in employment creation, production and income generation. In countries with high rates of population growth and/or urbanization, the informal sector tends to absorb most of the growing labour force in the urban areas.
Informal sector employment is a necessary survival strategy in countries that lack social safety nets such as unemployment insurance or where wages, especially in the public sector, and pensions are low. In such situations, indicators such as the unemployment rate and time-related underemployment are not sufficient to describe the labour market situation. In other countries, the process of industrial restructuring in the formal sector is seen as leading to a greater decentralization of production through subcontracting to small enterprises, many of which are in the informal sector.
The informal sector represents a challenge to policy-makers with regard to issues such as: improvement of the working conditions and legal and social protection of the persons employed in the informal sector; increasing the productivity of informal sector activities; training and skills development; organization of informal sector producers and workers; development of appropriate regulatory frameworks; government reforms; urban development. Since many women and children are employed in the informal sector, issues emerge concerning the contribution of women to economic activities and concerning child labour.
It is worth noting that the informal sector was included in the UN Minimum National Social Data Set as a sub-indicator to the employment-to-population ratio. Urban informal sector employment as a percentage of total urban employment was chosen as one of the ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market. Statistics on the informal sector are needed as a tool for evidence-based policy-making and advocacy, and an operational definition of the informal sector is needed to develop such statistics.
International statistical definition In 1993, the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) adopted an international statistical definition of the informal sector; the definition was subsequently included in the revised System of National Accounts (SNA 1993).
This document discusses international and national definitions of the informal sector. It summarizes that the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians adopted an international statistical definition of the informal sector in 1993 based on characteristics of unincorporated enterprises. However, national definitions vary in terms of data sources, coverage, criteria used to define the informal sector, and treatment of specific groups. These differences affect the international comparability of informal sector statistics. Harmonizing national definitions with the international framework would enhance comparability.
This document analyzes national household surveys in South Africa to measure employment in the informal sector. It discusses problems in accurately capturing informal sector work, including respondents not viewing low-paying or illegal activities as "work" and surveys only capturing main jobs. The document examines how five surveys from 1993 to 2000 addressed these issues, finding improvements over time but ongoing sources of underestimation. Estimates of informal employment increased substantially, but it is unclear how much reflects better data versus real growth.
Options for generating indicators on the informal economy using the labour fo...Dr Lendy Spires
1) There are three options for measuring employment in the informal economy using labour force surveys: focusing on self-employed workers, all employed persons, or a combination. The paper recommends the self-employed or all employed persons approaches depending on local conditions.
2) Proxy indicators for informality can be derived from existing labour force survey data in Caribbean countries. For some countries only employment in informal own-account enterprises can be estimated, while countries with additional data points can estimate three components of informal employment.
3) The paper provides guidelines and examples for national statistical offices to generate proxy indicators, including applying the methods to Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago labour force surveys.
The document discusses the informal economy in West Africa and its importance for food security. It notes that the informal economy is difficult to define and measure due to its diversity and lack of standard definitions and accounting. However, it plays a major role in providing income, jobs, and services for many households. The document calls for revising concepts and definitions to better capture the full scope and importance of informal economic activities across different sectors. Improving measurements of the informal economy is essential for informing effective food security policies.
KRI Brown Bag Seminar #10: 'Informal and Non-Standard Employment: Cross-natio...KhazanahResearchInstitute
This document discusses informal and non-standard employment based on cross-national statistics and recent trends. It provides an overview of key concepts related to informal employment and the progress made in international statistics on this topic. Specifically, the ILO published the first ever globally harmonized estimates of informal employment in 2018, finding over 60% of total global employment is informal. The estimates provide insight into informal employment trends across regions, sex, employment status, industries, and more. Developing reliable cross-national measures of informal employment has involved collaboration between the ILO and other organizations over many years.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Jorge V. Sibal at the 10th National Convention on Statistics in the Philippines in 2007. The presentation discussed measuring and defining the informal sector in the Philippines and trends in Asia. It provided definitions of the informal sector from the ILO and Philippines, and described common characteristics like composition, activities, organization, problems, and lack of government assistance.
Policy Uses of Well-being and Sustainable Development Indicators in Latin Ame...StatsCommunications
Métricas que Marcan la Diferencia: Uso de los Indicadores de Bienestar y del Desarrollo Sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe/Metrics that Make a Difference: Policy Uses of Well-being and Sustainable Development Indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23-24 October 2019, Bogotá, Colombia. More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/lac-well-being-metrics.htm
Statistical definition of the informal sector - International standards and n...Dr Lendy Spires
The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour market in many countries, especially developing countries, and thus plays a major role in employment creation, production and income generation. In countries with high rates of population growth and/or urbanization, the informal sector tends to absorb most of the growing labour force in the urban areas.
Informal sector employment is a necessary survival strategy in countries that lack social safety nets such as unemployment insurance or where wages, especially in the public sector, and pensions are low. In such situations, indicators such as the unemployment rate and time-related underemployment are not sufficient to describe the labour market situation. In other countries, the process of industrial restructuring in the formal sector is seen as leading to a greater decentralization of production through subcontracting to small enterprises, many of which are in the informal sector.
The informal sector represents a challenge to policy-makers with regard to issues such as: improvement of the working conditions and legal and social protection of the persons employed in the informal sector; increasing the productivity of informal sector activities; training and skills development; organization of informal sector producers and workers; development of appropriate regulatory frameworks; government reforms; urban development. Since many women and children are employed in the informal sector, issues emerge concerning the contribution of women to economic activities and concerning child labour.
It is worth noting that the informal sector was included in the UN Minimum National Social Data Set as a sub-indicator to the employment-to-population ratio. Urban informal sector employment as a percentage of total urban employment was chosen as one of the ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market. Statistics on the informal sector are needed as a tool for evidence-based policy-making and advocacy, and an operational definition of the informal sector is needed to develop such statistics.
International statistical definition In 1993, the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) adopted an international statistical definition of the informal sector; the definition was subsequently included in the revised System of National Accounts (SNA 1993).
This document discusses international and national definitions of the informal sector. It summarizes that the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians adopted an international statistical definition of the informal sector in 1993 based on characteristics of unincorporated enterprises. However, national definitions vary in terms of data sources, coverage, criteria used to define the informal sector, and treatment of specific groups. These differences affect the international comparability of informal sector statistics. Harmonizing national definitions with the international framework would enhance comparability.
This document analyzes national household surveys in South Africa to measure employment in the informal sector. It discusses problems in accurately capturing informal sector work, including respondents not viewing low-paying or illegal activities as "work" and surveys only capturing main jobs. The document examines how five surveys from 1993 to 2000 addressed these issues, finding improvements over time but ongoing sources of underestimation. Estimates of informal employment increased substantially, but it is unclear how much reflects better data versus real growth.
Options for generating indicators on the informal economy using the labour fo...Dr Lendy Spires
1) There are three options for measuring employment in the informal economy using labour force surveys: focusing on self-employed workers, all employed persons, or a combination. The paper recommends the self-employed or all employed persons approaches depending on local conditions.
2) Proxy indicators for informality can be derived from existing labour force survey data in Caribbean countries. For some countries only employment in informal own-account enterprises can be estimated, while countries with additional data points can estimate three components of informal employment.
3) The paper provides guidelines and examples for national statistical offices to generate proxy indicators, including applying the methods to Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago labour force surveys.
Review literature on the growth of informal industriesNISHANT KUMAR
The document summarizes literature on the growth of informal industries. It discusses how the informal sector is defined and provides examples of informal work. It then analyzes data on employment and GDP in organized vs unorganized sectors. Key reasons for the growth of informal industries are limited formal sector job absorption and high regulatory barriers. In India, the informal sector contributes nearly half of NDP and employs the vast majority in manufacturing, construction, and mining. However, the informal sector receives little government support.
The informal sector and non regular employment in the philippinesDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a paper presented on the informal sector and non-regular employment in the Philippines. It defines these sectors and provides statistics on their size and composition. It also outlines key government policies and programs that address issues faced by informal and non-regular workers, such as a lack of social protections, access to resources, and representation. The informal sector contributes an estimated 12.5% of GDP and comprises 30% of the labor force, while around 25% of non-agricultural workers are non-regular employees lacking job security.
Measuring of informal sector and informal employment in st luciaDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses St. Lucia's measurement of its informal sector and informal employment. It begins with background on the project's objectives to improve data on the informal sector. It then details St. Lucia's implementation of the project, including using a 1-2 survey methodology combining a labour force survey and informal sector enterprise survey. It describes the sampling methodology used and process for editing and checking questionnaires. The document concludes by presenting some preliminary results on characteristics of informal enterprises and estimates of the informal sector's contribution to employment and GDP.
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on the informal economy in Vietnam conducted for the International Labour Organization. It finds that the informal sector accounts for around 11 million jobs in Vietnam, nearly a quarter of total employment. Within the informal sector, manufacturing, construction, and trade make up the largest industries. The informal sector likely contributes around 20% of Vietnam's GDP. The study also finds that most employment in Vietnam, around 82%, can be defined as informal employment. It acknowledges that previous knowledge and data on Vietnam's informal economy has been limited but that new surveys conducted provide accurate statistical data and analysis on the informal sector and employment for the first time.
1. The document proposes solutions to uplift workers in India's unorganized sector, which comprises over 90% of the workforce.
2. It suggests creating nodal agencies that connect unorganized workers to benefits, utilizing Aadhar cards for registration and record-keeping, and engaging NGOs and trade unions.
3. The proposed system would establish a national database with Aadhar-linked profiles of all unorganized workers, allowing nodal agencies to facilitate access to jobs, loans, healthcare and other services.
The Current Economic State of the Philippinesfinancist
1) The Philippines has transitioned to a newly industrialized economy focused on exports and services over natural resources. This has left the agricultural sector lagging.
2) Strong economic growth has been driven by the services sector, particularly business process outsourcing, and the manufacturing industry. However, inflation and inequality remain problems.
3) Population growth and migration to cities has increased poverty in urban areas where jobs cannot keep up. The economy relies on growth being inclusive to sustain itself.
This document discusses the informal sector in India. It notes that over 90% of India's labor is in the informal/unorganized sector, working in jobs like mining, rag picking, construction, domestic work, and vending. Workers in the informal sector face low incomes, lack of proper jobs, poor living conditions, and malnutrition. To address these issues, the document proposes developing the unorganized sector by decreasing poverty, improving the economy, reducing child labor, providing education, housing, and employment protections. It also suggests linking informal workers to programs through identification cards and expanding social security and provident funds.
This document discusses the informal sector in India and strategies to support its workers. It notes that over 90% of India's labor is in the informal/unorganized sector, leaving workers vulnerable with low incomes, lack of proper jobs, housing, and education. To address this, it proposes developing the unorganized sector by decreasing poverty, promoting economic development, reducing child labor, creating worker awareness, providing security, and reducing malnutrition. Specific solutions suggested include extending social security and wage protections, strengthening self-help groups, linking workers to identification systems, and generating large-scale employment through industries like electronics assembly.
Rising rate of unemployment in the face of various policies and programmes by the successive Nigeria government prompted the researcher to evaluate the contributions of the once neglected informal sector of the economy
The informal sector makes a significant economic contribution in Zimbabwe despite challenges. It employs over two million people and contributes substantially to GDP. However, small businesses in the informal sector struggle due to a lack of capital, skills, and collateral needed to obtain loans. While the sector is important for employment and income, the document recommends assisting informal businesses to formalize through training, relaxed regulations, and bank assistance in order to strengthen economic growth.
Informal sector and employment generation in nigeria an error correction modelAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of the informal sector on employment generation in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010. The paper finds that informal sector activities significantly contribute to absorbing the large pool of unemployed labor in Nigeria. However, human capital formation is positively related to unemployment, reflecting lack of government spending on education. The informal sector plays an important role in the Nigerian economy through employment generation, capital mobilization, and entrepreneurship training, but it faces challenges such as lack of infrastructure, financing, and raw materials that have hindered its development and potential impact.
This document provides information on a study conducted in St. Lucia to measure the informal sector and informal employment. It discusses the background and objectives of the study, which was part of a larger multi-country project aimed at improving data on the informal economy. It then describes the implementation of the project in St. Lucia, including the sampling methodology used, editing of questionnaires, and data treatment. The results section presents information on the characteristics of informal enterprises surveyed and estimates of the informal sector's contribution to employment and GDP in St. Lucia.
This document provides background information and objectives of a project measuring the informal sector and informal employment in St. Lucia. It discusses three key points:
1. The project will enhance statistical capacity through collecting informal employment and enterprise survey data, and training staff on international methodologies. This will improve labor and national accounts statistics.
2. Better informal sector data can help monitor progress on MDGs by providing insights into poverty and gender dimensions of employment.
3. The data can support evidence-based policymaking by informing social and economic policies related to issues like SMEs, poverty reduction, and gender equality. The overall goal is to improve availability and use of informal sector statistics.
Poverty in the informal sector of kwara state nigeriaDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses poverty in the urban informal sector of Kwara State, Nigeria. It begins by outlining the importance of the informal sector in developing economies, employing 35-65% of the labor force and contributing 20-40% to GDP. Despite its economic contributions, the informal sector is where most of the poor are found. The study aims to examine poverty rates in Kwara State's informal sector by measuring prevalence, determining causes and consequences of poverty, and proposing interventions. It justifies the need for the study by noting previous poverty reduction strategies have failed due to lack of continuity and inadequate targeting of the poor.
1) The informal sector in India consists of unincorporated enterprises with less than 10 workers and includes activities like agriculture, small shops, and home-based work. It contributes over 80% of India's workforce.
2) The document proposes plans to help informal sector workers in both agro-based activities like farming, and non-agro based activities like daily wage work. It suggests organizing farmers to sell directly to authorities and providing vendors with storage vans.
3) For non-agro workers, the plan includes call centers that provide temporary work. Implementing the plans would require local recruitment, oversight committees, and funding from various sources like the government and donors.
Lurking in the Shadows: The informal sector and government policy Dr Lendy Spires
This paper develops a dynamic model to analyze how government tax policies influence the size of the informal sector in an economy. The model shows that the informal sector naturally declines as an economy grows and transitions towards steady state. Simulation results find that reducing tax rates is the best policy for decreasing the size of the informal sector while also increasing overall output and standards of living. Increasing enforcement alone has a minimal effect, but raising penalties along with enforcement can also reduce informal sector size. The existence of an informal sector slightly reduces steady state capital and output, but actually increases steady state utility levels by allowing for higher consumption.
Tax System In The Informal Sector: A Case Study of Harare Informal Sector Tax...ECTIJ
The study looked at an in-depth understanding of the tax systems in relation to the informal sectors in Harare, Zimbabwe. The research design for the study was a descriptive survey. The study methodology
was mixed methods. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The findings revealed that presumptive tax is the main tax system used by tax authorities on the informal sector. In addition to this, the study revealed that players in the informal sector were not willing to formalise their operations for
non-recognition in the formal system. The study recommended that presumptive tax must not be punitive and should not cripple the operations of the informal sector.
1) The document discusses additional findings from Sri Lanka's Labour Force Survey regarding literacy rates, household economic activities, informal sector employment, and underemployment.
2) Key findings show that literacy rates are higher for males than females and in urban areas compared to rural areas. The majority of time spent on household activities like collecting firewood and water is between 0-9 hours per week.
3) Most employment in Sri Lanka is in the informal sector (63%), particularly in agriculture (84% of agricultural employment). Informal sector jobs pay less on average and generally require lower levels of education compared to formal sector jobs.
The urban informal sector of pakistan some stylized factsDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes key findings from a survey of 1,500 urban informal sector enterprises in Pakistan. It finds that while 64% of self-employed entrepreneurs are aged 20-39, 34% are aged 40 or older, indicating the informal sector serves both as a transitional job for some and a permanent career for others. Most entrepreneurs have primary or secondary education and 55% received some training, though few had formal training. Experience levels are high, with 81% having over 5 years' experience. The document provides statistics on entrepreneur characteristics, business characteristics, labor issues, productivity and efficiency in the informal sector. It concludes with recommendations to support the sector in generating employment.
The informal sector plays an important role in slum improvement. It provides employment and income generation opportunities for the urban poor through small, self-employed businesses with low entry barriers. While the informal sector helps meet demand for goods and services, it can also cause issues like traffic congestion and environmental problems. Policies aim to improve slums and the informal sector by encouraging self-help groups, providing training and financial assistance, and designating space for informal businesses.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Review literature on the growth of informal industriesNISHANT KUMAR
The document summarizes literature on the growth of informal industries. It discusses how the informal sector is defined and provides examples of informal work. It then analyzes data on employment and GDP in organized vs unorganized sectors. Key reasons for the growth of informal industries are limited formal sector job absorption and high regulatory barriers. In India, the informal sector contributes nearly half of NDP and employs the vast majority in manufacturing, construction, and mining. However, the informal sector receives little government support.
The informal sector and non regular employment in the philippinesDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a paper presented on the informal sector and non-regular employment in the Philippines. It defines these sectors and provides statistics on their size and composition. It also outlines key government policies and programs that address issues faced by informal and non-regular workers, such as a lack of social protections, access to resources, and representation. The informal sector contributes an estimated 12.5% of GDP and comprises 30% of the labor force, while around 25% of non-agricultural workers are non-regular employees lacking job security.
Measuring of informal sector and informal employment in st luciaDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses St. Lucia's measurement of its informal sector and informal employment. It begins with background on the project's objectives to improve data on the informal sector. It then details St. Lucia's implementation of the project, including using a 1-2 survey methodology combining a labour force survey and informal sector enterprise survey. It describes the sampling methodology used and process for editing and checking questionnaires. The document concludes by presenting some preliminary results on characteristics of informal enterprises and estimates of the informal sector's contribution to employment and GDP.
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on the informal economy in Vietnam conducted for the International Labour Organization. It finds that the informal sector accounts for around 11 million jobs in Vietnam, nearly a quarter of total employment. Within the informal sector, manufacturing, construction, and trade make up the largest industries. The informal sector likely contributes around 20% of Vietnam's GDP. The study also finds that most employment in Vietnam, around 82%, can be defined as informal employment. It acknowledges that previous knowledge and data on Vietnam's informal economy has been limited but that new surveys conducted provide accurate statistical data and analysis on the informal sector and employment for the first time.
1. The document proposes solutions to uplift workers in India's unorganized sector, which comprises over 90% of the workforce.
2. It suggests creating nodal agencies that connect unorganized workers to benefits, utilizing Aadhar cards for registration and record-keeping, and engaging NGOs and trade unions.
3. The proposed system would establish a national database with Aadhar-linked profiles of all unorganized workers, allowing nodal agencies to facilitate access to jobs, loans, healthcare and other services.
The Current Economic State of the Philippinesfinancist
1) The Philippines has transitioned to a newly industrialized economy focused on exports and services over natural resources. This has left the agricultural sector lagging.
2) Strong economic growth has been driven by the services sector, particularly business process outsourcing, and the manufacturing industry. However, inflation and inequality remain problems.
3) Population growth and migration to cities has increased poverty in urban areas where jobs cannot keep up. The economy relies on growth being inclusive to sustain itself.
This document discusses the informal sector in India. It notes that over 90% of India's labor is in the informal/unorganized sector, working in jobs like mining, rag picking, construction, domestic work, and vending. Workers in the informal sector face low incomes, lack of proper jobs, poor living conditions, and malnutrition. To address these issues, the document proposes developing the unorganized sector by decreasing poverty, improving the economy, reducing child labor, providing education, housing, and employment protections. It also suggests linking informal workers to programs through identification cards and expanding social security and provident funds.
This document discusses the informal sector in India and strategies to support its workers. It notes that over 90% of India's labor is in the informal/unorganized sector, leaving workers vulnerable with low incomes, lack of proper jobs, housing, and education. To address this, it proposes developing the unorganized sector by decreasing poverty, promoting economic development, reducing child labor, creating worker awareness, providing security, and reducing malnutrition. Specific solutions suggested include extending social security and wage protections, strengthening self-help groups, linking workers to identification systems, and generating large-scale employment through industries like electronics assembly.
Rising rate of unemployment in the face of various policies and programmes by the successive Nigeria government prompted the researcher to evaluate the contributions of the once neglected informal sector of the economy
The informal sector makes a significant economic contribution in Zimbabwe despite challenges. It employs over two million people and contributes substantially to GDP. However, small businesses in the informal sector struggle due to a lack of capital, skills, and collateral needed to obtain loans. While the sector is important for employment and income, the document recommends assisting informal businesses to formalize through training, relaxed regulations, and bank assistance in order to strengthen economic growth.
Informal sector and employment generation in nigeria an error correction modelAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of the informal sector on employment generation in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010. The paper finds that informal sector activities significantly contribute to absorbing the large pool of unemployed labor in Nigeria. However, human capital formation is positively related to unemployment, reflecting lack of government spending on education. The informal sector plays an important role in the Nigerian economy through employment generation, capital mobilization, and entrepreneurship training, but it faces challenges such as lack of infrastructure, financing, and raw materials that have hindered its development and potential impact.
This document provides information on a study conducted in St. Lucia to measure the informal sector and informal employment. It discusses the background and objectives of the study, which was part of a larger multi-country project aimed at improving data on the informal economy. It then describes the implementation of the project in St. Lucia, including the sampling methodology used, editing of questionnaires, and data treatment. The results section presents information on the characteristics of informal enterprises surveyed and estimates of the informal sector's contribution to employment and GDP in St. Lucia.
This document provides background information and objectives of a project measuring the informal sector and informal employment in St. Lucia. It discusses three key points:
1. The project will enhance statistical capacity through collecting informal employment and enterprise survey data, and training staff on international methodologies. This will improve labor and national accounts statistics.
2. Better informal sector data can help monitor progress on MDGs by providing insights into poverty and gender dimensions of employment.
3. The data can support evidence-based policymaking by informing social and economic policies related to issues like SMEs, poverty reduction, and gender equality. The overall goal is to improve availability and use of informal sector statistics.
Poverty in the informal sector of kwara state nigeriaDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses poverty in the urban informal sector of Kwara State, Nigeria. It begins by outlining the importance of the informal sector in developing economies, employing 35-65% of the labor force and contributing 20-40% to GDP. Despite its economic contributions, the informal sector is where most of the poor are found. The study aims to examine poverty rates in Kwara State's informal sector by measuring prevalence, determining causes and consequences of poverty, and proposing interventions. It justifies the need for the study by noting previous poverty reduction strategies have failed due to lack of continuity and inadequate targeting of the poor.
1) The informal sector in India consists of unincorporated enterprises with less than 10 workers and includes activities like agriculture, small shops, and home-based work. It contributes over 80% of India's workforce.
2) The document proposes plans to help informal sector workers in both agro-based activities like farming, and non-agro based activities like daily wage work. It suggests organizing farmers to sell directly to authorities and providing vendors with storage vans.
3) For non-agro workers, the plan includes call centers that provide temporary work. Implementing the plans would require local recruitment, oversight committees, and funding from various sources like the government and donors.
Lurking in the Shadows: The informal sector and government policy Dr Lendy Spires
This paper develops a dynamic model to analyze how government tax policies influence the size of the informal sector in an economy. The model shows that the informal sector naturally declines as an economy grows and transitions towards steady state. Simulation results find that reducing tax rates is the best policy for decreasing the size of the informal sector while also increasing overall output and standards of living. Increasing enforcement alone has a minimal effect, but raising penalties along with enforcement can also reduce informal sector size. The existence of an informal sector slightly reduces steady state capital and output, but actually increases steady state utility levels by allowing for higher consumption.
Tax System In The Informal Sector: A Case Study of Harare Informal Sector Tax...ECTIJ
The study looked at an in-depth understanding of the tax systems in relation to the informal sectors in Harare, Zimbabwe. The research design for the study was a descriptive survey. The study methodology
was mixed methods. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The findings revealed that presumptive tax is the main tax system used by tax authorities on the informal sector. In addition to this, the study revealed that players in the informal sector were not willing to formalise their operations for
non-recognition in the formal system. The study recommended that presumptive tax must not be punitive and should not cripple the operations of the informal sector.
1) The document discusses additional findings from Sri Lanka's Labour Force Survey regarding literacy rates, household economic activities, informal sector employment, and underemployment.
2) Key findings show that literacy rates are higher for males than females and in urban areas compared to rural areas. The majority of time spent on household activities like collecting firewood and water is between 0-9 hours per week.
3) Most employment in Sri Lanka is in the informal sector (63%), particularly in agriculture (84% of agricultural employment). Informal sector jobs pay less on average and generally require lower levels of education compared to formal sector jobs.
The urban informal sector of pakistan some stylized factsDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes key findings from a survey of 1,500 urban informal sector enterprises in Pakistan. It finds that while 64% of self-employed entrepreneurs are aged 20-39, 34% are aged 40 or older, indicating the informal sector serves both as a transitional job for some and a permanent career for others. Most entrepreneurs have primary or secondary education and 55% received some training, though few had formal training. Experience levels are high, with 81% having over 5 years' experience. The document provides statistics on entrepreneur characteristics, business characteristics, labor issues, productivity and efficiency in the informal sector. It concludes with recommendations to support the sector in generating employment.
The informal sector plays an important role in slum improvement. It provides employment and income generation opportunities for the urban poor through small, self-employed businesses with low entry barriers. While the informal sector helps meet demand for goods and services, it can also cause issues like traffic congestion and environmental problems. Policies aim to improve slums and the informal sector by encouraging self-help groups, providing training and financial assistance, and designating space for informal businesses.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
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1. Measuring the Contribution of the Informal Sector to the Philippine
Economy: Current Practices and Challenges1
by
Lisa Grace S. Bersales,Ph.D.2
and Vivian R. Ilarina3
Abstract
In the Philippines, demand for a regular estimate of the contribution of
the informal sector to the economy is high. Thus, in 2002 and 2003, the
highest statistical policy making body of the Philippines then , already
provided the official conceptual and operational definitions of “informal
sector”. Further, it provided clear criteria for identifying those included in
informal sector and listed the exclusions. Various censuses and surveys
have then been regularly conducted to provide the data sources for
measuring the informal sector. However, since the data sources have
not been enough to provide the estimation based on official definition,
the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the statistics office of the
Philippines, has been reporting on the contribution of the unorganized
sector to the economy. The unorganized sector refers to the sector not
covered by establishment surveys of the Philippine Statistical System
(Virola and de Perio 2000).The report on unorganized sector is based on
an indirect estimation using the Labor Input Method as suggested by
Humans and Mehran(1989) .
2. The following is a report within a 10-year gap.
Share of the Unorganized Sector to nominal GDP
by Major Industry, 2006 and 2016, Philippines
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
Latest efforts of the PSA for better measurement of the informal sector
are: the 2018 listing of establishments which produced the latest
distribution of establishments by formal/informal sector , by sector, by
region; plans for a riders in the Labor Force Survey to capture various
areas of informality.This paper shall discuss the current methodology for
capturing the informal sector and shall present efforts on providing more
new data for enhancing the methodology.
.
Keywords: PSA, informal sector, unorganized sector, Labor Input
Method
1 Paper submitted to Session II of the Seventh IMF Statistical Forum( Measuring the
Informal Economy)
2 presenting author,Former National Statistician of the Philippines, Professor of
Statistics, University of the Philippines School of Statistics
3 Assistant National Statistician , Philippine Statistics Authority
3. In the Philippines, demand for a regular estimate of the contribution of the
informal sector to the economy is high. Thus, in 2002 and 2003, the official
conceptual and operational definitions of “informal sector” were adopted.
However, since the data sources have not been enough to provide the
estimation based on official definition. Thus, reporting has been on the
contribution of the unorganized sector to the economy. The unorganized
sector refers to the sector not covered by establishment surveys of the
Philippine Statistical System (Virola and de Perio 2000).The report on
unorganized sector is based on an indirect estimation using the Labor Input
Method as suggested by Humans and Mehran(1989) . This paper shall
discuss the current methodology for capturing the unorganized sector and
shall present efforts on providing more new data for enhancing the
methodology.
1. Framework
One important milestone on informal sector statistics was in 2002 and
2003 when the National Statistical Coordination Board, the highest
statistical policy making body of the Philippines then, passed two
resolutions: one, approving the official definition of the informal sector for
the Philippines and ,another, adopting a set of criteria for identifying the
4. informal sector.
Operational Definition
For statistical purposes, the informal sector refers to household
unincorporated enterprises which consists of both informal own-account
enterprises and enterprises of informal employers. Informal own–
account enterprises are household unincorporated enterprises owned
and operated by own-account workers, either alone or in partnership
with members of the same or other households which may employ
unpaid family workers as well as occasionally/seasonally hired workers
but do not employ employees on a continuous basis. Enterprises of
informal employers are household unincorporated enterprises owned
and operated by own-account workers, either alone or in partnership
with members of the same or other households which employ one or
more employees on a continuous basis.
Particular cases that are excluded are: corporations, quasi-corporations,
units with ten or more employees, corporate farms, commercial livestock
raising and commercial fishing.
The identified set of criteria as part of the operational definition of the
Informal Sector for adoption by all concerned government agencies are:
a.Enterprise Ownership - Household;
b.Legal Organization - Household enterprises which refers to
unincorporated enterprises owned by household, are units engaged in
the production of goods/services that are not constituted as legal entities
independent of the households or the household members that own
them;
5. c.Type of Accounts - No complete set of accounts that will distinguish
production activities, flows of income and capital between the
households and the enterprises
d.Characteristics Relative to Employment
Informal own-account enterprises – household enterprises
owned and operated by own-account workers, either alone or in
partnership with members of the same or other households, which
may employ contributing family workers and employees on an
occasional basis, but do not employ employees on a continuous
basis;
Enterprises of Informal Employers - household enterprises
owned and operated by employers,either alone or in partnership
with member of the same or other households, which employ one
or more employees on a continuous basis;
e. Product Destination – at least some market; hence not entirely for
market output
2. Industries identified with unorganized
Various censuses and surveys have been regularly conducted to provide
the data sources for measuring the informal sector. However, since the
data sources have not been enough to provide the estimation based on
official definition, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the statistics
office of the Philippines, has been reporting on the contribution of the
unorganized sector to the economy. The unorganized sector refers to the
sector not covered by establishment surveys of the Philippine Statistical
System (Virola and de Perio 2000). The report on unorganized sector is
6. based on an indirect estimation using the Labor Input Method as suggested
by Humans and Mehran(1989) .
In capturing the unorganized, the following are described under various
industries:
a.Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing (AHFF)
The unorganized sector in agriculture includes activities undertaken by
household such as planting, harvesting, hauling, grading and packing of
agricultural crops; rearing of farm animals; and the production of its by-
products such as milk, cheese and eggs. It also covers production of
agriculture-based products such as wine, vinegar, copra, among others.
Although there are an increasing number of corporate farms in the country,
most of the agricultural activities are done by households.
Unorganized fishing activities cover mostly municipal fishing and gathering
of seashells, mollusks, seaweeds and other fishery products.
Unorganized sector in forestry includes own-account activities such as
logging, afforestation/reforestation, on-farm charcoal making and gathering
of firewood and other forestry products.
b.Mining and Quarrying (MAQ)
The unorganized activity in mining covers the output of gold panning
activities that are not sold to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the
central bank of the Philippines. It also includes stone quarrying and mining
of other non-metallics.
c.Manufacturing (MFG)
The conceptual coverage of the unorganized sector in manufacturing is
described as the manufacture of consumer goods by household
enterprises. These are commonly found in food manufacturing (meat
7. processing, home baking, milk, and other dairy products); textile (hand
weaving, needlework, knitting, smocking, and subcontracting of garments
manufacturing); woods; furniture; publishing and printing; leather;
chemicals; non-metallic mineral products; metal products; and
miscellaneous manufacturing (e.g. toys).
d.Construction (CNS)
The unorganized activity in construction covers those produced by the
owner-occupiers and the household unincorporated enterprises in
producing housing services such as minor repairs and maintenance.
e.Electricity, Gas and Water Supply (EGWS)
The unorganized sector in EGWS includes the household use of tubed/
piped deep and shallow wells.
f.Transport, Storage and Communication (TSC)
The unorganized sector in TSC includes jeepney, tricycle, pedicab, and
unregistered commuter vehicles for the public; school bus services; and
pump boat operations.
g.Trade and Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles, Personal and
Household Goods (TRD)
The unorganized sector of TRD includes selling in household-operated
sari-sari (variety) stores; selling raw and cooked foods by households either
in their homes or on the streets; wholesale and retail of vegetables, rice,
livestock, poultry and other agricultural products by households or small
scale establishments; repair of motor vehicles; and personal and household
goods by individual shop-owners in the premises of their homes or on the
streets.
h.Financial Intermediation (FIn)
The unorganized activity in financial intermediation includes money-lending
8. activities under non-bank financial intermediation such as “5-6” lending
( lending operations with exorbitantly high surcharges).
i.Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities (RERBA)
Components representing the unorganized sector of RERBA are the letting
and leasing operations of the households (room and board, room for rent,
bed space); ownership of dwellings; services of sub-agent for real estate,
among others.
j.Other Services (OS)
The unorganized sector in OS includes eateries (“carinderia”) operations,
cooked food street vending (commonly, fish ball, beverages, banana
barbecue, peanuts, etc.); home-service beauticians and barbers shop
operations, home-based tutorial services, household help services, and
other service activities.
3. Data and Data Sources
The estimation of the unorganized sector relies primarily on the data from
the following existing censuses and surveys and administrative-based data
systems:
Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI) is conducted by the
PSA every five to six years, covering both the large and small
establishments. For the unorganized activities of various sectors, Gross
Output per worker and Intermediate Consumption ratios (ICr’s) of small
establishments are computed, which are used to establish the benchmark
estimates for gross output, intermediate consumption and gross value
added (GVA) for the unorganized activities.
2000 Census of Population and Housing (2000 CPH) is the source of
information on household access to deep and shallow wells which is used
in deriving benchmark estimates for unorganized water sector.
Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI) is annual
9. sample survey conducted by the PSA in between the census years. The
ASPBI provides data on production, employment, cost, and investment of
large and small establishments. In between census years, it is used in
computing the ICr’s of small establishments for various industries.
Labor Force Survey (LFS) is a household-based survey conducted
quarterly by the PSA. It is the official source of employment data by
industry. LFS covers only the economically active population, 15 years old
and over, whether employed or unemployed, who contribute to the
production of goods and services in the country.
Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) is a triennial household
survey conducted by the PSA. It provides data on rental income and
expenditures on repairs and maintenance of housing unit that are used in
estimating the unorganized GVA of real estate and construction sectors.
Census of Agriculture and Fisheries (CAF) is a household based census
conducted by the PSA to provide data on area planted/harvested yield, etc.
This census is used to draw up the frame for agricultural surveys. The
parameters for the unorganized horticulture activities are derived from the
CAF.
Administrative-based data are also utilized in the estimation of the
unorganized sector such as data on the forest charges from the Forest
Management Bureau (FMB), cost of hog production from the Bureau of
Animal Industry (BAI), cost of coconut production from the Philippine
Coconut Authority (PCA), irrigation fees from the National Irrigation
Administration (NIA), number of sugar planters from the Sugar Regulatory
Administration (SRA), reported output of gold panning from the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), number of professionals by type from the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), income data from the Bureau
of Internal Revenue (BIR), prices of waters from the Local Water Utilities
Administration (LWUA), and the gold panning data from the Bangko Sentral
ng Pilipinas, published by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB).
Other surveys used in the estimation of the unorganized sector are: Palay
and Corn Production Survey, Crops Production Survey, and Livestock and
Poultry Survey, Survey of Commercial and Municipal Fishing of the PSA
and Survey of Jeepney Operators of the Department of Transportation and
Communications (DOTC).
10. 4. Estimators
In estimating the Gross Value Added in each sector, an indirect estimation
approach (using the Intermediate Consumption ratio of the small
establishments) is adopted based on the existing available data series as
shown below:
GVAi = Oi * (1-ICRSE)
where:
GVAi = gross value added, unorganized, of sector i
ICRSE =intermediate Consumption ratio of small
establishments
General Method in estimating the Gross Output
The gross output of the unorganized sector is generally estimated by
multiplying the difference between the labor force employment data and the
employment data from the establishment survey by the gross output (GO)
per worker of small establishments. It is assumed that the GO per worker of
small establishments approximates that of the unorganized production
units.
Ei = ELFS - EES
Oi = Ei * OPWSE
where:
ELFS = employment from the Labor Force Survey
EES = employment from the establishment survey
Oi = output, unorganized, of sector I
OPWSE = output per worker of small establishments
This method is adopted for the following industries: commercial fishing,
11. forestry, manufacturing, mining and quarrying except gold panning, trade,
transport, financial intermediation, real estate except ownership of
dwellings and other services except professional services. Computation of
the GVA using the ICr of the small establishments is adopted in all sectors.
Sector specific methods in estimating the Gross Output
a. Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing
Using PSA data, which are assumed to be
household-based, the Gross Output (GO) is computed as
follows:
where:
GO = Gross Output of the unorganized activities at
current
prices of the i
th
commodity;
Qi = volume of production the i
th
commodity; and
Pi = average farmgate price the ith commodity.
Intermediate consumption is based from the updated cost of production of
agricultural commodities.
12. where:
IC = intermediate consumption of the
unorganized activities;
ICri = ratio of IC to the GO of the i
th
commodity
based from the cost of production and result of the
ASPBI/CPBI;
GOi= gross output at current prices of the i
th
commodity.
b. Mining and Quarrying
The estimation of panned gold and coal is the same as the organized
activities in Mining and Quarrying and follows the general formula:
GO = Q * P
where: GO = gross output
Q = quantity or volume of production by commodity
P = unit price of commodity
IC = Intermediate Consumption (includes fuel, tools,
chemicals, transportation expenses, among others)
For Stone quarrying, clay and sandpits, except coal, and other non-metallics, based
on expert opinion from the MGB, 20% of total production from these activities
comes from unorganized activities.
c. Construction
Actual levels of expenditure of household on minor repairs and
maintenance from the FIES were adopted in estimating the unorganized
activity in construction. However, for years when FIES is not available, the
unorganized sector is estimated using the growth of the housing stocks
from Ownership of Dwelling to extrapolate the level of the minor repairs and
maintenance.
13. For years when MRM are not available, MRM is estimated as follows:
GO - MRM
where:
GO= gross output of unorganized activities in construction
ICr = intermediate consumption ratio of the ownership
of dwellings based from FIES
MRM = expenditure of household on minor repairs and
maintenance
HS = housing stocks from ownership of dwellings
t = year with available FIES
d. Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
The gross output for the unorganized sector in the water sub-industry is
computed as follows:
GO = V * P
where: P = estimated price of water extracted from
shallow well per cubic meter from LWUA
Q = volume of water consumption of the unorganized
sector
Q = p * N * C
where:
14. p = proportion of households using own use
tubed/piped deepwell, shared tubed/piped
deepwell and tubed/piped shallow well (base
from 2000 CPH)
N = total number of population
C = average water consumption per capita
e.Real Estate, Renting, and Business Activities
All sub-industries of RERBA follow the general method in estimating the
gross output of the unorganized sector except for Ownership of Dwellings,
which follows the following formula:
Where : GO= gross output of ownership of dwellings
HS = housing stocks from ownership of dwellings
t = year
5. Some Results
Table 1 shows that, in the 10-year gap from 2006 to 2016, the share of the
unorganized sector in agriculture and in industry to nominal GDP have
grown. Only in Services, has the unorganized sector’s contribution
shrinked.
15. Table 1. Share of the Unorganized Sector to nominal GDP by Major
Industry, 2006 and 2016, Philippines
Sector 2006
2016
Agriculture 67.1
96.4
Industry 22.4
31.4
Services 41.6 26.4
Total 39.1 34.7
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
Figure 1 and Table 2, on the other hand, show the increasing gap between
total organized and organized sectors in the Philippines. The source is
mainly from the Services sector.
Figure 1.Gross Domestic Product by Organized and Unorganized,
1998-2018, at current prices 9 in Million Pesos)
17. 2008 4,908,713 2,812,190 7,720,903
2009 5,110,542 2,915,601 8,026,143
2010 5,863,111 3,140,369 9,003,480
2011 6,129,505 3,578,826 9,708,332
2012 6,710,249 3,850,840 10,561,089
2013 7,427,156 4,111,255 11,538,410
2014 8,140,355 4,493,833 12,634,187
2015 8,694,526 4,627,515 13,322,041
2016 9,432,635 5,047,714 14,480,349
2017 10,346,601 5,460,995 15,807,596
2018 11,735,905 5,690,297 17,426,202
Source: Macroeconomic Accounts Services, Philippine Statistics Authority
6.Moving Forward: Improving Data Availability
In 2018, the PSA updated its List of Establishments. It was a
comprehensive nationwide conduct of updating of the Statistical Business Register
(SBR) using android tablet-based application. It involved:
-door-to-door canvassing
-updating of the operation status and basic characteristics of the
establishments listed in the SBR
-listing/adding of records of new establishments or those which are not yet
listed in the SBR.
Based on the official definition and criteria set in for operationalizing the
informal sector in 2002 and 2003, the informal sectors were defined
as those establishments classified as :
LO=1 (Single Proprietorship) and
EO=1(Single Establishment) and
with Total Employment of less than 10
as listed in the LE.
Based on the preliminary results of the 2018 ULE:
There are a total of 1,001,608 records of establishments in the Preliminary
2018 LE as of 1 February 2019. Of this number, 68.7% are informal
establishments.There are a total of 1,001,608 records of
establishments in the Preliminary 2018 LE as of 1 February
18. Villanueva and Balisacan ( 2019) did a recent assessment of the
compilation of national accounts in relation to capturing non-observed
economy and reported on the following observations by industry.
Industry Employment not
in Listing of
Establishments
Percentage of small-
sized establishment
Agriculture, forestry and
fishing
98.2% 74.0%
Water supply; sewerage, waste
management
98.3% 53.1%
Wholesale and Retail Trade 80.2% 94.4%
Arts, entertainment and
recreation
76.4% 93.0%
Other service activities 92.7% 96.1%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
PSA also added questions in its April 2018 LFS to capture informal
employment of household members. Employment in the informal sector
includes all jobs in informal sector enterprises or all persons who, during a
given reference period, were employed in at least one informal sector
19. enterprise, irrespective of their status in employment and whether it was
their main or a secondary job.Informal sector enterprises are private
unincorporated enterprises (excluding quasi-corporations), i.e. enterprises
owned by individuals or households that are not constituted as separate
legal entities independently of their owners, and for which no complete
accounts are available that would permit a financial separation of the
production activities of the enterprise from the other activities of its
owner(s). Private unincorporated enterprises include unincorporated
enterprises owned and operated by individual household members or by
several members of the same household, as well as unincorporated
partnerships and co-operatives formed by members of different
households, if they lack complete sets of accounts.
For the LFS, the following questions were added for the members of the
household being interviewed:
a.What is the legal status/organization of the enterprise you own or where
you work?
b.How does your business/enterprise maintain its records or account?
c.Does the enterprise you own or where you work sell or barterits goods/
services?Yes/No
The result indicated that for said LFS round, 62.8% of employed persons,
15 years old and over, are in the informal sector. By sex, 66.7% of
males and 56.4% of females are in the informal sector.
Table 3 below provides more details.
20. Table 3.Employed Persons 15 Years Old and Over, thousands. by Employment Status
and Sex, Philippines , April 2018
Results of the 2018 List of Establishments and April 2018 LFS with rider questions on
informal sector have not yet been used in the estimation of the share of the
organized and unorganized to the Philippine economy.
21. References:
Ilarina, Vivian R. Philippine Experience on Informal Sector and Informal
Sector Data Collection: Strategy, Tools and Advocacy , presented at
the Workshop on the Informal Sector and Informal
Employment.UNESCAP,Bangkok ,Thailand. 19-21 September 2007.
Villanueva, Dean Joseph A. and Faith Hyacinth M. Balisacan. Achieving
Exhaustiveness in the Measurement of the Non-observed Economy in
the Philippines, paper presented at the 14th national Convention on
Statistics, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Manadaluyong City, Philippines, 1-3
October 2019.