This chapter discusses the importance of research in social marketing. It explains that research guides the planning process and helps maintain client orientation. The chapter outlines the navigational and empathic roles of research, discussing both positivist and humanist research traditions. It also discusses the role of storytelling in social marketing research. The chapter models the research steps and methodologies, including secondary research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. It outlines how to apply research at different stages of social marketing including problem definition, intervention development, implementation, and evaluation.
C H7A P T E R Collecting Qualitative Data Qualitative da.docxRAHUL126667
C H7A P T E R Collecting
Qualitative Data
Qualitative data collection is more than simply deciding on whether you will observe or interview people. Five steps comprise the process of collecting qualitative data. You need to identify your participants and sites, gain access, determine the types of data to collect, develop data collection forms, and administer the process in an ethical manner.
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
· ◆ Identify the five process steps in collecting qualitative data.
· ◆ Identify different sampling approaches to selecting participants and sites.
· ◆ Describe the types of permissions required to gain access to participants and sites.
· ◆ Recognize the various types of qualitative data you can collect.
· ◆ Identify the procedures for recording qualitative data.
· ◆ Recognize the field issues and ethical considerations that need to be anticipated in administering the data collection. Maria is comfortable talking with students and teachers in her high school. She does not mind asking them open-ended research questions such as “What are your (student and teacher) experiences with students carrying weapons in our high school?” She also knows the challenges involved in obtaining their views. She needs to listen without injecting her own opinions, and she needs to take notes or tape-record what people have to say. This phase requires time, but Maria enjoys talking with people and listening to their ideas. Maria is a natural qualitative researcher.
204
CHAPTER 7 Collecting Qualitative Data 205 WHAT ARE THE FIVE PROCESS STEPS
IN QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION?
There are five interrelated steps in the process of qualitative data collection. These steps should not be seen as linear approaches, but often one step in the process does follow another. The five steps are first to identify participants and sites to be studied and to engage in a sampling strategy that will best help you understand your central phenome- non and the research question you are asking. Second, the next phase is to gain access to these individuals and sites by obtaining permissions. Third, once permissions are in place, you need to consider what types of information will best answer your research questions. Fourth, at the same time, you need to design protocols or instruments for collecting and recording the information. Finally and fifth, you need to administer the data collection with special attention to potential ethical issues that may arise.
Some basic differences between quantitative and qualitative data collection are helpful to know at this point. Based on the general characteristics of qualitative research, qualita- tive data collection consists of collecting data using forms with general, emerging questions to permit the participant to generate responses; gathering word (text) or image (picture) data; and collecting information from a small number of individuals or sites. Thinking more specifically now ...
Qualitative Study Summary
Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
Essay On Qualitative Analysis
Planning A Qualitative Study? Essay
Qualitative Analysis : Qualitative Data
Qualitative Research Papers
Qualitative Research Essay
Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Reflection
Importance Of Qualitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research Methods Essay
What Is The Generic Qualitative Approach? Essay
Qualitative Research : Phenomenological Research
Qualitative Analysis Essay
Essay On Qualitative Research
Qualitative Exploratory Essay
C H7A P T E R Collecting Qualitative Data Qualitative da.docxRAHUL126667
C H7A P T E R Collecting
Qualitative Data
Qualitative data collection is more than simply deciding on whether you will observe or interview people. Five steps comprise the process of collecting qualitative data. You need to identify your participants and sites, gain access, determine the types of data to collect, develop data collection forms, and administer the process in an ethical manner.
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
· ◆ Identify the five process steps in collecting qualitative data.
· ◆ Identify different sampling approaches to selecting participants and sites.
· ◆ Describe the types of permissions required to gain access to participants and sites.
· ◆ Recognize the various types of qualitative data you can collect.
· ◆ Identify the procedures for recording qualitative data.
· ◆ Recognize the field issues and ethical considerations that need to be anticipated in administering the data collection. Maria is comfortable talking with students and teachers in her high school. She does not mind asking them open-ended research questions such as “What are your (student and teacher) experiences with students carrying weapons in our high school?” She also knows the challenges involved in obtaining their views. She needs to listen without injecting her own opinions, and she needs to take notes or tape-record what people have to say. This phase requires time, but Maria enjoys talking with people and listening to their ideas. Maria is a natural qualitative researcher.
204
CHAPTER 7 Collecting Qualitative Data 205 WHAT ARE THE FIVE PROCESS STEPS
IN QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION?
There are five interrelated steps in the process of qualitative data collection. These steps should not be seen as linear approaches, but often one step in the process does follow another. The five steps are first to identify participants and sites to be studied and to engage in a sampling strategy that will best help you understand your central phenome- non and the research question you are asking. Second, the next phase is to gain access to these individuals and sites by obtaining permissions. Third, once permissions are in place, you need to consider what types of information will best answer your research questions. Fourth, at the same time, you need to design protocols or instruments for collecting and recording the information. Finally and fifth, you need to administer the data collection with special attention to potential ethical issues that may arise.
Some basic differences between quantitative and qualitative data collection are helpful to know at this point. Based on the general characteristics of qualitative research, qualita- tive data collection consists of collecting data using forms with general, emerging questions to permit the participant to generate responses; gathering word (text) or image (picture) data; and collecting information from a small number of individuals or sites. Thinking more specifically now ...
Qualitative Study Summary
Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
Essay On Qualitative Analysis
Planning A Qualitative Study? Essay
Qualitative Analysis : Qualitative Data
Qualitative Research Papers
Qualitative Research Essay
Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Reflection
Importance Of Qualitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research Methods Essay
What Is The Generic Qualitative Approach? Essay
Qualitative Research : Phenomenological Research
Qualitative Analysis Essay
Essay On Qualitative Research
Qualitative Exploratory Essay
236 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions.docxeugeniadean34240
236 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
the marketing research process 235
THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS
224 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
the marketing research process 225
226 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
Marketing research process
A process used to collect data about marketing programs, external environments, and consumer markets In an attempt to improve the quality of marketing.
The marketing research process is undertaken to answer a wide variety of questions, which might include: "Where do our guests come from? How frequently do people dine out in this area? In what types of restaurants do they most frequently dine? If the seating capacity of a restaurant is expanded by 20 percent, what impact will this have on sales and profits? If the city builds a new convention center, how many additional room nights is that likely to bring to the city?"
Conducting market research is not an inexpensive proposition, and when research is undertaken, care must be taken to ensure that proper methods are used. This is true whether the hospitality organization conducts its own market research or relies on external consultants. Market research data are only as good as the methodology used. If poor methodology is used, the results are not likely to describe the situation accurately, and marketing decisions based on this information are not likely to be very appropriate. Figure 6.3 contains the five steps involved in the marketing research process.
(
Define the problem
) (
Analyzt
the data
<
r
Prepare the final report
Collect the data
)figure 6.3 • The marketing research process.
224 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
the marketing research process 225
226 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
Step 1: Define the Problem
Before initiating any marketing research effort, a firm must decide whether marketing research is necessary. In general, marketing research should be undertaken if it clarifies a problem that could impact your business, if it helps in selecting between alternatives for achieving marketing objectives, if it assists in gaining a competitive advantage, or if it provides useful information on your markets.1 Marketing research may not be needed if the information is already available, there is insufficient time for marketing research, resources are not available, or costs of conducting the research outweigh the potential benefits of having the information.
If the decision is made to proceed with the marketing research, the research problem should be clearly defined. What does the research effort propose to do? What types of questions need to be asked? What solutions are sought? A strong tendency among all researchers, especially novice researchers, is to rush into data collection without giving adequate thought to defining the problem. This tendency should be vigorously avoided. A small amount of time sp.
Learn how social media intelligence can fill gaps in your research mix.
- Six unique benefits of social media research
- Four key layers of the social intelligence stack
- Eight core applications of social media data for modern businesses
How Behavioural Recruitment can refresh the qualitative research industryHugh Carling
How Facebook can help the market research industry find fresh, authentic and representative consumers based on demonstrated rather than claimed behaviour.
From validating to understanding: Why measuring insights strenght is not suff...InSites Consulting
In today’s business reality, decisions cannot be based on random, uncontrollable factors such as luck. The same goes for the assessment of which insights to take on in the innovation funnel. In this fast-moving environment the risk of failure is greater than ever. Figures reported by the Doblin Group show that 96% of all new product introductions and innovations fail to return their cost of capital. The current market space requires brands to validate each step of the entire innovation process, starting with the validation of insights.
Considering the importance of validating these insights for the innovation process, the need for accuracy is more present than ever. Can insight validation through surveys reclaim its position to provide consistent and rich data for decision-making by capturing the complex consumer reality, while at the same time increasing the engagement level?
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
Program Evaluation Studies TK Logan and David Royse .docxstilliegeorgiana
Program Evaluation
Studies
TK Logan and David Royse
A
variety of programs have been developed to address social problems such
as drug addiction, homelessness, child abuse, domestic violence, illiteracy,
and poverty. The goals of these programs may include directly addressing
the problem origin or moderating the effects of these problems on indi-
viduals, families, and communities. Sometimes programs are developed
to prevent something from happening such as drug use, sexual assault, or crime.
These kinds of problems and programs to help people are often what allracts many
social workers to the profession; we want to be part of the mechanism through which
society provides assistance to those most in need. Despite low wages, bureaucratic red
tape, and routinely uncooperative clients, we tirelessly provide services tha t are invaluable
but also at various Limes may be or become insufficient or inappropriate. But without
conducting eva luation, we do not know whether our programs are helping or hurting,
that is, whether they only postpone the hunt for real solutions or truly construct new
futures for our clients. This chapter provides an overview of program evaluation in gen -
eral and outlines the primary considerations in designing program evaluations.
Evaluation can be done informally or formally. We are constantly, as consumers, infor-
mally evaluating products, services, and in formation. For example, we may choose not to
return to a store or an agency again if we did not evaluate the experience as pleasant.
Similarl y, we may mentally take note of unsolicited comments or anecdotes from clients and
draw conclusions about a program. Anecdotal and informal approaches such as these gen-
erally are not regarded as carrying scientific credibility. One reason is that decision biases
play a role in our "informal" evaluation. Specifically, vivid memories or strongly negative or
positive anecdotes will be overrepresented in our summaries of how things are evaluated.
This is why objective data are necessary to truly understand what is or is not working.
By contrast, formal evaluations systematically examine data from and about programs
and their outcomes so that better decisions can be made about the interventions designed
to address the related social problem. Thus, program evaluation involves the usc of social
research meLhodologies to appraise and improve the ways in which human services, poli-
ci~s, and programs are co nducted. Formal eva l.uation, by its very nature, is applied research.
Formal program evaluations attempt to answer the following general ques tion: Does
the p rogram work? Program evaluation may also address questions such as the following:
Do our clients get better? How does our success rate compare to those of other programs
or agencies? Can the same level of success be obtained through less expensive means?
221
222 PART II • QUANTITATIVE A PPROACHES: TYPES OF STUD IES
What is the expe ...
Research is the most mandatory term for higher education. Data is essential for any research. so, for the purpose of collecting and analysis of data this presentation will help to any students/
236 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions.docxeugeniadean34240
236 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
the marketing research process 235
THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS
224 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
the marketing research process 225
226 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
Marketing research process
A process used to collect data about marketing programs, external environments, and consumer markets In an attempt to improve the quality of marketing.
The marketing research process is undertaken to answer a wide variety of questions, which might include: "Where do our guests come from? How frequently do people dine out in this area? In what types of restaurants do they most frequently dine? If the seating capacity of a restaurant is expanded by 20 percent, what impact will this have on sales and profits? If the city builds a new convention center, how many additional room nights is that likely to bring to the city?"
Conducting market research is not an inexpensive proposition, and when research is undertaken, care must be taken to ensure that proper methods are used. This is true whether the hospitality organization conducts its own market research or relies on external consultants. Market research data are only as good as the methodology used. If poor methodology is used, the results are not likely to describe the situation accurately, and marketing decisions based on this information are not likely to be very appropriate. Figure 6.3 contains the five steps involved in the marketing research process.
(
Define the problem
) (
Analyzt
the data
<
r
Prepare the final report
Collect the data
)figure 6.3 • The marketing research process.
224 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
the marketing research process 225
226 chapter 6 information systems for marketing decisions
Step 1: Define the Problem
Before initiating any marketing research effort, a firm must decide whether marketing research is necessary. In general, marketing research should be undertaken if it clarifies a problem that could impact your business, if it helps in selecting between alternatives for achieving marketing objectives, if it assists in gaining a competitive advantage, or if it provides useful information on your markets.1 Marketing research may not be needed if the information is already available, there is insufficient time for marketing research, resources are not available, or costs of conducting the research outweigh the potential benefits of having the information.
If the decision is made to proceed with the marketing research, the research problem should be clearly defined. What does the research effort propose to do? What types of questions need to be asked? What solutions are sought? A strong tendency among all researchers, especially novice researchers, is to rush into data collection without giving adequate thought to defining the problem. This tendency should be vigorously avoided. A small amount of time sp.
Learn how social media intelligence can fill gaps in your research mix.
- Six unique benefits of social media research
- Four key layers of the social intelligence stack
- Eight core applications of social media data for modern businesses
How Behavioural Recruitment can refresh the qualitative research industryHugh Carling
How Facebook can help the market research industry find fresh, authentic and representative consumers based on demonstrated rather than claimed behaviour.
From validating to understanding: Why measuring insights strenght is not suff...InSites Consulting
In today’s business reality, decisions cannot be based on random, uncontrollable factors such as luck. The same goes for the assessment of which insights to take on in the innovation funnel. In this fast-moving environment the risk of failure is greater than ever. Figures reported by the Doblin Group show that 96% of all new product introductions and innovations fail to return their cost of capital. The current market space requires brands to validate each step of the entire innovation process, starting with the validation of insights.
Considering the importance of validating these insights for the innovation process, the need for accuracy is more present than ever. Can insight validation through surveys reclaim its position to provide consistent and rich data for decision-making by capturing the complex consumer reality, while at the same time increasing the engagement level?
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
Program Evaluation Studies TK Logan and David Royse .docxstilliegeorgiana
Program Evaluation
Studies
TK Logan and David Royse
A
variety of programs have been developed to address social problems such
as drug addiction, homelessness, child abuse, domestic violence, illiteracy,
and poverty. The goals of these programs may include directly addressing
the problem origin or moderating the effects of these problems on indi-
viduals, families, and communities. Sometimes programs are developed
to prevent something from happening such as drug use, sexual assault, or crime.
These kinds of problems and programs to help people are often what allracts many
social workers to the profession; we want to be part of the mechanism through which
society provides assistance to those most in need. Despite low wages, bureaucratic red
tape, and routinely uncooperative clients, we tirelessly provide services tha t are invaluable
but also at various Limes may be or become insufficient or inappropriate. But without
conducting eva luation, we do not know whether our programs are helping or hurting,
that is, whether they only postpone the hunt for real solutions or truly construct new
futures for our clients. This chapter provides an overview of program evaluation in gen -
eral and outlines the primary considerations in designing program evaluations.
Evaluation can be done informally or formally. We are constantly, as consumers, infor-
mally evaluating products, services, and in formation. For example, we may choose not to
return to a store or an agency again if we did not evaluate the experience as pleasant.
Similarl y, we may mentally take note of unsolicited comments or anecdotes from clients and
draw conclusions about a program. Anecdotal and informal approaches such as these gen-
erally are not regarded as carrying scientific credibility. One reason is that decision biases
play a role in our "informal" evaluation. Specifically, vivid memories or strongly negative or
positive anecdotes will be overrepresented in our summaries of how things are evaluated.
This is why objective data are necessary to truly understand what is or is not working.
By contrast, formal evaluations systematically examine data from and about programs
and their outcomes so that better decisions can be made about the interventions designed
to address the related social problem. Thus, program evaluation involves the usc of social
research meLhodologies to appraise and improve the ways in which human services, poli-
ci~s, and programs are co nducted. Formal eva l.uation, by its very nature, is applied research.
Formal program evaluations attempt to answer the following general ques tion: Does
the p rogram work? Program evaluation may also address questions such as the following:
Do our clients get better? How does our success rate compare to those of other programs
or agencies? Can the same level of success be obtained through less expensive means?
221
222 PART II • QUANTITATIVE A PPROACHES: TYPES OF STUD IES
What is the expe ...
Research is the most mandatory term for higher education. Data is essential for any research. so, for the purpose of collecting and analysis of data this presentation will help to any students/
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
2. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
Discuss the importance of research in social marketing
Explain the navigational and empathic roles of research
Discuss the role of the story in social marketing research
Outline the research decisions social marketers have to make
Model the research steps and methodologies that can help
guide them
Outline the dangers of an over-reliance on research,
stultifying decision making and hindering progress.
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3. In social marketing, research is a strategic tool: it guides the planning process (Chapter
4) and helps maintain the creative, competitive, collective and (all-important) client
orientations (Chapter 2). Strategic planning, building successful behaviour ,change
programmes as we discussed in Chapter 4, is like climbing a Himalayan peak- with a
resulting need for maps, compasses and careful route planning. Research fulfils the role
of these navigational aids. It helps us get our bearings; establish achievable objectives
and staging posts towards these; check our progress; adjust our route; and determine
when we have reached the summit.
This long-term perspective emphasizes the need for progressive learning, not just within
but also between initiatives, and ties in with our discussion of social marketing planning.
Client orientation. This brings us to the primary of social marketing (refer back to
Chapter 2), the drive to see the world through the eyes of our clients and stakeholders.
As we have already noted, clients, stakeholders and even competitors are all free to
choose whether or not they do business with us. The decisions we make about
constructing our marketing plan, therefore, have to be driven by an understanding of
these actors, their motives and lifestyles. This is sometimes referred to as adopting an
experiential view and value co-creation, taking in the thinking, feeling and doing or the
head, heart and hands of potential exchanges.
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5. This strategic purpose, combining long· term
planning with empathy for people's stories
encourages social marketers to draw on both
positivist and humanist research traditions.
1) The first builds on the notion that there is an
objective reality out there that we are trying to
measure and influence. This pushes us towards
quantitative methods, theory to build on
previous insights, establishing cause and effect
and hypothesis testing.
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6. 2) The second recognizes that the world - or
at least the social and behavioural bits of it in
which We interested - is actually much
messier than this, and will not succumb to
scientific analysis, however rigorous and
highly powered.
As a result, social marketers, like their
commercial cousins, adopt a pragmatic mix
of methodologies that they feel will best aid
decision making and help them get a better
(though always imperfect) understanding of
what makes people do what they do.
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7. Social marketers then will do all sorts of research at every
juncture of the social marketing planning process. The
point is to get the best possible grip on the client’s
perspective (both rational and emotional) so that we can
make intelligent decisions about how to build and
maintain good relationships with them. The trick is to
work out what sort of information we need when, from
whom and why to guide our decision making and actions.
Before looking at these issues in detail, however, we need
to know more about methodology. This section will touch
briefly on secondary research (the use of existing
research data), and then qualitative and quantitative
interviewing. It is not intended to provide a
comprehensive discussion of methodology or a do-it-
yourself guide; there are other sources for this.
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8. Any research exercise should begin by seeking out and
analyzing existing relevant studies. This can be done with
great rigour and precision using the systematic review
(SR) procedures or more flexibly using more conventional
narrative reviews (NR) (see Box 5.4, p.130).
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9. Secondary sources can help answer crucial questions
about the prevalence and prominence of a particular
social or health problem.
Using a narrative review, secondary sources can also
reveal how previous campaigns and initiatives have fared,
providing valuable clues about the best way forward.
Note we are not now talking simply about whether
previous interventions worked, but the broader questions
we identified above about how they were received and
why.
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10. Thus both systematic and narrative reviews have
a role to play in social marketing research: the
rigour of the first helps identify cause and effect;
the flexibility and pragmatism of the latter helps
us move forward. Furthermore, it is wasteful and
risky to start on primary research until existing
secondary sources have been exhausted.
However, primary research is usually essential
once we need to know about how today's target
group will respond to a specific intervention, the
objectives it can realistically fulfil and how it
should set about doing so.
Broadly speaking, primary research comes in two
forms: qualitative and quantitative.
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11. Qualitative methods can cover a range of
techniques such as ethnography, grounded
theory, case studies and participatory
research.
Qualitative interviewing is typically done
in-depth with small samples that have
been selected through non-random
procedures; it can take various forms
including individual in-depth interviews,
paired interviews, small group interviews,
key informant interviews, and focus
groups.
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12. Detailed questionnaires are not used, although
interviews may be guided by a schedule of
'points to be covered' or 'questions to be asked'
or a ‘script’. Respondents can be interviewed
individually or in 'focus' groups of 4-12 people.
The main advantage of qualitative interviewing
comes from the depth or quality of the data it
provides. It enables the researcher to approach a
subject in a completely open-ended manner,
starting from the perspective of the respondent;
using their language and concepts to develop the
discussion and relying on their experiences to
illustrate it.
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13. Thus, in contrast to questionnaire-based
research, there is no need to make assumptions
about what the important issues are, how to label
these or the type of responses that might be
expected.
Qualitative interviewing procedures also allow a
range of responses to be examined. For example,
when checking reactions to media materials,
fairly straightforward matters such as
understanding of the language used, or its ability
to communicate clearly, can be assessed, as well
as more complex issues, such as likes and
dislikes, audience identification and other
emotional responses.
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15. Qualitative procedures also improve the quality
of the data collected by enabling the researcher
to monitor how things are said. Tone of voice,
context and non-verbal cues can all be important
here.
For example, when researching the potential for
using the female condom as a contraceptive
among Glasgow women, their hilarity at the idea
spoke very articulately about how awkward the
product made them feel and how unlikely they
were to use it without a considerable amount of
persuasion. Again, it is difficult for quantitative
methods to provide this kind of insight.
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16. Qualitative procedures permit the examination of
delicate and embarrassing topics because they
enable the researcher to build a rapport with the
respondent. This makes it possible to discuss
subjects that are socially unacceptable.
As well as the quality of the data it provides,
qualitative interviewing also has at least three
important practical advantages. First, because it
is flexible, a range of unfinished materials can be
researched. Second, qualitative research projects
can be conducted quickly - within a week if
necessary. Third, because small samples are
involved, qualitative research is often relatively
cheap.
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17. The main disadvantages of qualitative research concern its
statistical validity. In statistical terms, both the sampling and
interviewing procedures are flawed. The former is typically too
small and selected incorrectly to be representative and the latter
is not standardized, thereby precluding the summation of
responses. Consequently, it is not possible to use qualitative
methods to produce estimates of population prevalence to any
calculable degree of accuracy.
Qualitative procedures are also criticized because they put
respondents in an artificial situation. For example, in asking them
to respond in great detail to a particular leaflet or service, you are
probably asking them to do something they would not normally
do in everyday life. However, this criticism is true of any research
procedure - qualitative or quantitative – that examines the
response to an initiative by prompting the subject with examples.
It does not invalidate such methods; it just means findings have
to be interpreted with caution.
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18. A final criticism commonly levelled at qualitative interviewing is
that it is very dependent on the researcher conducting the
interview well and analyzing the data correctly. All too often, it is
argued, excessive subjectivity contaminates the process…
Two points can be made in response to this criticism. First, the
objectivity of statistical data is often more illusory than real. Just
as with qualitative data, they are greatly influenced by the
researcher - they design the questions, attribute meanings to the
answers and numbers to the meanings.
Second, it is questionable whether researcher influence is a bad
thing. Researchers are typically highly qualified, skilled and
theoretically informed - a bit like extreme positivism, we end up
so distrusting the subjectivity of humankind that we overlook its
benefits.
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19. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses.
Individual in-depth interviews provide a clear and
longitudinal view of each person's perspective, avoid
the problems of peer and group pressure, and permit
the discussion of extremely intimate issues.
The strengths of focus groups, on the other hand,
stem from the interaction that takes place between
respondents.
So, again, individual and group interviews each have
strengths and should be used as appropriate.
Indeed, in many instances, a combination of the two
approaches may be the best option. Exactly the same
points apply when considering quantitative methods.
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20. Quantitative methods put a great emphasis on descriptive and
numeric data (e.g. 45% of people eat fruit and veg 5 times a
day; 24% of all nurses had a flu vaccination within the past
year; I in 2 will die from tobacco-related smoke). Quantitative
research is dependent upon sample selection and questioning
procedures.
Sample selection - Samples have to be collected in a way that
ensures they are representative of a particular population.
Ideally, random selection procedures should be used, because
this ensures that each potential respondent has an equal
chance of being included in the study. Quota sampling
methods sidestep this issue by identifying the key
variables(e.g. gender or ethnic origin) and ensuring that these
are adequately represented in the final sample. As a result,
they lack a certain degree of statistical rigour, but provide a
pragmatic way through.
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21. Representative sampling also usually requires large
numbers. Whereas a qualitative study might typically
measure its sample in dozens, a quantitative one will
do so in hundreds or thousands.
This can be a complex and expensive process; at the
very least, it assumes you have an accurate 'sampling
frame' or list of the population in question - which
may not too difficult to find…
Questioning procedures - The second key
quantitative challenge is with the standardization of
questioning. It is vital that each respondent is asked
exactly the same set of question is, in the same
order and, as far as possible, in the same way.
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22. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Linkedln, social
networking sites, apps, gamification and other digital
platforms contain massive quantities of information across
almost limitless topics, exposing researchers to the array of
issues associated with the behavioural change including many
of the colloquial terms used by the target audience.
Tools such as Google's Campaign planner, Google Trends and
Keyword Planners are examples of digital place analysis
possibilities to identify client segments, partners, key online
influencers and channels, and understand the client's journeys.
Such interactions can be a valuable source of data relating to
issues that are inappropriate raise directly with certain
populations. For example. discussing alcohol perceptions
positioning with young teens in a research context may
unintentionally normalize drinking behaviour (Jones et al.
2017).
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23. The advantages of online research are self-evident;
for example, the task of data entry, a costly and time
consuming process involved in traditional offline
research, is avoided as data are collected
automatically, saving time and money while
eliminating coding errors and interviewer bias.
But online research has its own pitfalls; some
groups, such as over-65s, do not use the Internet,
Twitter, Facebook etc. to the same degree as others.
Countries have varying degrees of broadband
coverage affecting the social marketer's ability to
utilize the internet, particularly in primary research.
Furthermore, there are ethical issues of trust and
privacy to consider.
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24. Social marketers, then, have a range of methodologies from which to choose. To
select the right one - or more likely the right combination - is going to depend on the
decisions we have to make. Exercise 5.5 (p.141) will help you think through what
those decisions might be. Figure 5.3 presents the answer to Exercise 5.5 as a diagram,
which we will now explore step by step.
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25. In the first place, research can help define the problem
(see stage 1 in Figure 5.3) from the target group's
perspective. exploring their perceptions of the
particular issues being considered, such as smoking or
cancer - or in this case, antisocial behaviour.
Problem definition research can also clarify who the
key target and stakeholder groups are.
Methodologically, the first stop here is with secondary
research to check what already known from past
studies and official statistics about the problem.
If existing sources are inadequate new primary
research might need to be commissioned: qualitative
to give us ideas about the target group's perceptions
and quantitative to more statistical data, such as the
prevalence of particular behaviours.
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26. Assuming this problem definition
research suggests the need for an
intervention, further primary research
can guide its development. In reality,
stages of research - typically
qualitative - may be needed to perfect
and hone the campaign. Essentially,
the need is to identify key intervention
ideas and work out how they can best
be executed.
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27. During implementation (see stage 4 in Figure 5.3),
our questions concern what is being delivered (how
many training courses were run or leaflets handed
out) and the extent to which it matches the program
objectives and expectations (Flora et al. 1993). It
also assesses the extent to which implementation is
internally consistent across different sites and over
the duration of the intervention period, and identifies
the factors that can aid or hinder delivery. This is
particularly important where there are many
contextual and other factors that can affect how a
programme is run - and, in turn, how effective it is.
In terms of methodology, both qualitative and
quantitative research can be used.
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28. Evaluation research occurs before, during and after a
program
There are essentially two kinds of objectives. First,
there are those concerned with the target's reactions
to an initiative - whether they are aware of it, have
participated in understood it and so on. Second,
there are objectives concerned with changes in the
target population - whether, for example, there are
fewer accidents as a result of an initiative, or
whether, following a seatbelt promotion campaign,
the target population has become aware of the value
of seatbelts. more in favor of them or more likely to
use them. These two types of objectives require
different evaluation procedures.
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29. Measuring reactions to an initiative is fairly
straightforward. Once the initiative is complete,
the target audience simply has to be asked the
relevant questions (e.g. have they seen the
relevant advertising, or visited the youth club?)
Provided that the research methodology is
sound, reliable data will result. However, it may
be argued that objectives and evaluations that
are restricted purely to response are too limited.
Furthermore, if social marketing aims to bring
about social change, then, arguably, change is
what should be measured when evaluating its
effectiveness.
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30. It is important to recognize that research does not make
decisions for us; it is not a matter of delegating the tough
choices to a focus group or a survey. The target group's
expertise is in responding, not social marketing or intervention
design.
For example, fear campaigns are frequently justified on the
grounds that target audiences ask for them, opting for some
variant on the blackened, cancerous lung or bloody car smash
- the gorier the better. This misses the point of pre-testing.
Smokers and drivers have a great deal to tell us about what it
is like to be on the receiving end of our interventions, but they
do not know which ones are most effective. They are clients,
not consultants. In other closely related spheres, we readily
accept this argument. We recognize, for instance, that most
people are not experts in human behaviour, not even their
own.
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31. Indeed, there are times when decisions have to be made
without any research. Good marketing has to cope when
there are no data available and good marketers leave space
for imagination, lateral thinking and educated guesses. For
the truth is all research can do is lessen the risk that we get
things wrong. It can reduce uncertainty; it cannot produce
certainty.
Malcolm Gladwell, in his book Blink (2005), reminds us of
the power of intuition. Gladwell does not conclude that we
should therefore abandon science and go back to
guesswork.
Indeed, he points out that gut feelings can be just as
misleading, and in any case the experts will have educated
their instincts with years of scientific rigour. He simply
argues that we should leave space for intuition in our
decision making. Marketers agree.
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