2. nagaRAJU
FOUR TYPES - FUNCTION
S • This is a sentence.
O • Write a sentence.
Q • Is this a sentence?
E • This is a sentence!
Statements
(Declarative)
Orders / Requests
(Imperative)
Questions
(Interrogative)
Exclamations
(Exclamatory)
3. nagaRAJU
EXERCISE
Why don’t you learn English why do you
always have to make trivial mistakes stop
insisting that you cannot write English well
that argument is disgusting it makes you
repulsive you should start immediately do
everything you can make your first effort
right now use English for all your basic
needs why should you feel pessimistic
believe that you can speak English I am
sure you will succeed soon
1. Why don’t you learn English?
2. Why do you always have to make trivial mistakes?
3. Stop insisting that you cannot write English well.
4. That argument is disgusting!
5. It makes you repulsive.
6. You should start immediately.
7. Do everything you can.
8. Make your first effort right now.
9. Use English for all your basic needs.
10. Why should you feel pessimistic?
11. Believe that you can speak English..
12. I am sure you will succeed soon.
4. nagaRAJU
MAKE A FEW STATEMENTS
Subject Predicate
I
You
The
Commissioner
The Colleges
One of the
departments
6. nagaRAJU
FOUR TYPES - STRUCTURE
S
• This is a sentence.
Cd
• This is a phrase and that is another phrase.
Cx
• This is a sentence because it makes
complete sense.
CC
• This sentence is grammatically correct and it
makes complete sense though it is very long.
7. nagaRAJU
FOUR TYPES
Independent Clauses
One Two or more
DependentClauses
None
Simple
(One independent clause)
We waited for the teacher.
Compound
(coordinating conjunction)
We waited for the teacher, but
the teacher did not come.
Oneormore
Complex
(subordinating conjunction or a
relative pronoun)
While we waited for the teacher, we
enjoyed some fun.
Compound-complex
After the teacher entered the
class, the students settled in
their places and they listened
to him.
8. Simple Compound Complex Compound-
complex
Statement I teach English. I teach English
and she
teaches
French.
I teach English
when I am
free.
I teach English
and she
teaches
French when
we are free.
Order Teach English. Teach English
and get a
decent pay.
Teach English
when you are
free.
Teach English
when you are
free and earn a
decent income.
Question What do you
teach?
What do you
teach and how
much do you
earn?
What do your
students do
when you
teach English?
When you
teach English,
don’t you earn
well and don’t
you command
respect?
Exclamation You teach
English!
nagaRAJU
EXERCISE
9. nagaRAJU.
REWRITE
I wish to submit that the Principal, Government Degree
College ... has stated that the Government Degree
College … was sanctioned in the year 2009 vide … and
classes are running from the academic year 2009-2010
… .
The Principal, Government Degree College
... has stated that the (Government Degree)
College … was sanctioned in the year 2009
vide … . Classes are being held from the
academic year 2009-2010 … .
10. nagaRAJU.
REWRITE
On the representation of the Principal, … , the District
Collector has positively responded and ordered the
DEO to search for a temporary building and also
instructed the RDO, … to identify and allot a new
suitable land free from encroachment.
On the representation of the Principal, … ,
the District Collector has responded
positively and ordered the DEO to search for
a temporary building. He also instructed the
RDO, … to identify and allot a suitable land
free from encroachment.
11. nagaRAJU.
REWRITE
It has been clarified in the reference seventh read that the sanction of (05)
five advance increments in respect of … for possessing Ph D awarded in
Education on 17/04/2004 is not relevant to his subject … , and is not
eligible for sanction of five (05) advance increments in terms of … , and
therefore directed the Principal, … , to recover the increments sanctioned
to … of the College, and accordingly repaid the excess amount
It has been clarified in the reference seventh read
that the sanction of five advance increments in
respect of … for possessing Ph D awarded in
Education on 17/04/2004 is not relevant to his
subject … , and is not eligible for sanction of five
advance increments in terms of … , and therefore
directed the Principal, … , to recover the increments
sanctioned to … of the College, and accordingly
repaid the excess amount
12. nagaRAJU.
REWRITE
He failed as Observer to conduct examinations in fair &
correct manner. Failed to curb Malpractices in …College,
… , encouraged Mass Copying & allowed the Students in
the Examination Hall with Forbidden Material which was
totally disregard to the spirit of Examination System.
As an observer, he did not (failed to) conduct
examinations in a fair & correct manner. He
failed to curb malpractices in the …college,
… and encouraged mass copying. He also
allowed forbidden material into the
examination hall which was totally disregard
to the spirit of examination system.
13. nagaRAJU.
REWRITE
As far as promotion to the post of Principal is concerned , there is a special rule … . According to
this rule (Sl.NO.(iii) under Educational Qualification specified at Column 3 for appointment by
promotion to the category of post of Principal in column 1 of the Annexure in rule 8 of Collegiate
Education Special Rules) a Lecturer in Government Degree College should have 15 years of
teaching experience for promotion to the post of Post of Principal of GDC along with a Master’s
Degree with a minimum of 55% of marks from the Universities recognized in India and a Doctorate
of philosophy in relevant subject.
The following qualifying conditions for promotion to
the post of Principal are stipulated in … :
1. 15 years teaching experience in a government
degree college,
2. A master’s degree with a minimum 55% marks
from a university recognized in India, and
3. A Ph D in the relevant subject.
14. nagaRAJU.
REWRITE
With the introduction of CBCS system in Degree colleges, teachers have to
work in the summer holidays and foregoing summer vacation and requested
for sanction of Earned Leave to the teaching staff of Degree Colleges in
proportionate to the extent they are prevented from utilizing summer
vacation.
With the introduction of CBCS system in degree
colleges, teachers have to work during the summer
holidays and foregoing summer vacation. and On this
accont, they requested for sanction of earned leave
(to the teaching staff of degree colleges) in
proportionate to the extent period they are prevented
from utilizing denied summer vacation.
15. nagaRAJU
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Editor's Notes
An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.
A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought.
A SIMPLE SENTENCE has one independent clause.
A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined by
A. a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),
B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or
C. a semicolon alone.
A COMPLEX SENTENCE has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun ) joined to an independent clause.