Simple sentence Compound sentences complex sentences compound-complex sentences Conjunctions Formal writing

1. CLASSIFICATIONS OF SENTENCES
BASED ON STRUCTURE
• SIMPLE
• COMPOUND
• COMPLEX
• COMPOUND-COMPLEX

2. SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE
• CONSISTS OF ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. (AN
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND
VERB AND EXPRESSES A COMPLETE THOUGHT. IT CAN
STAND ALONE AND MAKES SENSE WITHOUT ADDING
ANY CLAUSES)

3. EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE
SENTENCE:
• AIR POLLUTION IS AN IMMENSE ISSUE.
• CARS RELEASE TOXIC GASSES.
• GLOBAL WARMING IS AN ALARMING ISSUE.
• THE RATE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING RAPIDLY.
• AIR AND WATER POLLUTION ARE GETTING WORSE.
• THE RATE OF CAR OWNERSHIP HAS GRADUALLY GROWN.

4. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
IN EDUCATION?
•ONE OF THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF
USING COMPUTER IN EDUCATION IS
CONVENIENCE.

5. Computers are important in the modern world.
Formula = SV
However, it can have more than one subject and verb:
2 subjects:
Computers and other technological devices
are important in the modern world.
Formula = SSV
2 Verbs:
I search for information and play games on my computer.
Formula = SVV
2 subject and 2 verbs:
My brother and I search for information and play
games on our computers.
Formula = SSVV

6. ACTIVITY:
ON A PIECE OF PAPER, PLEASE MAKE SOME SIMPLE
SENTENCES ABOUT THE FOLLOWING : ( 2 SENTENCES EACH )
• POSITIVE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY
• NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY

7. COMPOUND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
• IS TWO (OR MORE) INDEPENDENT CLAUSES JOINED BY A
COMMA, CONJUNCTION OR SEMI-COLON. EACH OF THESE
CLAUSES COULD FORM A SENTENCE ALONE.
FANBOYS
for, and, nor, but, yet,
so

8. EXAMPLE OF COMPOUND SENTENCE :
• AIR POLLUTION IS AN IMMENSE ISSUE, BUT THE GOVERNMENT IS NOT
TRYING TO DEAL WITH IT.
• CARS RELEASE TOXIC GASSES, AND FACTORIES EMIT A HUGE AMOUNT OF
CARBON DIOXIDE.
• GLOBAL WARMING IS ALARMING, SO THE GOVERNMENT HAS LAUNCHED A
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.
• THE RATE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING, AND PEOPLE HAVE A SENDENTARY
LIFESTYLE.
• COMPUTERS ARE USED WIDELY IN MOST COUNTRIES; THEY ARE A SIGN OF
PROGRESS.
• CAR OWNERSHIP HAS INCREASED DRAMATICALLY; IT HAS BROUGHT SO
MUCH CONVENIENCE IN OUR LIFE.

9. ACTIVITY
• TAKE OUT THE PIECE OF PAPER WHERE YOU WROTE YOUR SIMPLE
SENTENCES EARLIER. THIS TIME, MAKE SOME COMPOUND
SENTENCES BY COMBINING YOU OWN WORK WITH YOUR
SEATMATE.
Example:
Student A’s sentence :
The internet allows students to
gather information conveniently.
Example:
Student B’s sentence :
Modern technology has
made online interaction
possible.
Modern technology has made online interaction possible,
and the internet allows students to gather information
conveniently.

10. COMPLEX SENTENCE STRUCTURE
- CONSISTS OF AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE PLUS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE.
- (A DEPENDENT CLAUSE STARTS WITH A SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION OR A RELATIVE PRONOUN, AND CONTAINS A SUBJECT
AND VERB, BUT DOES NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT.)

11. SOME COMMON
SUBORDINATIN
G
CONJUNCTIONS
:
THAT
WHICH
WHO
WHOM
WHOSE
THE FIVE BASIC
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS:

12. EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX SENTENCE
:
• CAPITAL CITIES WHERE NUMEROUS AUTOMOBILES ARE UTILIZED TEND TO BE
MORE POLLUTED THAN RURAL AREAS.
• IF THE GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTS COMFORTABLE AND AFFORDABLE
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, THE RATE OF CAR OWNERSHIP WILL
AUTOMATICALLY DROP.
• INDUSTRIAL FACTORIES THAT ARE OFTEN LOCATED NEAR THE BODIES OF
WATER ARE CONSIDERED AGENTS OF POLLUTION.
• EVEN THOUGH TECHNOLOGY HAS BECOME MORE ADVANCED THAN BEFORE,
INTERACTION BETWEEN FAMILY MEMBERS IS LESS NOWADAYS.
• IN ORDER TO ADDRESS AIR POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT MUST IMPOSE
STRINGENT LAWS AGAINST ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS FACTORIES.

13. • PEOPLE TAKE NATURAL HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS EVEN
THOUGH THEY MAY NOT HAVE BEEN TESTED.
• I WENT TO BED AS SOON AS HE LEFT BECAUSE I WAS TIRED.
THESE ARE ALL ADVERBIAL CLAUSES. IN THESE TYPES OF
COMPLEX SENTENCE, THE SECOND CLAUSE CAN BE USED TO
START THE SENTENCE. IN THIS CASE, A COMMA IS NEEDED IN THE
MIDDLE.
• EVEN THOUGH THEY MAY NOT HAVE BEEN TESTED, PEOPLE TAKE
NATURAL HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS.
• AS SOON AS HE LEFT, I WENT TO BED BECAUSE I WAS TIRED.

14. ACTIVITY:
• REWRITE THE COMPOUND SENTENCES YOU MADE
EARLIER BY CHANGING THE CONJUNCTION OR THE
ORDER OF THE CLAUSES. YOU CAN ALSO MAKE NEW
COMPLEX SENTENCES.
• INDEPENDENT + SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION +
DEPENDENT.
ONE OF THE MAIN POSITIVE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY IS
CONVENIENCE ; HOWEVER, IT LEADS TO A PASSIVE LIFE
STYE.
• SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION+ DEPENDENT CLAUSE,

15. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
- CONSISTS OF AT LEAST TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
AND ONE OR MORE DEPENDENT CLAUSES.

17. EXAMPLES:
• ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT IS TRYING TO DEAL WITH POLLUTION,
THEY STILL NEED TO EXERT MORE EFFORT AND PEOPLE MUST ALSO HELP
IN SOLVING WITH THIS PROBLEM.
• IF THE GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTS COMFORTABLE AND AFFORDABLE
PUBLIC TRANPORATION SYSTEM, THE RATE OF CAR OWNERSHIP WILL
AUTOMATICALLY DROP AND THE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
PRODUCTION WILL ALSO DECREASE.
• INDUSTRIAL FACTORIES THAT ARE OFTEN LOCATED NEAR THE BODIES
OF WATER ARE CONSIDERED AGENTS OF POLLUTION BECAUSE THEY
RELEASE TOXIC WASTE INTO THE WATER.
• IN ORDER TO ADDRESS AIR POLLUTION, THE GOVERNMENT MUST IMPOSE
STRINGENT LAWS AGAINST ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS FACTORIES
FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

18. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING
a. simple b. compound c. complex d.
compound-complex
________________________________________
1. EVEN THOUGH POLLUTION IS WIDESPREAD, PEOPLE ARE DOING LITTLE TO
PREVENT IT. C
2. I WAS LATE FOR WORK. A
3. HE FAILED THE TEST BECAUSE HE DID NOT STUDY HARD ENOUGH. C
4. ANIMALS SHOULD NOT BE KILLED FOR THEIR FUR; HOWEVER, THIS IS STILL
OCCURRING, SO ACTION MUST BE TAKEN. D
5. I CAME TO STUDY IN THE UK BECAUSE I WANTED TO IMPROVE MY
ENGLISH, SO I TALK TO AS MANY ENGLISH PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE. D

19. ACTIVIT
Y
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS USING A
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES:
a. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION?
b. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE THE PRODUCTION OF
CARBON DIOXIDE?
c. WHY MANY STUDENTS GO ABROAD TO STUDY
ENGLISH?

20. NOTE!!!
• THE TENSE OF THE VERB DOESN’T AFFECT THE SENTENCE
STRUCTURE. WHETHER YOU ARE USING SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE OR PRESENT PERFECT, IF YOU ONLY HAVE AN
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE, IT IS STILL A SIMPLE SENTENCE.
• HOWEVER, USING DIFFERENT TENSES CORRECTLY GIVES
YOUR ESSAY A BETTER ELABORATION.

21. PASSIVE SENTENCES
ALTHOUGH TECHNOLOGY IS USED IN A DAILY BASIS, PEOPLE MUST STILL NOT
DEPEND ON IT BECAUSE IT CAN BE ALSO HARMFUL.

22. REVIEW
• SIMPLE SENTENCE :
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
• COMPOUND SENTENCE :
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + FANBOYS + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + SUBORDINATING + DEPENDENT CLAUSE
B. SUBORDINATING + DEPENDENT CLAUSE, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
• COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
A. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + SUBORDINATING + DEPENDENT CLAUSE + FANBOYS +
INDEPENDENT
B. SUBORDINATING + DEPENDENT CLAUSE, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + FANBOYS +
INDEPENDENT