Morphine alkaloids

1. SEMINAR ON –
DRUG AFFECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM: MORPHINE ALKALOIDS
PRESENTED BY
Chopane Ashok Anil
Roll.No. – 04
M.Pharm (Sem -1)
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
GUIDANCE BY
Prof. M.A. Raskar
(M.Pharm)
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
DR. VITHALRAO VIKHE PATIL
FOUNDATION’S
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, VILAD
GHAT,
AHMEDNAGAR (2022-2023)

2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
• The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain, cerebellum and
• spinal cord.
• The other part is the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves that
• connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
• The central nervous system is the body’s processing Centre.
• Parts of CNS:
• Brain
• The brain processes most of the body’s sensory information and is responsible for coordinating
conscious and unconscious body functions including feeling, thinking, and maintaining homeostasis,
which is the body’s ability to maintain a stable environment
• The brain is made up of three regions, the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain.

3. THE SPINAL CORD
• The spinal cord directs signals from the brain to the body and is capable of controlling
simple reflexes without transmitting information from the brain.
• Cerebellum
• The cerebellum (“little brain”) is a structure that is located at the back of the brain,
underlying the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

5. DRUGS AFFECTING CNS
• Alkaloids:
• compound containing one or more nitrogen atom ,Normally heterocyclic in nature and show
physiological action on body.
• Slightly soluble in water, Ether and Chloroform but soluble in alchol and alkali solution.
• There are three types of alkaloids
• 1. True alkaloids : it contain nitrogen in heterocyclic ring
• 2. Proto alkaloids : does not contain nitrogen in heterocyclic ring
• 3. Pseudo alkaloids: contain heterocyclic ring with nitrogen, but are not derived from amino
acids.

6. • Function of Alkaloids:
• Alkaloids are Storage reservoir of nitrogen.
• Alkaloids Play role as a growth regulator.
• Alkaloids plays defence role in plant against insects other arthropods and verterbrates.
• Alkaloids are antimicrobial compound.
• Alkaloids are alleopathic effects.
• Many alkaloids are posses physiological action (vinblastine and vincristine) are the potent anticancer
drugs.
• Alkaloids acts as reserve, substance able to supply nitrogen.
• They are end product of detoxification mechanism.

7. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
• Morphine is extracted from dried milky exudate of unripe seed capsule of opium
poppy(papaver somniferum).
• FAMILY: Papaveraceae

8. BIOLOGICAL NAME:- Papaver Somniferum
GENES :-
(1) Morphine-3 – Glucuronide (M3G)
(2) Morphine-6 – Glucuronide (M6G)
STRUCTURE OF ALKALOIDS

9. EXTRACTION OF MORPHINE

10. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Raw opium contains about 15 percent of water, some sugar, salt, Albuminous and coloring
matter.
• The chief constituent is Morphine.
• Opium alkaloids usually occur naturally combined with specific acid (Meconic acid).
• Meconic acid present only in opium with morphine.
• OTHERS ARE
• Narcotine / Noscapine, Codeine, Papaverine, Thebine, Mecoic acid exist in combination
with morphine, Mucilage, Salt, Calcium, Magnesium etc.

11. OPIUM ALKALOID (MORPHINE)
• History and background
• The drug morphine was named after Morpheus Greek god of dream for Its tendency to
causing sleep.
• Discovered by Fredrick Wilhelum Adam Serturner in year 1806.
• Most powerful pain relieving medication.
• Its addiction potential is very high both physically and psychologically.

13. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Morphine and other opioid produce their effect produce by acting on specific opioid receptors
mu(µ), delta and Kappa(k).these receptors are present in the CNS and other tissues.
• Stimulation of opioid receptors finally results in a decrease in the Intracellular calcium which
in turn decrease the release of neurotransmitter.
• Mechanism action is similar as other opioid drug as meperidine.
• Morphine interacts predominantly with the µ- receptor.
• Morphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers.

14. USES
• Morphine is a very efficacious drug for the relief of moderate to severe pain and is the standard
by which all other agents are measured.
• Morphine is also used preoperatively to reduce anxiety, cause sedation and reduce the dose of
anesthetic.
• Also use as :
• postoperative medication
• Acute pulmonary edema
• Cough

15. ADVERSE EFFECT
• Myosis
• Sedation
• Respiratory depression
• Pneumonia
• Hypotension
• Nausea
• Emesis.

16. CHEMICAL TEST
• Test for morphine: - morphine powder sprinkled on HNO3 gives orange red color.
• Test for morphine: - morphine solution + potassium ferricyanide + FeCl3 gives bluish
green color.
• Test for meconic acid: - Opium is dissolved in water, filter it, to the filterate add FeCl3
deep raddish purple colour, which persists even after addition of HCL.
• Test for Papaverine:- Papaverine solution in HCL Lemon yellow colour with potassium
ferric cynide solution.

17. REFERENCES
• Textbook of Organic Chemistry of Natural Products vol-1 & 2 by
O.P. Agarwal, Krishna Prakashan.
• Textbook of Biotechnology by Purohit and Mathur, Agro-Bios. 13th
edition.
• Textbook of Modern Method of Plant Analysis, peech and M.V.
Tracey, Springe – Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Textbook of The Alkaloid Chemistry and Physiology by RHF
Manske, Academic Press.
• Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by S.P. Vyas and V.K.
Dixit, CBS Publishers.
•

18. THANK YOU….