Microcontrollers are integrated circuits essential for modern embedded systems, combining a CPU, memory, and I/O peripherals on a single chip, optimized for power efficiency. Their evolution began in the 1970s with the introduction of the first microcontroller, leading to diverse applications in consumer electronics, industrial automation, medical devices, and agriculture. Key advancements include enhanced processing power, low power consumption, and integration of AI and machine learning.

1. Introduction
to
Microcontroller
- SHIVAKUMAR SALIMATH

2. ABOUT MICROCONTROLLER
01
Microcontrollers are the backbone
of modern embedded systems,
where they are used to control
specific processes or functions
within a larger system
03
Microcontrollers are usually
optimized for low power
consumption and are often
used in applications where
power efficiency and space
are crucial
04
It combines a processor (CPU),
memory (both RAM and ROM),
and input/output peripherals
on a single chip
02
A microcontroller is an integrated
circuit (IC) that can be programmed to
perform a set of functions to control a
collection of electronic devices.

3. KEY COMPONENTS
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
• The CPU executes instructions and controls the operation of the entire
microcontroller.
Memory:
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Used for temporary data storage while the
microcontroller is running.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Stores the program code. Flash memory is a common form
of non-volatile memory used in modern microcontrollers, allowing the program to
be rewritten.

4. KEY COMPONENTS
Peripherals:
• GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output): Pins that can be programmed to act as
either input or output for digital signals.
• Timers/Counters: These peripherals help in generating precise delays, measuring
time intervals, or counting external events.
• Communication Interfaces: Microcontrollers support various communication
protocols such as UART, SPI, I2C, and CAN for data exchange with other devices..
Interrupts:
◦ Interrupts are essential for real-time applications, allowing the microcontroller to
respond to external events (e.g., a button press) immediately by pausing the main
program and executing a specific task.

5. History and
Evolution
Understanding the history of microcontroller

6. 1970s: Inception
• 1971: The concept of a microcontroller was realized with the
development of the Intel 4004, the first commercially available
microprocessor. Though not a microcontroller, it laid the
foundation for future integrated circuits (ICs).
• 1974: The Texas Instruments TMS1000 became the first true
microcontroller. It integrated a 4-bit processor, ROM, RAM, and
I/O ports on a single chip.
• 1976: Intel introduced the Intel 8048, an 8-bit microcontroller,
which gained popularity in the market and was used in the
original IBM PC keyboard.
1980s: Growth and Adoption
• 1980: Intel released the 8051 microcontroller, which became
one of the most popular and widely used microcontrollers in
the world.
• 1981: Microchip Technology introduced the PIC
microcontroller (Peripheral Interface Controller), initially used
in peripheral devices. The PIC series became a popular choice
for embedded systems.

7. 2010s to Present: IoT and Advanced Applications
• 2010: ARM's Cortex-M series became a dominant force in the
microcontroller market, offering a range of 32-bit
microcontrollers.
• 2016: Espressif released the ESP32, an upgrade to the ESP8266
with more processing power, Bluetooth connectivity, and
advanced features.
1990s: Expansion and Innovation
• 1993: Microchip Technology introduced Flash memory in their PIC
microcontrollers, making it easier to reprogram the devices, leading
to broader adoption in various applications
• 1996: ARM introduced the ARM7 series, based on a 32-bit RISC
architecture. ARM microcontrollers offered higher performance,
reduced power consumption, and became widely used in industrial
and consumer applications.

8. ARCHITECTURE

9. 1. Harvard Architecture
In Harvard architecture, the CPU has separate memory
spaces for instructions (program code) and data. This
separation allows simultaneous access to both, which can
lead to better performance.
2. Von Neumann Architecture
In Von Neumann architecture, instructions and data share
the same memory space. The CPU fetches instructions and
data from the same memory.
3. ARM Architecture
ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) architecture is a popular
family of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
architectures used in many microcontrollers. It features a
relatively simple instruction set that allows for efficient
processing.

10. 4. AVR Architecture
AVR is an 8-bit RISC architecture developed by
Atmel . It features a set of 32 general-purpose
registers and a single instruction set.
5. PIC Architecture
PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) architecture is
developed by Microchip Technology. It comes in 8-bit,
16-bit, and 32-bit versions.
6. MSP430 Architecture
The MSP430 is a 16-bit RISC microcontroller
architecture developed by Texas Instruments. It is
known for its low power consumption and is widely
used in battery-operated devices.

11. 7. 8051 Architecture
The 8051 architecture was originally
developed by Intel and is an 8-bit
microcontroller. It has a simple architecture
with a small number of instructions.
8. RISC-V Architecture
RISC-V is an open standard RISC architecture that is
gaining traction in microcontrollers and other
computing systems. It is designed to be simple and
extensible.

12. Application of microcontroller
2. Embedded Systems Development
• Prototyping: Microcontrollers are essential in
developing and prototyping new embedded systems
for a wide range of applications, from wearable
devices to industrial controllers.
1. Consumer Electronics
• Home Appliances: Microcontrollers are used in
devices like microwaves, washing machines, air
conditioners, and refrigerators for process control,
timing, and user interface.
• Smart Devices: They are at the core of devices like
smartphones, smartwatches, and other IoT gadgets
for processing sensor data and communication.

13. Application of Microcontroller
3.Industrial Automation
• Robotics: Microcontrollers are key components in robotic
arms, automated assembly lines, and CNC machines for
precision control and real-time processing.
• Process Control: They are used in controlling industrial
processes like temperature regulation, motor control, and
sensors.
4. Medical Devices
• Diagnostic Equipment: They control medical equipment like
ultrasound machines, blood analyzers, and patient
monitoring systems.
5. Agriculture
• Automated Irrigation: Microcontrollers are used to control
irrigation systems based on soil moisture levels, weather
conditions, and crop requirements.
• Precision Farming: They help in optimizing farming techniques
by controlling drones, GPS-guided tractors, and automated
harvesters.

14. ADVANCEMENTS IN MICROCONTROLLERS
4. Advanced Peripherals and Interfaces
1. Higher Processing Power and Speed
2. Low Power Consumption
3. Enhanced Connectivity
5. Integration of AI and Machine Learning
6. Smaller Form Factor

15. THANK YOU