Individuals involved in prostitution often enter the sex trade as minors after experiencing abuse and trauma. They engage in prostitution out of desperation for survival needs like shelter, food, and money to support their children. An alternative court project in Chicago called WINGS provides supportive services and probation to help women exit prostitution and avoid recidivism. Grassroots organizations and policy changes aim to decriminalize prostitution for victims and shift the focus to punishing traffickers and buyers to ultimately end the commercial sex industry.
Human Trafficking and Public Policy by Katherine BaudlerKate Baudler
This document discusses arguments for and against decriminalizing prostitution. Supporters argue that decriminalization would increase safety for sex workers by allowing them to report crimes without risk of punishment. They also argue it could reduce trafficking by eliminating criminal records. Opponents counter that legalization would condone an unethical practice and exploitation of women. It may not reduce disease or abuse, and could encourage trafficking. The document examines the different perspectives and power dynamics at play in the debate over legalizing prostitution.
Why the Asian American Movement has a responsibility to support our sisters of all genders in the Global Sex Worker Rights Movement in Asia, who are harmed by U.S. policies and NGOs, as well as the immigrant sex workers inside our own communities.
U.S. Anti-Trafficking Movement and Carceral PoliticsKate Zen
This document summarizes and critiques U.S. anti-trafficking laws and policies, arguing they primarily serve to expand law enforcement powers and surveillance rather than help victims. It notes how anti-trafficking efforts have historically been used to target marginalized groups and how current policies criminalize many they aim to help. The document calls for a global justice framework centered on workers' rights and self-representation instead of a humanitarian approach focused on rescue through the criminal justice system.
Migrant Sex Workers Can Defeat Anti-Trafficking NarrativeKate Zen
This document discusses issues facing migrant sex workers globally. It notes that while legalization and labor laws exist in some countries, they often do not apply to migrant sex workers. Migrant sex workers make up an estimated 50-60% of all sex workers worldwide. Anti-trafficking laws strengthen immigration control and policing but do not create legal pathways for migrant sex work, making their lives more risky. Research has failed to confirm exaggerated trafficking numbers promoted by some anti-trafficking organizations. Migrant sex workers face lack of access to health, housing, immigration and legal services due to stigma and lack of trust in services. The document advocates for legal status and access to permanent residency for migrant sex workers.
Men can also be victims of sex trafficking. However, they often face disbelief that they could be victims due to gender stereotypes. Services for male trafficking victims are also lacking. For example, few shelters allow male victims or have separate services for men. Additionally, male victims may face stigma and shame for admitting they were victimized. It is important to recognize that both men and women can be traffickers or trafficked and provide support services to all victims of sex trafficking.
The document discusses efforts in Colorado to pass a ballot initiative for a state single-payer healthcare system. Health Care for All Colorado received approval for ballot language asking voters to amend the state constitution to require the legislature to create a public health insurance plan available to all residents. They now need to collect 86,000 signatures to get the measure on the November 2014 ballot. Supporters see this as an important step towards establishing single-payer healthcare at the state level, while opponents argue such systems are too expensive and limit choices.
Against Criminalization: Beyond "Legalization" vs. "Decriminalization"EmiKo Yama
From Desiree Alliance 2013 Program Description:
Supporters of sex workers' rights movement often emphasize how the illegal status of prostitution contributes to harm to sex workers, and how legalizing or decriminalizing prostitution might make it safer. But those of us who are street-based, immigrant, transgender, underage, people of color, etc. know that the law against prostitution plays only a small part in our experience of pervasive surveillance and criminalization in our lives. It is not that we are targeted and criminalized because prostitution is against the law; the prostitution became illegal because we are already targeted and criminalized.
This workshop explores a possibility for an anti-criminalization movement, which goes beyond legalization or decriminalization of sex work and addresses social and economic justice more broadly in the face of pervasive state violence, whether they take the form of Prison Industrial Complex or anti-trafficking "rescues." Our discussion will build on the work of women and queer people of color with histories in the sex trade, and how they have successfully built coalition with radical women of color activists outside of the sex workers' rights movement, for example during the campaign against Prop. 35 in California.
Human Trafficking and Public Policy by Katherine BaudlerKate Baudler
This document discusses arguments for and against decriminalizing prostitution. Supporters argue that decriminalization would increase safety for sex workers by allowing them to report crimes without risk of punishment. They also argue it could reduce trafficking by eliminating criminal records. Opponents counter that legalization would condone an unethical practice and exploitation of women. It may not reduce disease or abuse, and could encourage trafficking. The document examines the different perspectives and power dynamics at play in the debate over legalizing prostitution.
Why the Asian American Movement has a responsibility to support our sisters of all genders in the Global Sex Worker Rights Movement in Asia, who are harmed by U.S. policies and NGOs, as well as the immigrant sex workers inside our own communities.
U.S. Anti-Trafficking Movement and Carceral PoliticsKate Zen
This document summarizes and critiques U.S. anti-trafficking laws and policies, arguing they primarily serve to expand law enforcement powers and surveillance rather than help victims. It notes how anti-trafficking efforts have historically been used to target marginalized groups and how current policies criminalize many they aim to help. The document calls for a global justice framework centered on workers' rights and self-representation instead of a humanitarian approach focused on rescue through the criminal justice system.
Migrant Sex Workers Can Defeat Anti-Trafficking NarrativeKate Zen
This document discusses issues facing migrant sex workers globally. It notes that while legalization and labor laws exist in some countries, they often do not apply to migrant sex workers. Migrant sex workers make up an estimated 50-60% of all sex workers worldwide. Anti-trafficking laws strengthen immigration control and policing but do not create legal pathways for migrant sex work, making their lives more risky. Research has failed to confirm exaggerated trafficking numbers promoted by some anti-trafficking organizations. Migrant sex workers face lack of access to health, housing, immigration and legal services due to stigma and lack of trust in services. The document advocates for legal status and access to permanent residency for migrant sex workers.
Men can also be victims of sex trafficking. However, they often face disbelief that they could be victims due to gender stereotypes. Services for male trafficking victims are also lacking. For example, few shelters allow male victims or have separate services for men. Additionally, male victims may face stigma and shame for admitting they were victimized. It is important to recognize that both men and women can be traffickers or trafficked and provide support services to all victims of sex trafficking.
The document discusses efforts in Colorado to pass a ballot initiative for a state single-payer healthcare system. Health Care for All Colorado received approval for ballot language asking voters to amend the state constitution to require the legislature to create a public health insurance plan available to all residents. They now need to collect 86,000 signatures to get the measure on the November 2014 ballot. Supporters see this as an important step towards establishing single-payer healthcare at the state level, while opponents argue such systems are too expensive and limit choices.
Against Criminalization: Beyond "Legalization" vs. "Decriminalization"EmiKo Yama
From Desiree Alliance 2013 Program Description:
Supporters of sex workers' rights movement often emphasize how the illegal status of prostitution contributes to harm to sex workers, and how legalizing or decriminalizing prostitution might make it safer. But those of us who are street-based, immigrant, transgender, underage, people of color, etc. know that the law against prostitution plays only a small part in our experience of pervasive surveillance and criminalization in our lives. It is not that we are targeted and criminalized because prostitution is against the law; the prostitution became illegal because we are already targeted and criminalized.
This workshop explores a possibility for an anti-criminalization movement, which goes beyond legalization or decriminalization of sex work and addresses social and economic justice more broadly in the face of pervasive state violence, whether they take the form of Prison Industrial Complex or anti-trafficking "rescues." Our discussion will build on the work of women and queer people of color with histories in the sex trade, and how they have successfully built coalition with radical women of color activists outside of the sex workers' rights movement, for example during the campaign against Prop. 35 in California.
This document provides an overview of a workshop on improving responses to youth involved in or at risk of involvement in the juvenile justice system. The workshop will feature presenters discussing strategies to decriminalize behaviors of homeless youth, engage youth to promote safety and stability, and help youth with criminal records navigate systems to access housing, employment, and services. Approximately 30% of homeless youth served by one organization had contact with the juvenile justice system. Homeless youth are vulnerable to criminal justice involvement due to behaviors related to living on the streets, untreated mental health issues, drug use, and risk of sexual exploitation. Youth released from juvenile facilities also face challenges including homelessness.
This document describes a conversation between the author and a homeless man named "Nobody" in Washington D.C. "Nobody" explains how neoliberal policies have reduced social services and increased poverty. He feels that society only values people based on their economic status. The author listens sympathetically and provides resources to "Nobody", while also reflecting on how structural factors like the criminalization of homelessness and lack of affordable housing and social programs contribute to the issue.
Right realism views crime from a politically conservative perspective, focusing on inadequate social control as the cause of crime rather than social factors. It believes individuals commit crimes when social constraints are weakened. Theorists like Murray and Wilson link crime to the breakdown of social bonds and order in communities, especially the decline of the nuclear family and male role models. While right realism recognizes the real problems of crime, its theories have been criticized for oversimplifying causes and neglecting other types of crime like white-collar offenses.
The study investigated the effects of microfinance loans on relationships between 118 women and male partners in La Paz, Bolivia. Surveys showed that how loans were spent and the amount of time receiving loans directly impacted female-male relationships. Participation in Diaconia, a bank that only offered financial services, had a negative effect on relationships, while participation in ProMujer, a bank that offered additional social programs, had a positive effect. The findings rebut claims that microfinance loans increase domestic violence and suggest that complementary social programs can positively impact women's external relationships.
This document discusses the decriminalization of sex work and argues that it is necessary to protect the health and human rights of sex workers. It begins by defining sex work and dispelling common myths. It then outlines how criminalization has negatively impacted sex workers by increasing their vulnerability to violence, extortion and health risks. The document recommends removing all criminal laws related to sex work except those involving minors or human trafficking. Decriminalization would challenge stigma, allow sex workers to safely negotiate condom use and access justice systems and health services without fear. It could also reduce sex workers' risk of HIV and consequences of having a criminal record. Lessons from countries that have decriminalized show little impact on the sex industry
Red Canary Song: presentation for Chinese Feminist CollectiveKate Zen
In a 2014 crackdown in Dongguan, China, 6000 police raided over 3500 establishments and arrested over 3000 people for prostitution. They also shut down 12,000 websites and 1 million messaging accounts involved in prostitution. However, police abuse of sex workers is rampant and includes beatings, torture, arbitrary detention of up to 2 years without trial, extortion, and using condoms as evidence for arrest. Most Chinese sex workers are rural migrants with little education who work in the industry due to lack of jobs and opportunities. Sex work is stigmatized and police generate revenue through fines, while doing little to protect sex workers who are victims of crime.
The National Center for Youth Law is sponsoring a package of bills that aims to transform youth justice in California by focusing on diversion and rehabilitation for youth in contact with the law. Two bills would ensure youth under 12 and between 14-15 receive services through alternative programs instead of the formal justice system. Another bill would provide training to police on responding to sexually exploited children. A budget proposal would refer youth in foster care shelters to community programs instead of the justice system. The reforms aim to encourage healthy development for vulnerable youth by treating the underlying causes of their behaviors.
Transgender youth, especially youth of color, are disproportionately represented in the sex trade due to various push and pull factors. They face high levels of violence and have few resources for support due to shortcomings in gender-specific services and discrimination within systems. Efforts to honor transgender lives lost must incorporate an analysis of the role of poverty, racism, sexism and other forms of oppression that enable transphobia. The movement must work to support marginalized transgender youth and hold the state accountable.
Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State CrimeBeth Lee
This document discusses various topics related to crime and globalization, including green crime, state crime, and human rights. It provides definitions and examples of different types of crimes such as primary green crimes that directly harm the environment, and secondary crimes like hazardous waste dumping. State crime is defined as illegal activities perpetrated by state agencies and can take political, economic, and social/cultural forms. Human rights are discussed in relation to crime, with some arguing crime should be defined as violations of human rights rather than by legal statutes alone. Conditions contributing to state crimes like obedience to authority and dehumanization of victims are also examined.
This document summarizes a talk given by Virada Somswasdi on the challenges of legalizing prostitution in Thailand. The key points are:
1) There is a push by the Thai government to legalize prostitution to gain tax revenue from the underground $4.3 billion sex industry. However, feminists argue this commodifies women and ignores exploitation.
2) While some argue for decriminalizing prostituted women, legalizing prostitution itself would treat it as legitimate work rather than acknowledge its harms. Most women enter due to lack of options rather than real choice.
3) Prostitution reflects patriarchal values that reduce women to objects of male sexual desires. It
Realist theories of crime challenge the idea that human behavior is determined by external forces alone. There are two main realist perspectives: right realism and left realism. Right realists argue that crime stems from poor socialization and lack of self-control. They advocate for stronger law enforcement measures. Left realists acknowledge crime victims but argue relative deprivation and lack of opportunities also contribute to crime. They call for improving social and economic conditions to reduce crime.
Social deviance refers to any violation of established social norms, whether through informal minor transgressions or more formal crimes. Social control mechanisms aim to encourage normative compliance through both informal social sanctions and formal laws and punishments. Sociological theories offer different perspectives on deviance, with structural functionalism viewing it as a disruption to social cohesion and interactionist theories examining how social labeling can influence behavior and identity.
1. The document discusses the brutal murder of Tanya khaskheli in Sindhi society, which highlights the oppression of women in feudal systems. Tanya was killed by a feudal lord after refusing to marry him, showing his belief that he had the power and license to murder women.
2. Literature review discusses how feudalism remains strongly embedded in Pakistani society, especially in rural areas, where feudal lords deny women education and subordinate them. Several movements for women's rights have faced resistance from patriarchal bureaucracies, governments, and feudal powers.
3. Interviews with a criminologist found that such violence against women in rural areas is often justified based on honor, and
1. Right Realism emerged in the 1970s-1980s and favored tough law and order policies like increased imprisonment and the death penalty.
2. Right Realists believe that crime is caused by biological differences in individuals, poor socialization rather than structural factors, and rational choice to offend if risks are low.
3. They advocate deterrence methods like zero tolerance policing, surveillance, and harsh punishments to raise the costs of offending. However, critics argue this ignores wider causes of crime and can discriminate against certain groups.
This document lists 20 concepts related to theories of crime and criminal justice policy. It asks the reader to determine whether each concept is more closely associated with right realism, left realism, or both. Right realism focuses more on individual responsibility and tougher law enforcement responses to crime. Left realism emphasizes social and economic factors that may contribute to criminal behavior as well as alternative, community-based approaches. Many of the concepts listed, such as addressing structural causes of crime, democratic police control, and multi-agency prevention could apply to both realisms. Others like zero tolerance and tougher sentencing seem more right, while relative deprivation and marginalization seem more left.
This document summarizes key information about child sex trafficking in the United States. It defines child sex trafficking as inducing a minor under 18 to engage in commercial sex acts. It outlines relevant federal laws and penalties. It provides statistics estimating 100,000 children at risk annually and the average age of entry being 12-14. It describes common forms of child sex trafficking including pimp-controlled prostitution and residential brothels. It also summarizes recent prosecutions and challenges victims face like criminalization, isolation, and lack of social services.
Left realism developed in response to the influence of right realism on crime policy. It views crime as a real problem that disproportionately affects disadvantaged groups. Left realists believe the main causes of crime are relative deprivation, subcultures that form in response to deprivation, and marginalization. They argue that crime can only be addressed by tackling its deeper structural roots in inequality and lack of opportunity, in addition to improving community policing.
This document discusses various topics related to crime control, punishment, and victims. It covers situational crime prevention strategies, environmental crime prevention based on broken windows theory, social and community crime prevention strategies, and different perspectives on victimology including positivist and critical approaches. Key points addressed include evaluating different prevention strategies, their criticisms, emphasizing social conditions that lead to crime, and how victim status is socially constructed.
Left Realism emerged in 1980s Britain as a reaction to both conservative "law and order" politics and the perceived lack of radical left thinking on crime issues. It aims to take crime seriously while avoiding moral hysteria. Left Realism sees crime as a real problem but believes its causes lie in structural inequality and blocked opportunities. It draws on subcultural theory and relative deprivation to explain rising crime rates among vulnerable groups like unemployed youth and young black men. While some praise its policy focus, others criticize it as anti-working class or even racist.
El documento presenta información sobre el sistema nervioso central. Detalla que el tema a tratar es el sistema nervioso central para la asignatura de Fisiología. Fue realizado por la estudiante Paola Alexandra Maigua Mullo para la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, carrera de Enfermería bajo la guía del Dr. Gustavo Moreno en el año 2016.
Este documento trata sobre la leptospirosis, una enfermedad infecciosa zoonótica causada por la bacteria Leptospira. Afecta a numerosas especies animales como roedores, perros, ganado, caballos y humanos. Los síntomas varían desde fiebre y dolores musculares hasta insuficiencia renal e ictericia. Se transmite principalmente a través del contacto con la orina de animales infectados. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante pruebas bacteriológicas e histopatológicas, y el
This document provides an overview of a workshop on improving responses to youth involved in or at risk of involvement in the juvenile justice system. The workshop will feature presenters discussing strategies to decriminalize behaviors of homeless youth, engage youth to promote safety and stability, and help youth with criminal records navigate systems to access housing, employment, and services. Approximately 30% of homeless youth served by one organization had contact with the juvenile justice system. Homeless youth are vulnerable to criminal justice involvement due to behaviors related to living on the streets, untreated mental health issues, drug use, and risk of sexual exploitation. Youth released from juvenile facilities also face challenges including homelessness.
This document describes a conversation between the author and a homeless man named "Nobody" in Washington D.C. "Nobody" explains how neoliberal policies have reduced social services and increased poverty. He feels that society only values people based on their economic status. The author listens sympathetically and provides resources to "Nobody", while also reflecting on how structural factors like the criminalization of homelessness and lack of affordable housing and social programs contribute to the issue.
Right realism views crime from a politically conservative perspective, focusing on inadequate social control as the cause of crime rather than social factors. It believes individuals commit crimes when social constraints are weakened. Theorists like Murray and Wilson link crime to the breakdown of social bonds and order in communities, especially the decline of the nuclear family and male role models. While right realism recognizes the real problems of crime, its theories have been criticized for oversimplifying causes and neglecting other types of crime like white-collar offenses.
The study investigated the effects of microfinance loans on relationships between 118 women and male partners in La Paz, Bolivia. Surveys showed that how loans were spent and the amount of time receiving loans directly impacted female-male relationships. Participation in Diaconia, a bank that only offered financial services, had a negative effect on relationships, while participation in ProMujer, a bank that offered additional social programs, had a positive effect. The findings rebut claims that microfinance loans increase domestic violence and suggest that complementary social programs can positively impact women's external relationships.
This document discusses the decriminalization of sex work and argues that it is necessary to protect the health and human rights of sex workers. It begins by defining sex work and dispelling common myths. It then outlines how criminalization has negatively impacted sex workers by increasing their vulnerability to violence, extortion and health risks. The document recommends removing all criminal laws related to sex work except those involving minors or human trafficking. Decriminalization would challenge stigma, allow sex workers to safely negotiate condom use and access justice systems and health services without fear. It could also reduce sex workers' risk of HIV and consequences of having a criminal record. Lessons from countries that have decriminalized show little impact on the sex industry
Red Canary Song: presentation for Chinese Feminist CollectiveKate Zen
In a 2014 crackdown in Dongguan, China, 6000 police raided over 3500 establishments and arrested over 3000 people for prostitution. They also shut down 12,000 websites and 1 million messaging accounts involved in prostitution. However, police abuse of sex workers is rampant and includes beatings, torture, arbitrary detention of up to 2 years without trial, extortion, and using condoms as evidence for arrest. Most Chinese sex workers are rural migrants with little education who work in the industry due to lack of jobs and opportunities. Sex work is stigmatized and police generate revenue through fines, while doing little to protect sex workers who are victims of crime.
The National Center for Youth Law is sponsoring a package of bills that aims to transform youth justice in California by focusing on diversion and rehabilitation for youth in contact with the law. Two bills would ensure youth under 12 and between 14-15 receive services through alternative programs instead of the formal justice system. Another bill would provide training to police on responding to sexually exploited children. A budget proposal would refer youth in foster care shelters to community programs instead of the justice system. The reforms aim to encourage healthy development for vulnerable youth by treating the underlying causes of their behaviors.
Transgender youth, especially youth of color, are disproportionately represented in the sex trade due to various push and pull factors. They face high levels of violence and have few resources for support due to shortcomings in gender-specific services and discrimination within systems. Efforts to honor transgender lives lost must incorporate an analysis of the role of poverty, racism, sexism and other forms of oppression that enable transphobia. The movement must work to support marginalized transgender youth and hold the state accountable.
Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State CrimeBeth Lee
This document discusses various topics related to crime and globalization, including green crime, state crime, and human rights. It provides definitions and examples of different types of crimes such as primary green crimes that directly harm the environment, and secondary crimes like hazardous waste dumping. State crime is defined as illegal activities perpetrated by state agencies and can take political, economic, and social/cultural forms. Human rights are discussed in relation to crime, with some arguing crime should be defined as violations of human rights rather than by legal statutes alone. Conditions contributing to state crimes like obedience to authority and dehumanization of victims are also examined.
This document summarizes a talk given by Virada Somswasdi on the challenges of legalizing prostitution in Thailand. The key points are:
1) There is a push by the Thai government to legalize prostitution to gain tax revenue from the underground $4.3 billion sex industry. However, feminists argue this commodifies women and ignores exploitation.
2) While some argue for decriminalizing prostituted women, legalizing prostitution itself would treat it as legitimate work rather than acknowledge its harms. Most women enter due to lack of options rather than real choice.
3) Prostitution reflects patriarchal values that reduce women to objects of male sexual desires. It
Realist theories of crime challenge the idea that human behavior is determined by external forces alone. There are two main realist perspectives: right realism and left realism. Right realists argue that crime stems from poor socialization and lack of self-control. They advocate for stronger law enforcement measures. Left realists acknowledge crime victims but argue relative deprivation and lack of opportunities also contribute to crime. They call for improving social and economic conditions to reduce crime.
Social deviance refers to any violation of established social norms, whether through informal minor transgressions or more formal crimes. Social control mechanisms aim to encourage normative compliance through both informal social sanctions and formal laws and punishments. Sociological theories offer different perspectives on deviance, with structural functionalism viewing it as a disruption to social cohesion and interactionist theories examining how social labeling can influence behavior and identity.
1. The document discusses the brutal murder of Tanya khaskheli in Sindhi society, which highlights the oppression of women in feudal systems. Tanya was killed by a feudal lord after refusing to marry him, showing his belief that he had the power and license to murder women.
2. Literature review discusses how feudalism remains strongly embedded in Pakistani society, especially in rural areas, where feudal lords deny women education and subordinate them. Several movements for women's rights have faced resistance from patriarchal bureaucracies, governments, and feudal powers.
3. Interviews with a criminologist found that such violence against women in rural areas is often justified based on honor, and
1. Right Realism emerged in the 1970s-1980s and favored tough law and order policies like increased imprisonment and the death penalty.
2. Right Realists believe that crime is caused by biological differences in individuals, poor socialization rather than structural factors, and rational choice to offend if risks are low.
3. They advocate deterrence methods like zero tolerance policing, surveillance, and harsh punishments to raise the costs of offending. However, critics argue this ignores wider causes of crime and can discriminate against certain groups.
This document lists 20 concepts related to theories of crime and criminal justice policy. It asks the reader to determine whether each concept is more closely associated with right realism, left realism, or both. Right realism focuses more on individual responsibility and tougher law enforcement responses to crime. Left realism emphasizes social and economic factors that may contribute to criminal behavior as well as alternative, community-based approaches. Many of the concepts listed, such as addressing structural causes of crime, democratic police control, and multi-agency prevention could apply to both realisms. Others like zero tolerance and tougher sentencing seem more right, while relative deprivation and marginalization seem more left.
This document summarizes key information about child sex trafficking in the United States. It defines child sex trafficking as inducing a minor under 18 to engage in commercial sex acts. It outlines relevant federal laws and penalties. It provides statistics estimating 100,000 children at risk annually and the average age of entry being 12-14. It describes common forms of child sex trafficking including pimp-controlled prostitution and residential brothels. It also summarizes recent prosecutions and challenges victims face like criminalization, isolation, and lack of social services.
Left realism developed in response to the influence of right realism on crime policy. It views crime as a real problem that disproportionately affects disadvantaged groups. Left realists believe the main causes of crime are relative deprivation, subcultures that form in response to deprivation, and marginalization. They argue that crime can only be addressed by tackling its deeper structural roots in inequality and lack of opportunity, in addition to improving community policing.
This document discusses various topics related to crime control, punishment, and victims. It covers situational crime prevention strategies, environmental crime prevention based on broken windows theory, social and community crime prevention strategies, and different perspectives on victimology including positivist and critical approaches. Key points addressed include evaluating different prevention strategies, their criticisms, emphasizing social conditions that lead to crime, and how victim status is socially constructed.
Left Realism emerged in 1980s Britain as a reaction to both conservative "law and order" politics and the perceived lack of radical left thinking on crime issues. It aims to take crime seriously while avoiding moral hysteria. Left Realism sees crime as a real problem but believes its causes lie in structural inequality and blocked opportunities. It draws on subcultural theory and relative deprivation to explain rising crime rates among vulnerable groups like unemployed youth and young black men. While some praise its policy focus, others criticize it as anti-working class or even racist.
El documento presenta información sobre el sistema nervioso central. Detalla que el tema a tratar es el sistema nervioso central para la asignatura de Fisiología. Fue realizado por la estudiante Paola Alexandra Maigua Mullo para la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, carrera de Enfermería bajo la guía del Dr. Gustavo Moreno en el año 2016.
Este documento trata sobre la leptospirosis, una enfermedad infecciosa zoonótica causada por la bacteria Leptospira. Afecta a numerosas especies animales como roedores, perros, ganado, caballos y humanos. Los síntomas varían desde fiebre y dolores musculares hasta insuficiencia renal e ictericia. Se transmite principalmente a través del contacto con la orina de animales infectados. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante pruebas bacteriológicas e histopatológicas, y el
COMPONENTES DE LA SANRE MAPAS CONCEPTUALESPaito Maigua
Este documento describe los componentes de la sangre, incluyendo eritrocitos, leucocitos y trombocitos. Los eritrocitos son discos bicóncavos que transportan oxígeno usando la hemoglobina. Los leucocitos se dividen en granulosos y agranulosos, y incluyen neutrófilos, eosinófilos y basófilos. Los linfocitos se clasifican en B y T. Las plaquetas participan en la coagulación de la sangre.
A.Thangamani has over 11 years of experience in quality control and assurance. He currently works as an engineer in quality assurance at Virgo Valves and Controls Pvt Ltd, where he has implemented various quality improvements. Previously he worked as a supervisor at Audco India Ltd and L.G.Balakrishnan & Bros. Ltd. He has a B.Tech in mechanical engineering and additional qualifications in AutoCAD and time management.
El documento describe el sistema nervioso autónomo, incluyendo sus dos divisiones principales: simpática y parasimpática. La división simpática se origina en la médula espinal torácica y lumbar e inerva órganos para preparar el cuerpo para la actividad física mediante la liberación de noradrenalina. La división parasimpática se origina en el encéfalo y médula espinal sacra e inerva órganos durante el reposo y la digestión a través de la liberación de acetilcolina. Ambas divisiones regulan funciones
Las enfermedades autoinmunes son el tema de un documento académico escrito por la estudiante Paola Alexandra Maigua Mullo para su clase de Fisiología en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato en Ecuador en 2016.
Este documento proporciona información sobre la leptospirosis, una enfermedad infecciosa zoonótica causada por la bacteria Leptospira. Afecta a muchas especies animales como roedores, perros, ganado y humanos. Los síntomas varían desde fiebre y dolores musculares hasta insuficiencia renal e ictericia. Se transmite principalmente a través del contacto con la orina de animales infectados. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante pruebas de laboratorio e histopatología. El tratamiento incluye
Este documento presenta el sílabo de la asignatura de Fisiología Humana impartida en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato. El sílabo incluye la información general de la asignatura, el perfil del profesor, la descripción y objetivos, el programa de estudios organizado en 4 unidades y sus respectivos contenidos temáticos, horas de clase, tutoría y trabajo autónomo. El objetivo general es evaluar el funcionamiento de los aparatos y sistemas del ser humano para dar atención de enfermería de calidad.
COMPONENTES DE LA SANRE MAPAS CONCEPTUALESPaito Maigua
Este documento describe los componentes de la sangre, incluyendo eritrocitos, leucocitos y trombocitos. Los eritrocitos son discos bicóncavos que transportan oxígeno usando la hemoglobina. Los leucocitos incluyen granulocitos como neutrófilos, eosinófilos y basófilos, así como linfocitos B y T. Los trombocitos son fragmentos de megacariocitos que participan en la coagulación de la sangre.
Invented by Genrich Altshuller.
Acronym of Russian phrase "Teorija Rezbenija Izobretatelskib Zadach"
Meaning is Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TIPS)
Three Premises : Ideality, Contradiction, System Approach
El documento describe los procesos de coagulación de la sangre, incluyendo la vasoconstricción, la formación de un tapón plaquetario y la producción de fibrina. Explica cómo las plaquetas y los factores de coagulación interactúan para formar un coágulo y detener el sangrado después de una lesión vascular. También cubre los trastornos de la coagulación hereditarios y adquiridos, así como los anticoagulantes como la aspirina y la heparina que interfieren con este proceso.
En la siguiente gráfica se observa la estructura de los capítulos relacionados con Gerencia de Proyectos y Ciclo de vida de un Proyecto; del Módulo Gerencia de Proyectos de Tecnología Educativa
This document summarizes a research paper on the individual, familial, and societal factors that lead to sex trafficking as well as the physical and mental health effects on victims. It discusses how health professionals are often the only providers that victims encounter while being trafficked, but many lack knowledge to properly identify and assist victims. The paper reviews literature highlighting common factors that increase vulnerability to sex trafficking such as poverty, abuse, and dysfunctional families. It also outlines the short and long-term health consequences for victims, including sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancy, and mental health issues. The document advocates for training health providers to recognize signs of trafficking and connect victims to necessary medical and social services.
This document discusses the relationship between homelessness and prostitution. It notes that many homeless women turn to prostitution as their only means of survival. While prostitution can help meet basic needs, it also exposes women to health risks like sexually transmitted diseases. The document outlines some policies and programs that aim to support homeless prostitutes, such as providing healthcare, income assistance, and shelters. However, it notes that not all who need help qualify for these resources. It also shares a personal story about a homeless woman who turned to prostitution and the risks she faced. Overall, the document seeks to provide context for why some homeless individuals engage in prostitution while also acknowledging the challenges and health issues involved.
Day 1_ Supporting Criminalized Survivors of Violence.pdfallisonfranklin8
This document discusses human trafficking and the intersections with criminalization of survivors. It begins with introductions from various organizations working on these issues. The training then covers identifying different forms of gender-based violence and their intersections, including intimate partner abuse, sexual assault, and human trafficking. It discusses how survivors may be criminalized due to biases and how their experiences of violence can involve criminal acts of survival. The training aims to help providers address survivors' various needs and legal protections.
Sex trafficking exploits women, children, and other vulnerable groups through force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of commercial sex. Each year, hundreds of thousands of victims are trafficked within and across borders. Victims include women, children, LGBTQ individuals, and those facing discrimination or abuse. Traffickers use false promises and manipulation to lure victims into trafficking situations. Sex trafficking occurs in various locations and industries. Victims often face trauma and challenges overcoming social stigma. Addressing this issue requires awareness, supportive services for victims, and legal reforms.
Thousands of children and women are trafficked internationally each year for sexual exploitation. An estimated 600,000 to 820,000 people are trafficked across borders annually, with 70% being women and girls and up to 50% being minors. Legalizing prostitution has failed to protect women and instead has normalized the abuse and violence they experience. Gender inequality is inherent in prostitution as it promotes the idea that men can buy women. Fighting human trafficking requires punishing traffickers, protecting victims, and international cooperation against this modern form of slavery.
Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partners.docxcherishwinsland
O
ffice of Justice Program
s Innovation • Partnerships • Safer N
eighborhoods w
w
w
.ojp.usdoj.gov
U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Office for Victims of Crime
OV
C
FA
CT
S
HE
ET An Introduction to Human
Trafficking in the United States
H uman trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons or modern-day slavery, is a crime that involves the exploitation of a person for the purpose of compelled labor or a commercial sex act. While the U.S.
Department of Justice (DOJ) has long enforced criminal laws against involun-
tary servitude and slavery, the enactment of the Trafficking Victims Protection
Act (TVPA) of 2000 brought new benefits, services, and criminal penalties to
address human trafficking in a more comprehensive and effective way.
What Is Human
Trafficking?
The TVPA defines a “severe form of trafficking
in persons” as—
• Sex trafficking (the recruitment,
harboring, transportation, provision,
obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a
person for the purpose of a commercial
sex act) in which a commercial sex act is
induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in
which the person induced to perform such
act has not attained 18 years of age; or
• The recruitment, harboring, transportation,
provision, or obtaining of a person for labor
or services, through the use of force, fraud,
or coercion for the purpose of subjection
to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt
bondage, or slavery.
Who Are the
Victims of Human
Trafficking?
Anyone who is compelled (through force, fraud,
or coercion) to perform any kind of work or
commercial sex act by another person, and
any minor engaged in a commercial sex act, is
a human trafficking victim. Victims of human
trafficking come from all walks of life and are
entrapped in many different settings. Anyone
can be a victim, regardless of their race, color,
national origin, disability, religion, age, gender,
sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeco-
nomic status, or citizenship status. While there
is no defining characteristic that all victims
share, traffickers frequently prey on individuals
who are poor, vulnerable, living in an unsafe
situation, or are in search of a better life. These
victims are deceived by false promises of love,
a good job, or a stable life and are lured into
situations where they are forced to work under
deplorable conditions with little to no pay.
Whether made to work in agriculture, a factory,
or a strip club, forced into commercial sex,
or abused in a home as a domestic servant,
federal law recognizes these individuals as
victims of human trafficking.
Who Are the
Traffickers and
How Do They Trap
Victims?
Traffickers are similarly diverse. There are
traffickers working alone to deceive and prey on
victims; businesses that enslave their workers;
DECEMBER 2015
2
families who have been in the business of human trafficking
for generations or have just begun exp.
Similar to seeking-justice-for-prostitution-victims (7)
Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partners.docx
seeking-justice-for-prostitution-victims
1. 1 0 s t r e e t w i s e . o r g D e c e m b e r 1 4 - D e c e m b e r 2 0 , 2 0 1 1
COVER STORY
Angela Wells
StreetWise Editorial Intern
S
ome people say prostitution is
a victimless crime and a career
choice for the women involved.
But many of these girls may have en-
tered the industry as minors, having al-
ready been sexually assaulted, exposed
to domestic violence and incest, says
Daria Mueller of the Prostitution Al-
ternatives Round Table, started by the
Chicago Coalition for the Homeless
(CCH) in 2001.
“Individuals that are prostituted and
involved in the sex trade are some of
the most stigmatized, marginalized
group of individuals and the fact of the
matter is so many of them are coming
from so much abuse from their child-
hood, from their teen years,” said Muel-
ler, who is associate director of state af-
fairs at CCH.
“A lot of individuals in the sex trade
are doing it out of survival, because they
need a place to stay, they need food to
eat, they need clothes on their back,”
Mueller added. “They need to feed
their children, or they’ve come out of
jail or prison... maybe they were already
involved previously and that’s all they
have to come back to because now they
have a criminal record.”
One Chicago study showed that, on
average, women entered the sex trade at
the age of 16. Most did so out of des-
peration to obtain shelter or food for
themselves or their children, or possibly
to escape a dysfunctional home, accord-
ing to prepared material from the End
Demand Illinois Campaign. On any
given day in Chicago, there are more
than 16,000 women and girls involved
in the sex trade.
Often, their childhoods were filled
with trauma that led to substance abuse
and mental health issues. “Their rate of
PTSD is higher than combat veterans,”
Mueller said regarding women in the
sex trade.
When they wind up in jail they need
supportive services to change their
lives so they avoid returning to prison.
Women trying to leave the sex trade
or who are exiting the prison system
often have no home to seek refuge.
“Homelessness is a huge issue for this
population and we’re trying to solve
that problem so that no one needs to
be forced to engage in survival sex,”
Seeking justice for prostitution victims
2. 1 1s t r e e t w i s e . o r g
COVER STORY
D e c e m b e r 1 4 - D e c e m b e r 2 0 , 2 0 1 1
Mueller said. Other supportive services
needed for the chance at a better life
include trauma informed counseling,
mental health treatment, substance
abuse treatment, job training and
placement, prostitution anonymous
groups, and supportive housing, Muel-
ler said.
But Mueller believes these women
can thrive if given opportunities to es-
cape the exploitative cycle. “It’s been
about creating alternative options for
women in the sex trade so they can
prevent getting involved in the first
place, or in exiting, so that no one has
to feel like they have no other choice.”
In 2008, Mueller and Cook Coun-
ty Chief Criminal Court Judge Paul
Biebel hatched the idea for an alterna-
tive court for women in the sex trade.
“We called it the WINGS Project, for
Women in Need of Gender Specific
Services,” Mueller said.
This court pulls together elements
from the State’s Attorney’s office, pub-
lic defender, probation, judges, TASC
(Treatment Alternatives for Strong
Communities, which advocates for
people in the court system who need
substance abuse treatment), the sher-
iff’s department and social service
providers.
The WINGS Project strives to pre-
vent recidivism for women in the sex
trade and tries to address the issues
that brought them into the court room
in the first place. Since the court be-
gan early this year, 25 women have
been enrolled. They receive two years
probation, with the first 120 days fo-
cused on inpatient alcohol and drug
treatment.
Community-based service providers
contribute job training and counsel-
ing free of charge. Affiliated partners
include: Career Advancement Net-
work; Heartland Alliance’s Violence
Recovery Services; Rape Victim Ad-
vocates; Mujeres Latinas en Accion;
Access Community Health Network’s
Women Returning Home program;
and substance abuse treatment pro-
viders such as Haymarket and Cornell
Interventions.
“We can spend a lot less money than
we would incarcerating them and
clogging up our court system and deal-
ing with the consequences of that whole
system not working and sending people
back into the street with the same prob-
lems they came in with,” Mueller said.
“I think that we can be really successful
with this project because we have such
a good collaboration of governmental
and non-profits involved,” Mueller said.
She sees WINGS as a model project for
other states.
Besides the 25 women enrolled in
WINGS, the court continues to find
specialized treatment for ongoing re-
ferrals (65 at present), although not on
the same scale. Services still include
counseling, mentorship and supportive
groups, similar to 12-step programs.
The women also receive GED, job
training and life skills training. Career
counseling and private housing are ulti-
mately the end piece.
Chicago activists have worked for
years to bring laws giving further relief
to victims of sex trafficking. In 2006 the
Predator Accountability Act allowed
prostituted victims to sue any individual
responsible for recruiting or maintain-
ing them in the sex trade or who profited
from the sale of their body. According
to Mueller the act, “created a new prec-
edent for a class of individuals who are
most often treated as criminals and not
seen as victims and who don’t otherwise
have any precedent for suing someone
who caused them harm because their
activity was seen as criminal.”
The End Demand Campaign contin-
ues to lobby for such legislation so that
penalties deter the purchase of sex. The
campaign is a network of like-mind-
ed organizations seeking to refocus
law enforcement’s attention to pimps,
johns and traffickers while proposing
a network of services for survivors of
the sex trade.
The coalition is led by the Chicago
Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation
(CAASE) and includes partners from
Chicago Coalition for the Homeless
and Cook County Sherriff’s Women’s
Justice Programs, DePaul University
College of Law’s Schiller DuCanto
and Fleck Family Law Center, Illinois
Coalition Against Sexual Assault, Po-
laris Project, and The Voices and Fac-
es Project. Both Mueller and Lynne
Johnson of CAASE emphasized the
campaign’s prioritization of survivor
voices in all legislative advocacy.
Thanks to End Demand’s work, the
Illinois Justice for Victims of Sex Traf-
ficking Crimes Act will go into effect
next month. Individuals with prosti-
tution charges will be able to petition
a judge to overturn prostitution con-
victions if they can prove they were a
Individuals that are prosti-
tuted and involved in the sex trade
are some of the most stigmatized,
marginalized group of individu-
als and the fact of the matter is so
many of them are coming from so
much abuse from their childhood,
from their teen years.
3. 1 2 s t r e e t w i s e . o r g D e c e m b e r 1 4 - D e c e m b e r 2 0 , 2 0 1 1
COVER STORY
victim of sex trafficking under either
Illinois or federal law.
In addition, a sex trafficking victim
could also prove he or she was a minor
at the time of entry into the sex trade,
according to Lynne Johnson, policy
and advocacy director of CAASE.
CAASE’s Sexual Assault Justice Proj-
ect is prepared to help survivors use
this law. “We’re really excited because
we’re going to file on behalf of survi-
vors... and help them clear their records
so that they can go on and continue to
be productive members of society,”
Johnson said.
Criminal justice focus on suppressing
demand took off this August when the
Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office
and the Cook County Sheriff’s Office
pursued a sting operation that resulted
in the arrest of 10 traffickers and 27
customers, or johns.
“We have had a trafficking crime in
Illinois since 2006 and we never had
any investigations or convictions un-
til State’s Attorney Anita Alvarez ob-
tained the first convictions about six
months ago so we really as a state have
not been enforcing these laws at all,”
Johnson said.
Misconceptions often shift when law
enforcement works to suppress demand.
“They’re learning more about the abuse
that the prostituted people experience...
they’re beginning to see those people as
potential crime victims worthy of sup-
port,” said Johnson.
Law enforcement’s success in this sting
is largely due to the use of wire tap-
ping, made permissible by The Illinois
Safe Children Act. An initiative of End
Demand and Cook County State’s At-
torney Anita Alvarez, the Safe Children
Act was signed into law August 2010.
In addition, arrested perpetrators face
a $1,000 fee, half of which is directed
towards survivor rehabilitation services.
(The average yearly take for a Chica-
go pimp is $150,000 to $500,000, ac-
cording to a 2010 study by researchers
Brenda Myers-Powell and Jody Raphael
through Schiller DuCanto & Fleck
Family Law Center and DePaul Univer-
sity College of Law.)
Social media and online messaging
boards show that End Demand has had
an impact, Johnson said. “They com-
ment about places and events where
they’re being held accountable. We’re
being paid attention to...johns are
very responsive to criminal justice
attention.”
Grassroots advocates also work
tirelessly to end the injustice. Pastor
Trudie Strickland, co-pastor at New
Testament Baptist Church on 2415 W.
Lithuanian Plaza Court, raises con-
sciousness on the ground in Marquette
Park.
The neighborhood fits the profile of
one prone to trafficking. It is located
within a 10-mile radius of Midway
Airport, concentrated with indus-
trial parks, restaurants, construction
sites, and close to a racetrack -- a
“hot spot” for the sex trade, Strick-
land said. Strickland and her church
members are concerned their com-
munity is at risk for exploitation and
collaborate to raise awareness.
Church members and their friends
went around the neighborhood on
the Illinois Rescue and Restore
Campaign’s annual Outreach Day
Pastor Trudie Strickland [left], co-pastor at
the New Testament Baptist Church in Mar-
quette Park, distributes anti-trafficking flyer
to a store on Lithuanian Plaza Court during the
Illinois Rescue and Restore Campaign’s annual
Outreach Day in April. The Campaign is a joint
effort of the Illinois Department of Human Ser-
vices and the federal government.
Photo: Suzanne Hanney
4. 1 3D e c e m b e r 1 4 - D e c e m b e r
COVER STORY
last April 23, to place flyers that
would tell potential victims about
protective services. Flyers went up
in windows of nail salons, laundro-
mats, clothing stores, and conve-
nience stores.
One enthusiastic blogger from the
website www.funnybear.com also
wrote flyers were later put up in For-
est Park and Chinatown.
This summer, the church used a
more discreet way of spreading in-
formation. Members inserted prosti-
tution hotline numbers into lipstick
containers, which they placed in
clothing donation bags distributed
to the most vulnerable members of
the community.
Although Marquette Park may be
a hot spot, the trade is not restricted
to certain neighborhood boundaries.
Strickland shared, “Any neighbor-
hood has prostitution, it’s anywhere,
but some of the key factors are low-
income neighborhoods, neighbor-
hoods with immigrants, or neigh-
borhoods near industrial parks and
airports. If you have one of those
components you might want to start
looking a little deeper.”
While street prostitution is more
visible in particular areas it only ac-
counts for 10 to 20 percent of the sex
trade, according to Mueller. “The
sex trade is spread out all over, all
over the city, all over the suburbs,
the rural areas, all over Illinois, all
over the country, all over the world.
It’s happening everywhere, in Riv-
er North, in the Gold Coast,” says
Mueller. The majority of prostitu-
tion occurs behind closed doors, she
explained, in venues such as drug
houses, hotels, brothels, massage
parlors, escort services, and strip
clubs.
Activism in ending this form
of modern day slavery cannot
be limited to faith communi-
ties or non-profit organizations.
It will take immense pub- lic
support to terminate a $6
billion industry and ensure
no woman’s body can be a
commodity sold by pimps
for purchase.
General public and po-
litical support is imperative to make
commercial sexual exploitation histo-
ry. Political support across the board is
vital. “We need to create the political
will to ensure that our government at
the local, state, federal levels is ensur-
ing that those that are most vulnerable
are able to receive the services that
they need,” says Mueller.
Johnson points to the Domestic
Minor Sex Trafficking Deterrence
and Victim Support Act now before
the U.S. Senate Judiciary Commit-
tee. The legislation would generate
nationwide grant funds for special-
ized services directed towards traf-
ficked children. It’s been stalled on
Capitol Hill because of the budget
crisis, Johnson says, and needs public
support and prioritization in Congress
to successfully pass.
Strickland suggests that starting edu-
cation on the is-
sue in middle
school would
help suppress
d e m a n d
and prevent
child ex-
ploitation.
Her sug-
g e s t i o n
m a k e s
sense when you consider 62 percent
of young females in the sex trade en-
tered before age 16. Strickland hopes
new role models can work to change
mindsets on the sex trade at a young
age.
“It won’t end until people stop buy-
ing, it’s like no consumer, no product
and we have to get it through to the
young men that real men do not buy
sex,” Strickland said. “It has nothing
to do with your economic levels and
nothing to do with culture...it’s the
norm and we have to put the mes-
sage out there that’s it’s not cool to
buy sex.”
CAASE’s Johnson has similar views.
“I think that if the community be-
lieves that prostitution is an occupa-
tion, would you be comfortable with
a pimp coming to your kid’s school
career day?
“Now, of course nobody
would because we don’t
want our daughters to be
subjected to prostitution,”
Johnson said. “This is
not work, it’s physically
and emotionally dam-
aging to the people
involved.”
“[The act] created
a new precedent for a
class of individuals who
are most often treated
as criminals and not
seen as victims.”
- Daria Mueller, Prostitution
Alternatives Round Table