seed techonology.pptx
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This document discusses seed structure, quality, and technology. It defines a seed botanically and agronomically. The key parts of a seed's structure are described, including the testa, micropyle, hilum, cotyledon, radicle, plumule, and endosperm. Seed quality is said to refer to genetic and physical purity as well as physiological soundness and health. Maintaining seed quality ensures higher yields, farmer income, and crop performance. Seed technology involves research on seed development, production, processing, storage, testing, and supply to farmers in a timely manner.
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2. Seed quality is determined by factors within the inner, middle, and outer core. The inner core is genetic potential, the middle includes genetic and physical purity, germination, and vigor. The outer core comprises attributes like health, moisture, size and color.
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Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. It allows for mass production of plant clones and regeneration of whole plants from modified plant cells. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include using explants, maintaining sterile conditions, and promoting cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants using techniques like micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis. Success requires selecting the right tissue culture type and optimizing factors like media, light, and temperature for the specific plant.
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Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
Embryo culture & application; embryo rescue
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
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This document provides information about plant tissue culture techniques. It discusses that plant tissue culture involves culturing small explant tissues in a sterile nutrient medium under controlled conditions. With the addition of hormones, new shoots and roots can be induced to grow from explants. Tissue culture is used for micropropagation to produce clones of plants. Single plant cells also have the ability to regenerate into whole plants given the right conditions. The document outlines the composition of solid and liquid culture media, different tissue culture techniques, types of culture, advantages, applications and nutritional requirements for plant tissue culture.
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Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
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Tissue culture is a technique used in crop improvement involving growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions. It allows for rapid mass propagation of plants, production of disease-free planting material, and genetic improvement through techniques like protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. Some key applications of tissue culture discussed are micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue, artificial seed production, and overcoming barriers to wide hybridization. While a powerful tool, tissue culture must be done carefully to avoid spreading pathogens and maintain genetic integrity of regenerated plants.
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Cell and tissue culture
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. It allows for mass production of plant clones and regeneration of whole plants from modified plant cells. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include using explants, maintaining sterile conditions, and promoting cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants using techniques like micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis. Success requires selecting the right tissue culture type and optimizing factors like media, light, and temperature for the specific plant.
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Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
Embryo culture & application; embryo rescue
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
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Wood apple (Feronia limonia) is a tropical tree native to South India. Its fruit has edible pulp and has traditionally been used in Indian medicine to treat various conditions. Key points:
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- The tree grows well in dry tropical and subtropical regions, tolerating drought and temperatures from 0-47.5°C.
- Flowers from February to May are pollinated by insects. Fruits ripen from October to March and can be stored for long periods due to their hard shell.
New Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation.pptx
This document provides information on the production technology of Barhal (Artocarpus lakoocha). It discusses the botanical details of Barhal, including its origin in South East Asia. It also covers the nutritional profile, cultivation practices, pollination, and utilization of Barhal. The document is presented by Braj Kishor and Naveen Verma from the Department of Horticulture at the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University in Lucknow, India.
cultivation of cabbage.pptx
This document provides information on cabbage cultivation. It discusses the botanical classification of cabbage, its origin in the Mediterranean region, and common varieties. It also outlines cabbage production in India and Gujarat, including key growing areas, yields, and nutritional value. The document describes optimal growing conditions, cultivation practices from seed sowing to harvesting, and control measures for common diseases and pests that affect cabbage crops.
Seed germination.pptx
Seed germination is the process by which a dormant embryo grows out of the seed coat and develops into a seedling. It requires favorable environmental conditions like moisture, air, temperature, and light/dark cycles. There are three main types of seed germination - epigeal, where the cotyledon is pushed above ground; hypogeal, where the cotyledons remain below ground; and viviparous, where germination occurs inside the fruit before ripening. Factors like moisture level also determine if a seed is orthodox or recalcitrant, referring to how long it can maintain viability during storage.
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
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Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
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mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
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seed techonology.pptx
- 1. Bioved Research Institute of Agriculture , Technology And Sciences Mohrab, Ramvan Gaman Road,Bhagotipur Srigverpur, Prayagraj (U.P) by:-Dr. Braj Kishor
- 2. Seed and Seed quality Botanical define:-Seed is defined as fertilized, matured ovule consisting of an embryonic plant together with a store of food, all surrounded by a protective coat. Or Agronomically define as :-Any part (or) organ of plant which has the capability to regenerate into a new plant
- 3. Structure of a Seed
- 4. • Tesla: It is the outer coat of the seed that protects the embryonic plant. • Micropyle: It is a tiny pore in the testa that lies on the opposite of the tip of the radicle. It permits water to enter the embryo before active germination. • Hilum: Is a scar left by the stalk which attached the ovule to the ovary wall before it became a seed. • Cotyledon: In some plants, this contains high quantities of starch and will provide a source of food for the developing embryo prior to germination, in other plants this role is performed by an endosperm.
- 5. • Radicle: This is the embryonic root which will develop into the primary root of the plant. It is usually the first part of the embryo to push its way out of the seed during germination. • Plumule: This is the embryonic shoot. It appears as a bud which will give rise to the shoot and the remaining structures in the plant. • Endosperm: In many plants, a separate part for storage of starch develops and this is called the endosperm. It is seen in maize and wheat.
- 6. SEED QUALITY Seed quality is the possession of seed with required genetic and physical purity that is together with physiological soundness and health status. The major seed quality characters are summarized as below. Genetic purity • Genetic purity of seeds refers to the trueness to type. • If the seed possesses all the genetic qualities that breeder has placed in the variety, it is said to be genetically pure. • It has direct effect on ultimate yields. If there is any deterioration in the genetic make up of the variety during seed multiplication and distribution cycle, there would definitely be proportionate decrease in its performance. • It is, therefore, necessary to ensure genetic purity during production cycles.
- 7. Physical purity • Physical purity of a seed lot refers to the physical composition of seed lots. • A seed lot is composed of pure seeds, inert matter, weed seeds and other crop seeds. • Higher the content of pure seed the better would be the seed quality. • Pure seed considered together with seed germination determine the planting value of the seed.
- 8. Seed germination:- Seed germination refers to the ability of a seed when planted under normal sowing conditions to give raise to a normal seedling. Seed Vigour:- The seed vigour refers to the sum total of all the attributes that gives effective plant stand in the field. Seed health:-The health of seed refers to the presence or absence of disease organisms/insect pests on seeds. The quality of a seed lot very much depends on its health.
- 9. Significance of seed • Ensures genetic purity of specific crop. • Quality seeds alone ensures higher yield . • Higher income to farmers • Produce vigorous seedlings in nursery • Tolerant to pest and disease to certain extent • Maintains desired plant population • Responds to added inputs like fertilizer, pesticide, irrigation and other crop management techniques • Ensures uniform growth and maturity • Withstands biotic and abiotic stresses
- 10. CLASSES OF SEED
- 12. Seed Technology • Seed technology is an interdisciplinary science, encompassing a broad range of subjects viz., breeding, agronomy, physiology, pathology, entomology, microbiology and engineering . • It involves research aspects of seed growth and development, seed physiology, seed dormancy , germination, techniques on seed enhancement, quality seed production, seed certification, processing, seed treatment, storage, seed longevity, testing, seed pathology and entomology, quality control, marketing and distribution. • In brief the gole of seed technology in Agriculture sector is timely supply of quality seeds for reasonable price to farmers.