Environmental pollution has always been the focus of attention. In order to alleviate the air pollution caused by motor vehicle emissions, countries around the world have been scrambling to develop new energy vehicles in recent years. Although new energy vehicles have been developed, the application of gasoline and diesel fueled internal combustion engines is still dominant at this stage.How to effectively control automobile pollution is still a global concern and an urgent problem to be solved.

1. See how Cubic Effectively Controls Car Pollution Through Innovation in Engine
Emission Detection Technology
Environmental pollution has always been the focus of attention. In order to alleviate the air
pollution caused by motor vehicle emissions, countries around the world have been
scrambling to develop new energy vehicles in recent years. Although new energy vehicles
have been developed, the application of gasoline and diesel fueled internal combustion
engines is still dominant at this stage.How to effectively control automobile pollution is still
a global concern and an urgent problem to be solved.
In order to protect the environment, various environmental regulations and standards
have been issued around the world. In China, the Ministry of Environmental Protection,
the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and other
relevant departments have also set standards for engine emission testing, determined
emission limits and testing methods, and put forward new requirements for relevant
instrumentation technology. In view of this, major instrument manufacturers have also
bowed to the situation in terms of equipment development and contributed their strength
to the industry development. Especially in view of the current market situation of Scientific
instruments in China, a group of Chinese instrument manufacturers are constantly making
breakthroughs and are committed to improving the level of instruments and core key
components. In this article, we will analyze China's engine emission testing related
regulations and instrumentation, the current market situation, and share the work and
achievements carried out by Chinese instrumentation companies in instrumentation
deepening with Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd as an example.
Environmental protection policies are strictly controlled, and engine emission
testing is increasingly strict
Environmental regulations and standards are the main means to control motor vehicle
emissions. At present, the automobile emission standards formulated by various countries
in the world are mainly divided into three systems: European emission regulations,

2. American emission regulations and Japanese emission regulations. The European
standard is realized by the Automobile emission Regulation of the Economic Commission
for Europe (ECE) and the Automobile emission Directive of the European Union (EU).
Automobile emission regulations in the United States can be divided into federal emission
regulations, namely environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission regulations and
California Atmospheric Resources Bureau (CARB) emission regulations. Other states can
choose to use California's regulations or federal regulations according to their own needs.
The Japanese regulations came into force in the late 1980s; In 2005, Japan implemented
new vehicle emissions standards, and the emission limits are much stricter than before.
Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection and General Administration of Quality
Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine have formulated, issued and implemented a
series of environmental regulations and standards to control motor vehicle emission
pollution. GB 18285-2018 Pollutant Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for
Gasoline Vehicles (Double Idle method and Simple Operation Method) and GB 3847-2018
Pollutant emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Diesel Vehicles (Free
Acceleration method and Loading deceleration Method) will be implemented from May 1,
2019. GB 17691-2018 Pollutant Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for
Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles (The Sixth Stage of China) will be implemented from July 1,
2019; From July 1, 2020, the implementation of GB18352.6-2016 Light Vehicle Pollutant
Emission Limits and Measurement Methods (China's Sixth Stage); By the end of 2022, HJ
1014-2020 technical Requirements for Emission Control of Non-road Diesel Mobile
Machinery Pollutants will be fully implemented to prevent and control environmental
pollution caused by non-road diesel mobile machinery exhaust pollutants and further
improve ambient air quality. The implementation of these regulations and standards has
brought greater opportunities and challenges to relevant enterprises in the field of
emission testing in China.
The development of new automotive products and the research of new emission control
technology are inseparable from the automobile emission detection system. Accurate

3. detection of automobile harmful emission content is an important prerequisite for studying
the formation of automobile harmful emission and its control technology and device. With
the increasingly strict automobile emission standards of various countries, the relevant
emission detection technology is constantly improved.
In the field of vehicle emission detection and control, it can be divided into three
categories according to the application :(A) emission detection equipment for engine,
vehicle emission research and type certification, referred to as constant volume sampling
system (CVS) or direct emission analysis system and portable emission detection system
(PEMS); (B) Sensors used to detect and control engine combustion and pollutants, mainly
INCLUDING HIGH-TEMPERATURE O2、 NOx and SOOT sensors; (C) Post-test and
maintenance market emission testing equipment for I/M stations.
High-end vehicle emission testing equipment used for emissions research and
certification is different from conventional analytical instruments, It includes infrared gas
detection, chemiluminescence or ultraviolet gas detection, heated FID and even online
chromatographic gas detection, gravimetric or optical particle quantity PN and mass PM
detection, CVS exhaust flow detection or high humidity transient tail gas flow detection
and other core modules. At present, few enterprises in the Chinese analytical instrument
industry have professional knowledge of various sensor technology platforms and engine
emission detection in the field of gas analysis. Therefore, it is difficult to realize such
high-end automobile emission detection equipment that requires both high technology
and high integration.
Engine combustion and pollutant control with O2 and NOx sensor is gasoline and diesel
combustion control and car exhaust after treatment system's important component, high
temperature ceramic raw materials test the limits of the temperature difference, HTCC
chip production and packaging technology, the sensor measurement and control software
to enterprise's R&D ability requirement is very high.

4. In view of the current situation, major Chinese instrument companies are also doing their
best to promote the optimization and upgrading of engine emission testing equipment
industry with practical actions. It is particularly worth mentioning that Cubic Sensor and
Instrument Co.,Ltd. (stock code 688665), a listed company of The Science and
Technology Innovation Edition, independently completed the research and development
and production of laboratory emission detection system and portable emission detection
system (PEMS) for road testing in view of the current situation of Chinese engine
emission detection equipment and corresponding market demand. It has formed a
complete solution from engine laboratory emission detection system, portable emission
detection equipment, I/M station detection equipment, to end-user vehicle engine exhaust
after-treatment system with O2 and NOx sensors for engine emission detection.
The Whole Industry Chain of Engine Exhaust Emission Testing Equipment
1. Pre-Installation
Vehicle O2/NOx/Particulate Matter Sensor
 Car/Motorcycle Oxygen Sensor
 Nitrogen Oxygen Sensor
 Particulate Matter Sensor (Soot)
2. Laboratory
Laboratory Engine Emissions Testing

5.  Engine Exhaust Full Flow Dilution Constant Volume Sampling System (CVS)
 Engine Emissions Test System
3. In-Use Vehicles
 On-Board Portable Emission Testing Of In-Use Vehicles
 Light Commercial Vehicles/Heavy Trucks/Off-Road
 Portable Emissions Test System
4. I/M Station Vehicle Exhaust Emission Detection
 Vehicle Emission Gas Analyzer (Diesel Vehicles)
 Vehicle Exhaust Gas Analyzer (Gasoline Vehicles)
 Car/Motorcycle Oxygen Sensor
 Nitrogen Oxygen Sensor
 Particulate Matter Sensor (Soot)
Engine laboratory emission detection system: to achieve exhaust pollutants cycle
test
According to National V and National VI Emission Standards, the exhaust pollutants of
new engines should be cyclic tested on the dynamometer bench. The engine laboratory
emission detection system can achieve the approximate simulation of the engine exhaust
into the atmosphere, and complete the emission gas sampling and detection according to
the procedures stipulated by regulations and standards. The detection system needs to
continuously measure the concentration of gaseous pollutants and dust such as CO, CO2,
NMHC (non-methane total hydrocarbon), NOx and exhaust mass flow, and record them
into the computer system. It needs to integrate a variety of gas sensing technologies.
Based on the combination advantages of the core gas sensing technology platform, Cubic
has independently developed the engine emission full-current dilution constant volume
sampling system (CVS) as a high-end value-added application of the sensor, with good
stability and systematic error less than 2%. When used together with Gasboard-9801, it
can meet the emission requirements of light gasoline vehicle (GB 18352-2016), heavy
commercial vehicle (GB 17691-2018) and motorcycle.

6. Cubic Engine Emission Detection System Gasboard-9801
High Temperature UV Gas Analyzer
HFID Gas Analyzer
NDIR Gas Analyzer
Cubic Engine Exhaust Full Flow Dilution Constant Volume Sampling System (CVS) Gasboard-9802

7. PEMS portable emission detection system: measures the emission of pollutants
during the actual driving process of the vehicle
Before the National VI Emission Standard, the type certification of new engines or new
models is mainly based on laboratory data to verify whether the exhaust emissions meet
the standard. However, there is a big difference between the engine running state in the
laboratory and the actual road driving state, and the laboratory data may not really reflect
the actual emissions of the engine. In order to solve the above problems, the test of
portable engine emission Detection system (PEMS) is added in the National VI Emission
Standards for heavy vehicles in China. That is, the portable engine emission detection
system is installed on the vehicle running on the actual road to measure the pollutant
emissions of the vehicle in the actual driving process. National VI Standards require all
engines and vehicles subject to type inspection to undergo such testing, and only new
vehicles that pass the test can be produced, imported, sold and put into use or registered.
According to HJ 1014-2020 "technical requirements for pollutant emission control of
non-road diesel mobile machinery" issued on December 28, 2020, all 560KW (including
560KW) non-road mobile machinery manufactured, imported and sold as well as installed
diesel engines must comply with this standard from December 1, 2022. This standard is a
supplement to the content of the fourth stage of GB 20891-2014 Emission Limits and
Measurement Methods of Diesel Exhaust Pollutants for Non-road Mobile Machinery
(China's Third and fourth Stages) issued in 2014. The release of the standard set the
alarm clock for Chinese non-road machinery OEMS, and the preparation of the fourth
national product officially entered the countdown stage. Compared with the original
standard, one of the most important ones is to increase the limits of vehicle-mounted
inspection and testing procedures, and to provide the relevant technical requirements of
vehicle-mounted portable emission testing system (PEMS).
In view of the demand of portable emission detection system (PEMS) urgently needed in
China, Cubic quickly organized the R&D team to tackle key problems and realized the
successful development of the portable emission detection system (PEMS).

8. Gasboard-9805 series is a portable emission detection system (PEMS) specially
developed by Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd. based on the core gas analysis
technology independently researched and developed. It is used for non-road and road
(light vehicles and heavy diesel vehicles). The products can realize the emission
concentration measurement of CO, CO2, NO, NO2 and THC. And particulate matter,
exhaust flow, GPS data, ambient temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure
measurement, and has the test process guidance, automatic calculation of total emissions,
export test report and other functions. In addition, the product adopts modular design,
portable battery can support more than 6 hours of battery life, meet the requirements of
in-vehicle emission detection.
Cubic Portable Emission Detection System (PEMS) Gasboard-9805
Vehicle O2/NOx sensor: engine combustion and pollutant detection control
Fuel engine operation will release NOx, nitrate formed by this kind of gas is one of the
important causes of air pollution. NOx has become the focus of air pollution control in
recent years. As the main control technology of NOx, SCR is widely used in the sixth
diesel engine. Nitrogen and oxygen sensor is the core sensor of engine discharge system,
which participates in the closed-loop control of ammonia injection system.

9. The main purification method for exhaust pollutants of gasoline vehicles is to use
three-way catalytic converter, which converts harmful gases such as CO, NOx and HC
into harmless gas and water. The purification efficiency depends on whether the mixture
concentration is kept near the theoretical air-fuel ratio. Because the change of air-fuel ratio
will cause the corresponding change of oxygen concentration in the exhaust, O2 sensor
can be set in the exhaust pipe to detect oxygen concentration and feedback signal to the
electronic control unit of the vehicle. The electronic control unit adjusts the fuel injection
amount in time according to the feedback signal, so that the air-fuel ratio of the mixture is
kept close to the theoretical value.
With the promulgation and gradual implementation of the "National VI" standard, the front
and rear installation market of O2 and NOx sensors continues to expand, and the annual
demand of the front installation market alone reaches ten billion yuan.
With years of technical innovation in the field of intelligent gas sensor, lean production,
quality control, such as hard power, based on the high temperature co-firing ceramic
(HTCC), such as high temperature sensor encapsulation has its own technology platform,
have self-control, core components necessary to achieve sensor chips built sensor chip,
encapsulation of electronic components and sensors needed for production line, and
realize the mass production. Through the integration of upstream and downstream supply
chains and the independent production of core key components, Cubic provides
customers with optimized engine supporting O2, NOx and particulate matter sensor
product solutions.

10. Cubic O2/NOx/SOOT Sensor
The entrepreneurial team of Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd. came from Huazhong
University of Science and Technology. Dong Pengju, deputy General Manager, graduated
from Huazhong University of Science and Technology majoring in internal combustion
engine and has rich working experience in the automotive and engine industry. Dong
Pengju told reporters that as a Science and Technology Innovation Edition listed company,
The development strategy of Cubic has been around serving national key industries and
important needs. In the future, Cubic will continue to increase the R&D and
industrialization of engine emission testing equipment and automotive core gas sensors.
On the one hand, the company will continue to improve the engine laboratory constant
volume sampling CVS and direct acquisition system, PEMS portable testing system, and
I/M station emission testing equipment technology upgrade; On the other hand, Cubic
Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd.will provide O2, NOx and SOOT sensor products with
higher reliability for the aftermarket, and contribute to global energy conservation and
emission reduction.