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‫הלידה‬ ‫של‬ ‫שני‬ ‫בשלב‬ ‫סוגיות‬
‫פרופ‬
'
‫קובו‬
‫ד‬
"
‫הרסקו‬ ‫ר‬
‫ד‬
"
‫ר‬
‫מונייר‬
‫שני‬ ‫שלב‬
–
‫הגדרה‬
(
‫בעברית‬ ‫לכתוב‬
)
• The second stage of labor, from full cervical
dilatation to complete birth of the baby or
babies
• onset is usually not identified accurately- the
time at which a per vaginal examination first
finds the uterine cervix to be fully dilated
‫יפה‬ ‫תמונה‬ ‫להוסיף‬
3
‫תמונות‬
–
‫בהריון‬ ‫אישה‬
,
‫עובר‬
,
‫רפואי‬ ‫צוות‬ ‫איש‬
‫נעסוק‬ ‫בהן‬ ‫סוגיות‬
‫בדיבייט‬
.1
‫מוארך‬ ‫שני‬ ‫שלב‬ ‫של‬ ‫הגדרות‬
.2
‫ב‬ ‫שימוש‬
us
‫הלידה‬ ‫של‬ ‫השני‬ ‫השלב‬ ‫במהלך‬
.3
Early vs delayed pushing
‫מוארך‬ ‫שני‬ ‫שלב‬ ‫הגדרות‬
o Analyzed labor progress in 500 nulliparous and
multiparous women
o 1950-1960
o Data used for more than half a century to
define our expectations of normal and abnormal
labor
2010
62,415 patients
Multicenter retrospective
observational study
12 clinical centers across the US
2002-2008
term singleton pregnancy with normal outcome
(80% with epidural, 50% pitocin)
slower labor progression
1:3
‫קובו‬
‫פוליטי‬ ‫משהו‬ ‫להוסיף‬ ‫רוצה‬
‫בעצם‬ ‫מה‬ ‫על‬ ‫אז‬
‫הדיבייט‬
?
‫על‬ ‫השני‬ ‫השלב‬ ‫משך‬ ‫הארכת‬ ‫של‬ ‫ההשפעה‬
:..
-
‫הקיסריים‬ ‫הניתוחים‬ ‫שכיחות‬ ‫את‬ ‫הוריד‬ ‫האם‬
?
-
‫הלידות‬ ‫בשכיחות‬ ‫התוספת‬ ‫מהי‬
‫הוגינליות‬
?
‫המכשירניות‬
?
-
‫סיבוכים‬
‫נאונטליים‬
?
-
‫אימהיים‬ ‫סיבוכים‬
?
‫הקיסריים‬ ‫הניתוחים‬ ‫שכיחות‬ ‫את‬ ‫הוריד‬ ‫האם‬
?
• 2019, Retrospective
• Singelton , =>37 weeks
• Compared CD rates, ,maternal and neonatal
outcomes between 2 periods:
Period 1 pre-guideline 2011-2014 (9300)
Period 2 post-guideline 2014-2017 (10,531)
• CD rates decreased in nulliparous (23.3% to
15.7% RR 0.67) and in multiparous (10.9% to
8.1% RR 0.75)
CD timing?
indication?
‫האדום‬ ‫שהטקסט‬
‫בהנפשה‬ ‫יופיע‬
‫שמסיימת‬ ‫אחרי‬
‫הטקסט‬ ‫את‬ ‫להציג‬
‫העיקרי‬
AJOG 2018
3283 preguideline, 3068 postguidline
‫עם‬ ‫יופיע‬ ‫הזה‬ ‫הימני‬ ‫החלק‬ ‫שכל‬
‫אחרי‬ ‫הנפשה‬
‫שסמירה‬
‫מסיימת‬
‫הטבלה‬ ‫את‬ ‫להציג‬
• 2016, AJOG
• RCT – nulliparous women, 36-41 weeks, with
analgesia, reached 3h in full dilation
CD rated decreased from 43% to 19.5%. NNT to prevent CD
was 4.2
‫וגינלית‬ ‫ללידה‬ ‫ההצלחה‬ ‫סיכויי‬ ‫מה‬
?
AJOG, 2009
Secondary analysis of RCT
Nulliparous, >=36,
2018
Retrospective
singleton, vertex >=36, without previous CD.
43,810 nulliparous , 59,605 multiparous
‫נוליפארית‬
‫שלא‬ ‫אפידורל‬ ‫עם‬
‫אחרי‬ ‫ילדה‬
3
‫שעות‬
:
‫וגינלית‬ ‫לידה‬
31.4%
‫סיבוך‬ ‫עם‬ ‫לידה‬
‫מאג‬
'
‫ורי‬
7.6%
‫מולטיפארית‬
‫אפידורל‬ ‫עם‬
‫שעתיים‬ ‫אחרי‬ ‫ילדה‬ ‫שלא‬
:
‫וגינלית‬ ‫ללידה‬ ‫סיכוי‬
44.8%
‫סיבוך‬ ‫עם‬ ‫ללידה‬ ‫סיכוי‬
‫מאג‬
'
‫ורי‬
4.8%
‫מחיר‬ ‫באיזה‬
?
‫מוצאת‬ ‫אם‬
‫תמונה‬
/
‫טוב‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫גיף‬
‫מעולה‬ ‫יהיה‬
‫עובריים‬ ‫סיבוכים‬
?
• 2019, Retrospective
• Singelton , =>37 weeks
• Compared CD rates, ,maternal and neonatal
outcomes between 2 periods:
Period 1 pre-guideline 2011-2014 (9300)
Period 2 post-guideline 2014-2017 (10,531)
• 2016
• 25 US hospitals
• term, singleton, vertex
• 53,285 women reached the
second stage (49%
nulliparous)
AJOG 2009
Secondary analysis of RCT
Nulliparous, >=36,
AJOG 2018
3283 preguideline, 3068
postguidline
• AJOG 2004
• 15,759 nulliparous, term,
singleton births.
Uterine
rupture
Brachial plexus injury 0.5%
Shoulder 0.4%
pH <7 0.5%
NICU 1.5%
0.5-1%
with pitocin … X2
‫אימהיים‬ ‫סיבוכים‬
?
AJOG 2009
Secondary
analysis of RCT
Nulliparous, >=36
reached the
second stage of
labor
n=4126
• 2016
• singleton, vertex =>37 weeks
• n= 72,593
• maternal complications in the early postpartum period
(hospitalization after delivery)
2020
2020
‫תמונה‬ ‫מוצאת‬ ‫את‬ ‫אם‬
/
‫גיף‬
‫מעולה‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫יותר‬
‫תמונה‬ ‫מוצאת‬ ‫את‬ ‫אם‬
/
‫גיף‬
‫מעולה‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫יותר‬
‫השני‬ ‫השלב‬ ‫משך‬ ‫הארכת‬
‫באם‬ ‫מכשירנית‬ ‫לידה‬
‫מתאפשר‬
‫קיסרי‬ ‫ניתוח‬ ‫או‬
‫מלאה‬ ‫בפתיחה‬
AJOG 2009
Secondary
analysis of RCT
Nulliparous, >=36
reached the
second stage of
labor
n=4126
PPH 10-40%
Blood transfusion 10-15%%
Unintended extension 15-20%
Bladder injury 2.5%
Postpartum endometritis 8%
Wound infection 6%
‫החילוץ‬
...
‫מזיע‬ ‫רופא‬ ‫של‬ ‫תמונה‬
/
‫לחלץ‬ ‫שקשה‬ ‫משהו‬
‫החדר‬ ‫לתוך‬ ‫בסיבוב‬ ‫נעלמים‬ ‫שהם‬ ‫הנפשה‬
‫ניתוח‬
AJOG MFM
2022
‫להאריך‬ ‫לא‬ ‫או‬ ‫להאריך‬
?
‫בטבלה‬ ‫לסכם‬
‫להאריך‬ ‫בעד‬
:
‫קיסריים‬ ‫ניתוחים‬ ‫של‬ ‫שכיחות‬ ‫מפחית‬
‫מבוטל‬ ‫לא‬ ‫וגינלית‬ ‫ללידה‬ ‫סיכוי‬
(
‫כ‬
30%
)
‫להאריך‬ ‫נגד‬ ‫של‬ ‫לכיוון‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫קצת‬ ‫באמצע‬
–
‫עובריים‬ ‫סיבוכים‬ ‫של‬ ‫שכיחות‬
‫להאריך‬ ‫נגד‬
:
‫אימהיים‬ ‫סיבוכים‬ ‫של‬ ‫בשכיחות‬ ‫עלייה‬
Take home message
:
‫לגופו‬ ‫מקרה‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫משמעית‬ ‫חד‬ ‫תשובה‬ ‫אין‬ ‫שבסוף‬ ‫כמובן‬
,
‫והחסרונות‬ ‫היתרונות‬ ‫את‬ ‫לזכור‬ ‫יש‬
..
‫תלוי‬
‫נוספים‬ ‫דברים‬ ‫של‬ ‫במגוון‬
-
‫הראש‬ ‫ירידת‬ ‫התקדמות‬
,
‫אסינקליטיזם‬
,
‫עוברי‬ ‫מוניטור‬
,
‫אימהית‬ ‫תשישות‬
‫וכו‬
‫וכו‬
....
‫סונר‬
‫בשלב‬
‫השני‬
‫של‬
‫הלידה‬
‫עיקריות‬ ‫סוגיות‬ ‫בשתי‬ ‫נדון‬
:
•
‫לקביעת‬ ‫בסונר‬ ‫שימוש‬
position
•
‫ב‬ ‫שימוש‬
AOP
‫נרתיקית‬ ‫בלידה‬ ‫הצלחה‬ ‫לניבוי‬
Fetal Head position
‫אחוז‬
‫הטעות‬
‫מגיע‬
‫לעד‬
65
‫אחוז‬
‫בדיקה‬
‫נרתיקית‬
‫לא‬
‫היה‬
‫מדויקת‬
‫ב‬
33
‫אחוז‬
‫מהמקרים‬
‫האם‬
‫זה‬
‫עוזר‬
‫לתוצאים‬
‫של‬
‫הלידה‬
?
‫בקבוצה‬
‫שעברה‬
‫בדיקה‬
‫סונוגרפית‬
‫ובדיקה‬
‫נרתיקית‬
‫היה‬
‫שיעור‬
‫גבוהה‬
‫יותר‬
‫של‬
‫ניתוחים‬
‫קיסריים‬
‫האם‬
‫זה‬
‫עוזר‬
‫לתוצאים‬
‫של‬
‫הלידה‬
?
‫שימוש‬
‫בסונר‬
‫הוריד‬
‫משמעותית‬
‫את‬
‫אחוז‬
‫הטעות‬
‫באבחון‬
‫של‬
‫ה‬
-
POSTION
‫אבל‬
‫לא‬
‫הוריד‬
‫תחלואה‬
‫אימהית‬
‫או‬
‫עוברית‬
Angle of
Progression
AOP as a predictor of vaginal delievry
AOP as a predictor of
Vaginal Delivery
‫זווית‬
‫גדולה‬
‫מ‬
92
‫הייתה‬
‫קושרה‬
‫בלידה‬
‫נרתיקית‬
‫מוצלחת‬
‫ב‬
94.8
‫אחוז‬
‫מהמקרים‬
AOP as a predictor of
Vaginal Delivery
89%
‫מהמקרים‬
‫של‬
‫הנשים‬
‫אשר‬
‫ילדו‬
‫בניתוח‬
‫קיסרי‬
,
‫הייתה‬
‫זווית‬
AOP
‫קטנה‬
‫מ‬
95
●
‫זוויות‬
AOP
‫אשר‬
‫נמדדו‬
‫בשלבים‬
‫שונים‬
‫של‬
‫הלידה‬
‫לא‬
‫רק‬
‫זה‬
!
●
‫בבתי‬
‫חולים‬
‫שונים‬
‫מודדים‬
‫זוויות‬
AOP
‫בשלבים‬
‫שונים‬
‫קפלן‬
-
‫עם‬
‫הגעתה‬
‫לפתיחה‬
‫מלאה‬
‫אסף‬
‫הרופא‬
-
‫אחרי‬
‫שלוש‬
‫שעות‬
‫במידה‬
‫ומוניטור‬
‫תקין‬
‫איכילוב‬
-
‫שיבא‬
-
‫וולפסון‬
-
‫לניאדו‬
-
‫לא‬
‫מבוצע‬
‫באופן‬
‫רוטיני‬
‫הלל‬
‫יפה‬
-
‫לפי‬
‫ביצוע‬
‫וואקום‬
‫אז‬
‫מתי‬
‫מודדים‬
‫זווית‬
AOP?
‫כאן‬
‫נגד‬
‫מה‬
‫שנאמר‬
-
‫אולי‬
‫נשים‬
GIF??
●
‫אף‬
‫מחקר‬
‫שהוצג‬
‫לא‬
‫היה‬
RCT
●
‫מדידת‬
‫זווית‬
‫ה‬
AOP
‫לא‬
‫מורידה‬
‫את‬
‫שיעור‬
‫ה‬
Operative
Deliveries
‫מה‬
‫אנחנו‬
‫יודעים‬
‫ומה‬
‫אנחנו‬
‫לא‬
‫יודעים‬
?
‫מה‬
‫אנחנו‬
‫יודעים‬
?
●
‫הערכה‬
‫מדויקת‬
‫של‬
fetal position
●
‫נשים‬
‫מעדיפות‬
‫בדיקות‬
‫סונר‬
●
‫סונר‬
‫הוא‬
‫כלי‬
‫נגיש‬
,
‫קל‬
‫לתפעול‬
‫גם‬
‫אם‬
‫למבצע‬
‫יש‬
‫ניסיון‬
‫מועט‬
‫מה‬
‫אנחנו‬
‫לא‬
‫יודעים‬
?
●
‫אופן‬
‫ההשפעה‬
‫על‬
‫הניהול‬
●
‫מתי‬
‫בשלב‬
‫השני‬
‫משתמשים‬
‫בסונר‬
Early vs delayed pushing
‫שהגיעה‬ ‫אפידורל‬ ‫עם‬ ‫ראשונה‬ ‫בלידה‬ ‫יולדת‬ ‫על‬ ‫מדווחת‬ ‫ותיקה‬ ‫מיילדת‬
‫כעת‬ ‫מלאה‬ ‫לפתיחה‬
.
‫ב‬ ‫ראש‬ ‫היולדת‬ ‫בבדיקת‬
s+1
.
‫מציינת‬ ‫המיילדת‬
‫היולדת‬ ‫את‬ ‫להלחיץ‬ ‫מנת‬ ‫על‬ ‫הראש‬ ‫לירידת‬ ‫מחכה‬ ‫שהיא‬
.
‫שאלה‬ ‫סימני‬
‫לקראת‬
‫דיבייט‬
‫שמתקרב‬
,
‫במענה‬ ‫לעזרתכם‬ ‫מאוד‬ ‫נשמח‬
‫הבאה‬ ‫השאלה‬ ‫על‬
:
‫שלושת‬ ‫של‬ ‫התשובות‬ ‫קודם‬ ‫שיופיעו‬
‫הסקרים‬
,
‫ואחכ‬
‫כל‬ ‫שיופיעו‬ ‫בהנפשה‬
‫מהקבוצות‬ ‫אנשים‬ ‫של‬ ‫ההערות‬
‫בתפזורת‬ ‫השונות‬
•
Early
–
‫מלאה‬ ‫לפתיחה‬ ‫ההגעה‬ ‫ברגע‬
•
Delayed
–
‫לפחות‬ ‫שעה‬ ‫להמתין‬
• RCT
• Nulliparous =>37 with
epidural analgesia
• 2014-2017
• 6 medical centers, US
No difference in
the rates of
spontaneous
vaginal delivery
• Shorter mean duration
of the second stage
(102 vs 134 min)
• Longer mean duration of
active pushing (83.7 vs
74.5 – 9.2 min)
Higher rates of: PPH,
chorioamnionitis, fetal
acidemia ph>7, neonatal
sepsis
‫זה‬ ‫כי‬ ‫זה‬ ‫את‬ ‫בדיוק‬ ‫לא‬ ‫דומה‬ ‫תרשים‬ ‫לבנות‬
‫לביא‬ ‫ענת‬ ‫של‬ ‫מהמצגת‬
‫בגיל‬ ‫הקבוצות‬ ‫בין‬ ‫הבדלים‬ ‫היו‬ ‫לא‬
,
BMI
,
‫ההגעה‬ ‫בעת‬ ‫הראש‬ ‫גובה‬
‫מלאה‬ ‫לפתיחה‬
,
OA/OP
,
‫הילודים‬ ‫משקלי‬
‫הזמן‬ ‫לפני‬ ‫הופסק‬ ‫המחקר‬
!
• 2020
• 12 RCTs, 5445 women with
neuraxial analgesia- 2754
delayed pushing group, 2691
immediate pushing group
• No significant difference in
spontaneous vaginal delivery ,
operative vaginal delivery and
CD rates.
• No difference in: PPH, severe
Delayed pushing group:
shorter length of active
pushing (mean difference, 27.54
minutes)
longer overall duration of the
second stage (mean difference,
46.17 minutes)
Higher incidence of
chorioamnionitis (9.1% versus
6.6%; relative risk, 1.37) and
low umbilical cord pH (2.7%
versus 1.3%; relative risk,
2.00).
‫התוצאות‬ ‫את‬ ‫להציג‬ ‫אפשר‬ ‫אולי‬
‫דברים‬ ‫למעלה‬ ‫חץ‬ ‫חיצים‬ ‫עם‬
‫למטה‬ ‫וחץ‬ ‫עולה‬ ‫אליהם‬ ‫שהסיכוי‬
‫הפוך‬
‫בסקר‬ ‫טעו‬ ‫שכולם‬ ‫זה‬ ‫על‬ ‫מצחיק‬ ‫גיף‬
2017
13 studies included, n= 2879 women, with epidural analgesia
Delayed pushing:
Increased second stage duration (56 min)
Decreased pushing duration (19 min)
Increased spontaneous vaginal delivery rates (RR 1.07)
No difference in ¾ degree laceration rate/episiotomy rate
Increased risk of low umbilical pH RR 2.24
No difference in other neonatal complications (NICU, HIE, Apgar)
• 2020
• 15 RCTs , n= 6121
• Delayed pushing:
increase second stage duration by 40.9 min
decreased length of pushing 25.4 min
Decreased instrumental delivery rates RR 0.85
no difference in CD rates or blood loss
Higher 1 min Apgar score by 0.19 points, no
difference in 5 min Apgar scores.
‫אימהית‬ ‫ותשישות‬ ‫רצון‬ ‫שביעות‬
3 RCT collected fatigue level
n= 673
maternal postpartum fatigue score was
0.67 points lower in the DP group (95%
CI − 1.09 to − 0.26).
2000
n=936 delayed (waited 2h), n= 926
early
‫האגן‬ ‫רצפת‬ ‫על‬ ‫ההשפעה‬ ‫מה‬ ‫אבל‬
??
2023
Secondary aim of Cahill et al RCT (2018) early vs delayed pushing
Nulliparous with epidural analgesia
n=941 (39%) : 452 immediate pushing, 489 delayed pushing
Pelvic floor assessments:
1) 1-5 days postpartum
2) 6 weeks postpartum
3) 6 months postpartum
Assessment included: Rates of perineal lacerations, pelvic organ prolapse
quantification (POP-Q) measures, PFDI-20 [Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory],
PFIQ [Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire], FISI [Fecal Incontinence Severity
Index], and MMHQ [Modified Manchester Health Questionnaire]).
no significant differences in POP-Q at 6 weeks and 6 months
change in FISI score was higher in the immediate pushing group at 6 months
(0–61 points: 2.9±5.7 vs 2.0±4.5, difference 0.9, P=.01), but below the minimum
clinically significant difference of 4.
no differences in the changes from baseline in the total and subscale scores for
the PFDI-20, PFIQ, and MHHQ at 6 weeks postpartum and at 6 months
postpartum
2022
Secondary aim of Cahill et al RCT (2018) early vs delayed pushing
Nulliparous with epidural analgesia
n=941 (39%) : 452 immediate pushing, 489 delayed pushing
transperineal 3- dimensional ultrasound
1) 1-5 days postpartum
2) 6 weeks postpartum
3) 6 months postpartum
No difference in levator ani muscle injury between
groups
2022
A single-center prospective cohort study
n=295, nulliparous women
Aimed to determine the effect of the length of the second
stage of labor on self-reported pelvic floor dysfunction.
Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire :42 questions, 4
domains: bladder function (15 items), bowel function (12
items), prolapse symptoms (5 items), and sexual function
(10 items).
Patients completed the Questionnaire during pregnancy
and again 3 months after delivery
Prolonged second stage is associated with more self-reported bladder
dysfunction 3 months postpartum
• On multivariate analysis forceps, length
of second
stage and obstetric anal sphincter tears
were significantly associated with levator
avulsion.
‫של‬ ‫גיף‬ ‫הנפשה‬ ‫עם‬ ‫שיופיע‬
–
‫מבולבלים‬
?
‫אנחנו‬ ‫גם‬
...
‫סיכום‬ ‫שקופית‬
early
‫מול‬
delayed
:
‫השוואה‬ ‫של‬ ‫טבלה‬ ‫שוב‬
‫בעד‬
early
‫השני‬ ‫השלב‬ ‫משך‬ ‫את‬ ‫מקצר‬
‫פחות‬
‫כוריואמניוניטיס‬
,
PPH
,
‫אצידמיה‬
‫עוברית‬
‫באמצע‬
–
‫וגינליות‬ ‫לידות‬ ‫שיעור‬
‫לכיוון‬ ‫יותר‬
delyed
–
‫אימהית‬ ‫תשישות‬ ‫מוריד‬
‫בעד‬
delayed
‫האקטיביות‬ ‫הלחיצות‬ ‫משך‬ ‫של‬ ‫מקצר‬
‫מכשירניות‬ ‫לידות‬ ‫שיעור‬ ‫מפחית‬
?
‫שמסיימת‬ ‫אחרי‬ ‫בהנפשה‬ ‫שיופיע‬
‫הטבלה‬ ‫עם‬
‫סוגיות‬
‫נוספות‬
‫ל‬
‫הבאה‬ ‫שנה‬
...
●
‫ביופידבק‬
‫בשלב‬
‫השני‬
‫של‬
‫הלידה‬
●
‫לחיצות‬
‫עם‬
‫גלוטיס‬
‫סגור‬
‫לעומת‬
‫פתוח‬
●
‫לחץ‬
‫פונדלי‬
●
‫השני‬ ‫השלב‬ ‫במהלך‬ ‫היולדת‬ ‫תנוחת‬
●
“Hands-poised” vs “Hands-on”
●
‫הלידה‬ ‫בזמן‬ ‫נוסף‬ ‫מלווה‬
‫ושיהיה‬ ‫סמל‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫לכל‬ ‫להתאים‬ ‫נחמד‬ ‫יהיה‬
‫השקופית‬ ‫על‬ ‫בתפזורת‬

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second_stage_of_labor_pregnancy_arteicles.pptx