- The document discusses various topics related to science and technology including the Apollo 11 moon landing, the birth of the first "test tube baby", the development of the World Wide Web, advantages and disadvantages of technology, and how science and technology have impacted and transformed societies. - Key events mentioned include the 1969 moon landing, the 1978 birth of the first "test tube baby" Louise Brown in Manchester, England, and the invention of the World Wide Web to share human knowledge across remote sites. - Both benefits and drawbacks of science and technology are outlined such as how it has helped improve living standards but also caused environmental pollution and climate change from factory emissions.

2. •Life has been
increasingly influenced
by Science and
Technology in the
attempt to transformed
societies.

3. The successful Apollo 11 moon landing
on July 20, 1969, ushered in an era
of moon exploration. Crew aboard in
Apollo 11 were Neil Armstrong, Edwin
“Buzz” Aldrin & Michael Collins

4. JULY 28, 1978:The birth of the world's first "test tube baby"
named Louise Brown was born shortly before midnight in
Oldham and District General Hospital, Manchester, England.
Weighing 2.61 kg. delivered via caesarean section because
her mother, Lesley Brown, was suffering from toxaemia.
The consultant in charge of the case, Dr. Patrick Steptoe,
said: "All examinations showed that the baby is quite
normal. The mother's condition was also excellent."

5. "The World-Wide Web
was developed to be a
pool of human
knowledge, and human
culture, which would
allow collaborators in
remote sites to share
their ideas and all
aspects of a common
project."

6. The amount of scientific and
technological knowledge which exists is
more than enough to provide humans
with a decent standard of living yet we
see a lot of people living in poverty.
There is also sufficient technology to
produce enough food for all yet many
are hungry and suffer from malnutrition.
It cannot solve the basic problems of
food, health, and shelter.

10. • Science and technology has its
own great advantages. It has such
advantages which can even help us
to establish life in other planets.
•It is carrying the advantages which
have helped us to revive our
life style and also the physical
environment in which we live.

11. •Invention of mobile is advantageous to us in
sense that we can talk to from any part of the
world. Such mobiles have developed that we
can see the person to whom we are talking.
This is known as video calling. It is also one of
great advantages of science and technology
to us. Finding of internet is also
advantageous to us in the way that what we
want can easily be searched on website.

12. • It made our lives easier, like the invention of
multiple technologies have decreased manual
work, the time of processes, and overall
productivity.
• The use of technology in agriculture has
increased our output and time-management
productivity.
•The development of technology in kitchens,
beauty parlours, and research labs and in all
fields of life has become ever the necessity of
man, and a key part of our lives.

14. •Technology used in wars for example man invented the
atomic bomb that destroyed the nagasaki and hiroshima
in japan as a result many innocent people die and suffer
for that wrong usage of technology but now a days many
countries are continue making dangerous weapons using
their modern technology especially those who are belong
to the first countries or rich countries.
• Because of science and technology many factories were
built and these factories pollutes our environment as a
result we are suffering from a climate change example of
it are the large ice from the north pole and south pole are
melting and the sea level is rising and if we ignore the
happenings in our world we people living on this world
will suffer it.

15. •Technology also affect us humans because we
became lazy and don't work because we depend
on the computers.
•Animals disturbed from their habitats because
we are cutting trees and making them buildings
and everything.

17. The World is Understandable
Science presumes that the things and
events in the universe occur in consistent
patterns that are comprehensible
through careful, systematic study.
Scientists believe that through the use of
the intellect, and with the aid of
instruments that extend the senses,
people can discover patterns in all of
nature.

18. •Science also assumes that the
universe is, as its name implies, a vast
single system in which the basic rules
are everywhere the same.
•Knowledge gained from studying one
part of the universe is applicable to
other parts.

19. For instance, the same principles of
motion and gravitation that explains
the motion of falling objects on the
surface of the earth also explain the
motion of the moon and the planets.

20. Scientific Knowledge is Durable
Although scientists reject the notion of
attaining absolute truth and accept
some uncertainty as part of nature,
most scientific knowledge is durable.
The modification of ideas, rather than
their outright rejection, is the norm in
science, as powerful constructs tend to
survive and grow more precise and to
become widely accepted.

21. For example, in formulating the theory of
relativity, Albert Einstein did not discard the
Newtonian laws of motion but rather showed
them to be only an approximation of limited
application within a more general
concept. Moreover, the growing ability of
scientists to make accurate predictions about
natural phenomena provides convincing
evidence that we really are gaining in our
understanding of how the world works.
Continuity and stability are as characteristic of
science as change is, and confidence is as
prevalent as tentativeness.

22. Science cannot provide complete answers to all questions
There are many matters that cannot usefully be examined in
a scientific way. There are, for instance, beliefs that—by
their very nature—cannot be proved or disproved (such as
the existence of supernatural powers and beings, or the
true purposes of life). In other cases, a scientific approach
that may be valid is likely to be rejected as irrelevant by
people who hold to certain beliefs (such as in miracles,
fortune-telling, astrology, and superstition). Nor do
scientists have the means to settle issues concerning good
and evil, although they can sometimes contribute to the
discussion of such issues by identifying the likely
consequences of particular actions, which may be helpful in
weighing alternatives.

24. All Technologies Involve Control
All systems, from the simplest to the most complex, require control to
keep them operating properly. The essence of control is comparing
information about what is happening with what we want to happen
and then making appropriate adjustments. Control typically requires
feedback (from sensors or other sources of information) and logical
comparisons of that information to instructions (and perhaps to other
data input)—and a means for activating changes. For example, a
baking oven is a fairly simple system that compares the information
from a temperature sensor to a control setting and turns the heating
element up or down to keep the temperature within a small range.
An automobile is a more complex system, made up of subsystems for
controlling engine temperature, combustion rate, direction, speed,
and so forth, and for changing them when the immediate
circumstances or instructions change. Miniaturized electronics makes
possible logical control in a great variety of technical systems. Almost
all but the simplest household appliances used today include
microprocessors to control their performance.

25. As controls increase in complexity, they too require
coordination, which means additional layers of
control. Improvement in rapid communication and
rapid processing of information makes possible very
elaborate systems of control. Yet all technological
systems include human as well as mechanical or
electronic components. Even the most automatic
system requires human control at some point—to
program the built-in control elements, monitor them,
take over from them when they malfunction, and
change them when the purposes of the system change.
The ultimate control lies with people who understand
in some depth what the purpose and nature of the
control process are and the context within which the
process operates.

26. Technologies Always Have Side Effects
In addition to its intended benefits, every design is likely to
have unintended side effects in its production and application.
On the one hand, there may be unexpected benefits. For
example, working conditions may become safer when materials
are molded rather than stamped, and materials designed for
space satellites may prove useful in consumer products. On the
other hand, substances or processes involved in production
may harm production workers or the public in general; for
example, sitting in front of a computer may strain the user's
eyes and lead to isolation from other workers. And jobs may be
affected—by increasing employment for people involved in the
new technology, decreasing employment for others involved in
the old technology, and changing the nature of the work people
must do in their jobs.

27. It is not only large technologies—nuclear
reactors or agriculture—that are prone to side
effects, but also the small, everyday ones. The
effects of ordinary technologies may be
individually small but collectively significant.
Refrigerators, for example, have had a
predictably favorable impact on diet and on
food distribution systems. Because there are so
many refrigerators, however, the tiny leakage of
a gas used in their cooling systems may have
substantial adverse effects on the earth's
atmosphere.

28. Some side effects are unexpected because of a lack of
interest or resources to predict them. But many are not
predictable even in principle because of the sheer
complexity of technological systems and the
inventiveness of people in finding new applications.
Some unexpected side effects may turn out to be
ethically, aesthetically, or economically unacceptable to a
substantial fraction of the population, resulting in conflict
between groups in the community. To minimize such side
effects, planners are turning to systematic risk analysis.
For example, many communities require by law that
environmental impact studies be made before they will
consider giving approval for the introduction of a new
hospital, factory, highway, waste-disposal system,
shopping mall, or other structure.

29. All Technological Systems Can Fail
Most modern technological systems, from transistor radios
to airliners, have been engineered and produced to be
remarkably reliable. Failure is rare enough to be surprising.
Yet the larger and more complex a system is, the more ways
there are in which it can go wrong—and the more
widespread the possible effects of failure. A system or
device may fail for different reasons: because some part
fails, because some part is not well matched to some other,
or because the design of the system is not adequate for all
the conditions under which it is used. One hedge against
failure is overdesign—that is, for example, making
something stronger or bigger than is likely to be necessary.
Another hedge is redundancy—that is, building in one
backup system or more to take over in case the primary one
fails.

30. If failure of a system would have very costly
consequences, the system may be designed so that its
most likely way of failing would do the least harm.
Examples of such "fail-safe" designs are bombs that
cannot explode when the fuse malfunctions;
automobile windows that shatter into blunt, connected
chunks rather than into sharp, flying fragments; and a
legal system in which uncertainty leads to acquittal
rather than conviction. Other means of reducing the
likelihood of failure include improving the design by
collecting more data, accommodating more variables,
building more realistic working models, running
computer simulations of the design longer, imposing
tighter quality control, and building in controls to sense
and correct problems as they develop.

31. All of the means of preventing or minimizing failure are
likely to increase cost. But no matter what precautions
are taken or resources invested, risk of technological
failure can never be reduced to zero. Analysis of risk,
therefore, involves estimating a probability of
occurrence for every undesirable outcome that can be
foreseen—and also estimating a measure of the harm
that would be done if it did occur. The expected
importance of each risk is then estimated by combining
its probability and its measure of harm. The relative risk
of different designs can then be compared in terms of
the combined probable harm resulting from each.

32. Scientific Facts
•An observation that has
been confirmed repeatedly and
is accepted as true
•Scientific facts are verified by
repeatable experiments

33. Scientific Concepts
• These are ideas that combine
several facts or observations. A
concept is an “observed regularity
in events or objects”

34. Scientific Theories
• Theories are developed to explain
concepts or other observed regularities.
These are proven hypothesis
• It comprises a collection of concepts,
including abstractions of observable phen
omena expressed
as quantifiable properties that express
relationships between observations of
such concepts.

35. Scientific Laws
• are statements generally accepted to
be true, universal, and absolute. They
can be expressed in terms of a single
mathematical equation. They don’t
really need any complex external
proofs; they are accepted at face value
based upon the fact that they have
always been observed to be true.

36. • A formal statement about
such a phenomenon.