This document discusses different types of scales and measurements used in qualitative data. It describes dichotomous, nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Dichotomous scales have two categories, nominal scales classify individuals into categories with no logical order, and ordinal scales involve categories with a logical ordering. Interval and ratio scales involve quantitative measurements where interval scales do not have an absolute zero point and ratio scales do. The document provides examples of variables that use each type of scale and measurement. It also discusses descriptive statistics and how to report summary statistics depending on the type of variable.

1. SCALES AND MEASUREMENTS
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2. QUALITATIVE DATA (CATEGORICAL)
Dichotomous (Binary ) Scale
When subjects are categorized into only two categories we refer such scales as
dichotomous or Binary
Examples: Response of drug (cured / Not Cured)
disease status (diseased / non diseased)
Gender (Male / Female)
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3. NOMINAL SCALE
The scale consists of a set of categories into which, individuals are classified based on
defined characteristics. The categories have no logical order within themselves.
Example blood type ( A, B, AB,O)
Ethnicity (white, black, Asian etc)
ORDINAL SCALE
The categories in this scale possess logical ordering between them, with such
measurement the categories indicate the amount of a characters possessed.
Pain ( no pain, mild, moderate, severe) as 0,1,2,3.
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4. Prakriti
• Vata, Pitta, Kapha
Snehapan lakshan
• Ayog, samyak yog, ati yog
Nutritional status
• Sthula, krusha
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5. INTERVAL
At the interval level of measurement, numbers represent fixed
measurement units but have no absolute zero point.
Example,
temperature of zero, does not indicate that there is no heat !
Hypertension
Interval measures reflect differences in magnitude
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6. RATIO
A ratio level of measurement represents fixed measuring units with an absolute zero
point.
On a ratio scale,
10 = 2+ 8 as well as 2 x 5.
Examples: Height, Weight, Income, Time
Ratio numbers can be added and subtracted, and because the numbers begin at an
absolute zero point, they can also be multiplied and divided.
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7. Quiz 2
What is level of measurement for the variable “political
party affiliation”, with values
 Congress
 NCP
 Shivsena
 Manase
 BJP
 RPI
Nominal
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8. Quiz 4
• What is the level of measurement for the variable “Political Ideology
Scale”, measured on a scale of 6-24, where 6=Very Conservative and
24=Very Liberal?
Interval
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9. Quiz 3
What is the level of measurement for the variable, “political ideology”,
measured as
 Very Conservative
 Conservative
 Moderate
 Liberal
 Very Liberal
Ordinal
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10. Quiz 5
What is the level of measurement for the variable
“Annual income”, measured in rupees?
Ratio
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11. Quiz 6
What is the level of measurement for the variable
“Age of the individual", measured in years?
Interval
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13. DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES
AVERAGE : Mean – Arithmetic average
Median – 50th value
Mode – fashionable number
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
Range: Minimum to maximum
Interquartile range: 25 and 75th percentile
Variance: Expressed in square term
Standard deviation: Expressed in original units
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14. REPORTING SUMMARY OF STATISTICS
Type Of Variable Summary Measures To Be
Presented
Continuous Variable With No
Extreme (Normally
Distributed)
Mean±Standard Deviation
Continuous Variable With
Extreme
Median (Range /
Interquartile)
Ordinal Value Median (Range)
Nominal Value Frequency (Percentage)
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15. One Accurate Measurement Is Worth A
Thousand Expert Opinions
PUNCH LINE
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