scaffold level 1 & 2

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The program is designed to provide participants
with necessary knowledge of scaffold standard and
C.O.P, develop skill in sequence of erection and
dismantle techniques of basic Scaffolding and its
safety practices at worksite.

 State the scaffold practices
 Explain the requirements/legislation in scaffolding practices
 Apply the principle of Stop work policy of unsafe act & unsafe condition of
scaffold
 Elaborate the Terminologies used in scaffolding practices based on BS1139
C.O.P (materials)
 Apply knowledge and skill of all type of basic scaffold
 Apply knowledge and skill of scaffold duty of load distribution
 Apply knowledge and skill of all scaffold components and requirements
 Demonstrate knowledge and skill of safe foundation at work place
 Apply knowledge and skill to erect the Fan protection and fix of Raker and Ties
correctly
 Demonstrate the sequencing of erection/dismantle and sketch/drawing
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the modules, the participant
should be able to:

Topic 1 .What is a scaffold?
A scaffold is a temporal structure which provides
access to or from which persons work, or which is
used to support materials, plant or equipment.
MODULE 1 .INTRODUCTION

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 Teach and reinforce the core skills of scaffolding, including how
to safely erect, alter and dismantle basic structures.
 Improve your knowledge of scaffolding and using
tube and fitting or system scaffold.
 Learn via classroom-based theory and practical.
Topic 2 .What is Scaffolding?
“ADVANCE YOUR CAREER IN THE SCAFFOLDING INDUSTRY”
“AND”
(Tube and Fitting or System Scaffold course?)

TOPIC 3
Duties and responsibilities of scaffolders
 Safely and correctly erect independent and putlog scaffolds with
returns, towers and birdcage scaffolds, in tube and fitting or
proprietary systems where applicable
 Observe regulations governing the safe erection, inspection and
dismantling of scaffolds and work methods to be adopted
 Determine the material requirements for independents and putlog
with returns, towers, and birdcage scaffolds in tube and fitting or
proprietary systems where applicable

Topic 3
Duties and responsibilities of scaffolders (Con’t)
 Lay out materials, set out the scaffolds and overcome
obstacles to erect the scaffold safely
 Ensure that scaffolds are constructed to statutory regulations
following the safe systems of work .
 Interpret simple drawings
 Make alterations to scaffolds (e.g. dropping lift height on
independent

1. What is a scaffold?
A. A scaffold erected accordance to BS5973
B. Materials use for erection is accordance to BS1139
C. A temporary structure which provide access to or from which person
work or
support materials and equipment.
D. All of the above.
2. What does basic scaffold mean to you?
A. To have knowledge and skilled in basic scaffold, include safe erect,
dismantle and
alteration of basic structure.
B. To attend the course for certificate only
C. Basic scaffold is an A- frame scaffold
D. To be a scaffolding Inspector
1. MODULE 1
2. Knowledge Assessment

3. The duties and responsibilities of scaffolders are?
A. To safely erect and dismantle of all types of basic scaffold of tube and fitting.
B. To observe regulation governing the safe erection & dismantle and to make sure the scaffold
been inspected before used.
C. Determine the materials required for the erection been inspected and in good condition
D. All of the above
4. What is the duty and responsibility of a scaffolder ?
A. to gain knowledge and skills to erect basic scaffold as per BS5973
B. Ensure the scaffold are constructed to statutory regulations follow the safe systems of work.
C. Have knowledge to interpret of the basic sketch drawing.
D. All of the above
5. Duties of Scaffolder?
A. Knowing the safe and correct way o erect the independent . Birdcage and tower scaffold
B. Servicing and inspecting the materials before used
C. Applying safe work system on site.
D. All of the above
Module 1 - Knowledge Assessment

Module 2
Introduction to Scaffolding Practices

Topic 1
The following list gives a flavor of the potential
diverse tasks you could be involved in
 Take reasonable care for your own health and safety and of other who may be
affected by your work such as other workers or members of the public
 Comply with instructions or control measures such as the wearing of personal
protective equipment
 Co-operate with your employer on health and safety and training requirement
 Correctly use and report any defects on work equipment provided by your
employer this could be machinery, tools or personal protective equipment
 Do not interfere with or misuse anything provided for your health, safety or
welfare
 If you think there is a health and safety problem on your site you
should first discuss it with your supervisor, or person in charge

TOPIC 1
The following list gives a flavor of the potential diverse
tasks you could be involved in (Con’t)
• Manual handling activities
• Using various types of equipment and tools
• Moulds, fungi and bacteria
• Struck my machinery
• Risk of pain or injury from performing repetitive tasks
• Exposure to noise
• Struck by falling objects
• Hand and foot injury
• Sun exposure

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•Exposure to electricity over head cable
•Falls from height
•Proximity to flammable or combustible
materials
•Climbing steps and working platforms
•Risk of eye injury from flying particles and
dust
•Cancer risk from Exposure to asbestos
•Slips trips and falls due to untidy work area
Topic 1 –
Some health and safety risks you may
face on site include:
Working in the construction industry is both rewarding and satisfying
but as the above list shows you could be exposed to various risks if
the correct safe methods of works.

TOPIC 2
Health and safety Law
Health and safety Law
provide adequate information, instruction, training and supervision to enable you to carry out
your work in a safe manner
Your employer has a duty to protect you and keep you informed about health and safety and
You also have legal duties too as follows.
•Take reasonable care for your own health and safety and of other who may be affected by your
work such as other workers or members of the public
Comply with instructions or control measures such as the wearing of personal protective
equipment.
Co-operate with your employer on health and safety and training requirements.
Correctly use and report any defects on work equipment provided by your employer this could
be machinery, tools or personal protective equipment
Do not interfere with or misuse anything provided for your health, safety or welfare.

Scaffolding has been, and
continues to be, a high risk
occupation. The number of
death and serious injuries
associated with scaffolding
operations has been high.
Topic 3
High Risk Occupation

Not only would this be in their own interests but
also demonstrate concern for all who work on or
around scaffolds and for the general public.
TOPIC 4-
Improved Safety Standard
The prime objective was to substantially
improved safety standard to ensure that
operatives engaged in the erection, alteration
and dismantling of scaffolds were properly
trained and given sufficient experience to carry
out such work safely and properly, and to ensure
that the structure is safe for use.

1. Scaffold is a high risk occupation which can cause death and
serious injuries associated with scaffolding operation
A. True
B. False
2. The duty of scaffolder firstly to safeguard life and limb of:
A. Himself / herself
B. Himself and others
C. To wear and use all times any Personal Protective Equipment provided by
the employer only when instructed by supervisor.
D. None of the above are true
3.As a scaffolder the legal duties you must follow are;
A. Comply with instructions or control measures such as used of PPE.
B. Co-operate with your employer on health and safety and training requirements.
C. Correctly use and report any defects on work equipment provided by your employer this could
be machinery, tools or personal protective equipment
D. All of the above

4. Some health and safety risks that you may face on site include:
A. Exposure to electricity over head cable
B. Falls from height and climbing steps and working platforms
C. Risk of eye injury from flying particles and dust
D. All the above
5. The following list of the potential diverse tasks you could be
involved in ;
A. Do not interfere with or misuse anything provided for your health, safety or
welfare.
B. Working in the construction industry is both rewarding and satisfying the supervisor only.
C. When no work permit required job can be carry on upon approve by supervisor in charge.
D. All of the above
MODULE 2
Knowledge Assessment (Con’t)

 The rules & regulations that cover Code of Practice BS 5973
(erection & dismantle) BS1139 (Materials)
 SCATTAG – Use and display
To inspect the scaffold before use and the safety aspects of the
scaffolding structure.
 The five basic use of scaffold
 Legislation
 Duties of the Employer & Employee
 Duties & responsibilities of scaffolder
Topic 1.Knowledge on Legislation
MODULE 3.LEGISLATION

TOPIC 2
yellow and green cardScaffold Tag Holder
Update check safe to use
Unsafe to use / incomplete

It must be correctly designed and
constructed, so it is safe to use.
After completion it must be
inspected by a competent and
certified inspector.
TOPIC 3– INSPECTION BEFORE USE

TOPIC 4
There are five basic uses for scaffold
Support
plant & material
Loading
Platform
Protection
Barrier /Handrail
Access
Tower scaffold access
Storage
Scaffold Rack

Topic 5 . Legislation
Metal parts used for scaffolds shall be of
suitable quality and be in good condition and
free from corrosion or other patent defect
likely to affect their strength materially.
All scaffolds and their supports shall be
capable of supporting the load they are
designed to carry .

TOPIC 6 .DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYER
Every employer shall take all practicable
steps to ensure the safety of employees
while at work.
Every employer shall take all practicable
steps to ensure that no action or inaction
of any employee while at work harms any
other person.

TOPIC 6
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEE (CON’T)
It is the duty of the employee to take
reasonable care for the safety and health of
himself and of other persons who may be
affected by his acts or omissions at work.
To cooperate with his employer or any person
in the discharge of any duty or requirement
imposed on the employer.

TOPIC 6
Duties of the Employee (cont)
To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by the
employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health.
To comply with any instruction on occupational safety and health instituted by his
employer.

 It is the duty of scaffolders to firstly safeguard life
and limb of both yourself and others working in the
vicinity of the operation, or likely to enter the
vicinity.
 To abide by laid down regulations under the
relevant act and in the absence of regulations, use
safe practices.
TOPIC 7 –
Duties & responsibilities of Scaffolder

 Observe scaffolding components, structures, ties, access and
storage before alteration of any parts of scaffolding frames.
 Maintain the scaffolding components to ensure they are
serviceable and safe to use.
TOPIC 7 –
Duties & responsibilities (Con’t)

 To use the right equipment for the
scaffold to be erected.
 They must know the sequence of
erection & dismantling.
 They must comply to the rules and
regulations of any scaffolding erection.
 They must make sure that all equipment
are serviceable before use.
TOPIC 7
Duties & responsibilities (cont)

TOPIC 7
Duties & responsibilities (cont)
 It is their duty to prevent objects from falling.
 They must use Personal Protective Equipment at all times.
 They must barricade the area where the scaffold is being erected and display a warning.

1. Rules & Regulations under Code of Practice BS5973
A. To inspect the scaffold before use and the safety aspects of the scaffolding
structure.
B. Use and display of “ UNSAFE SCATTAG” while erection.
C. Metal parts used for scaffolds shall be of suitable quality and be in good condition
and free
from corrosion or other patent defect likely to affect their strength materially.
D. All of the above
2. Upon completion of erection before use of the scaffold it MUST be;
A. Use when authorized by the safety
B. Inspected by competent scaffolding inspector
C. Approved by OIM
D. None of the above are true
3. Legislation and Code of Practice of scaffolding BS5973 cover;
A. All scaffolds and their supports shall be capable of supporting the load they are
designed to
carry .
B. Duties of the Employer & Employee
C. Duties & responsibilities of scaffolder
D. All of the above

4. The duties and responsibilities of scaffolder is to observe/ensure the
scaffold components,structures, Ties and access is serviceable and
safe for use;
A. True
B. False
5. Duties of employee is to ;
A. Used PPE all the time
B. Only when asked by foreman
C. When no work permit required
D. All of the above

MODULE 4
Unsafe Acts and Unsafe condition of scaffold

TOPIC 1-
Unsafe Act/Condition

TOPIC 2 –
Unsafe acts
 Working without adequate P.P.E.
 Working at heights without safety
devices.
 Throwing materials from heights.
 Unqualified persons undoing
parts of scaffolds without instruction.

TOPIC 3
Unsafe conditions
 Undermined
scaffolds.
 Scaffolds without scaffold
tag.
 PPE (Personnel Protective Equipment)
 incomplete
scaffolds.

WORKING AT HEIGHT

Topic 4- Under mine Scaffold

 SCAFFTAG – Must hang
(display) at the scaffold
standard nearest to the
access ladder
Topic 5- Scaffold with out Scafftag

 Incomplete scaffold or
alteration of scaffold which
cause a big gasp that results
high risks of materials, tools
and man fall.
 RED TAG should be display
Topic 6- Incomplete Scaffold

 Scaffolding Tools
 Richet Spanner – 17 x 21
 Split Level
 Measuring Tape
 Wire Cutter
TOPIC 7
P.P.E Requirement
Full body Harness
Hard hat
Coverall
Safety boots
Safety glass
Hand Gloves

1. Unsafe Acts includes the followings:
A. working at height with out safety harness
B. working on scaffold without guardrail
C. incomplete scaffold
D. All the above
2. Unsafe condition of scaffold
A. scaffold erected without base plate
B. Scaffold incomplete plank / board
C. Scaffold ladder height the same with platform level
D. All the above

3. Incomplete scaffold or alteration of scaffold which cause a big gasp that
results in high risks of materials, tools and man fall.
A. True
B. False
4. Safe Scaffold requirement:
A. Scaffold must be erected with good materials, in good condition, free from excessive rust,
corrosions, etc
B. Standard and ledgers must be securely fixed and braced
C. Scaffold must be erected and dismantle only by competent person
D. All above.
5. The Scafftag with green card is to show that the scaffold is NOT ready for
use
A. True
B. False

Module 5
Terminologies used
in scaffolding practices

Topic 1 – Type of Scaffold Materials
Scaffold tubes / Pipe
There are 3 main types of tubes in common use:
Black steel tubes / pipes
Galvanized steel tubes / pipe
Aluminum alloy tubes / pipe
Both black steel and galvanized steel tubes possess the
following properties:
Outside diameter 48.3 mm.
Nominal wall thickness 4.0 mm.
Weight 4.4 kg/m.
All fittings weigh at least 1.0 kg.

Topic 2
Tubes / Pipes
 Scaffold tubes must be:
 Straight and true
 Free from cracks, splits, bad
dents and excessive corrosion
 Cut square and clean at each
end
Defect of tube / pipes

 Scaffold boards:
All scaffold boards must be manufactured in
accordance with the regulations
They should be supported as follows:
38 mm thickness, every 1.5 m
50 mm thickness, every 2.6 m
Topic 3 – Scaffolding Plank / board

 Boards must be free from:
 Splits
 Excess Knots
 Paints
 Oil
 Concrete
 Not be overloaded
 Used as ramps or
platforms over long spans.
Topic 3 – Scaffold Plank (Con’t)
 Scaffold Plank
Defect of Scaffold Plank

There are many fittings available and their use and maintenance depends
upon the type of fitting and its application.
All fittings should be lightly oiled and kept free from rust.
Topic 4 – Fittings / Couplers
Defect of fittings / Couplers
 Fittings / Couplers

Topic 5
Names and used of fitting
 Right Angle Couplers
Connect ledgers to standards
Min. S.W.L. of 635 kg
Known as doubles

 Swivel Couplers
Are used to connect any tubes that cross each other at
an angle other than 90° normally used to connect braces
to standards and occasionally to make parallel joints.
Swivel couplers should NEVER be used as right-angle
couplers.
Topic 5
Names and used of fitting (Con’t)

 Single / Putlog Couplers
 They are used to connect transoms to
ledgers, they are only suitable for light duty
use.
 Putlog couplers must be capable of
passing the slip test as specified by the
British Standards.
Topic 5
Names and use of fitting (Con’t)

 Sleeve Coupler
 Generally called sleeves,
are also used to connect
tubes end to end.
 This fitting has a resistance
to bending, at least equal
to any tube.
It has a Safe Working Tension
of 315 kg.
Topic 5

 Joint Pins (Spigots)
 The spigot is inserted into the
ends of the tubes and the center
bolt tightened, causing the two
parts to expend and grip the
insides of the tubes.
 The fittings SHOULD NOT be used in
positions where they will be subject to
bending or tension (pulling force).
Topic 5

 Base plates
 They are used to distribute a load from a standard or
Raker, prevent lateral movement and prevent
damage to the tube.
Topic 5

 Inspecting the fittings:
 As per spec. B.S. 1139
 Not corroded
 Lightly oiled
 Correct types used and in right position
 Only right angle couplers used for ties
Topic 5

1. The 3 main types of tube in common use are:
A. Aluminum alloy tubes
B. Black steel tubes
C. Galvanized steel tube
D. All above
2. Board must be free from splits, excess knots, paints, oil, concrete and not
be over load.
A. True
B. False
3. Name the type of fitting to BS1139:
A. Right angle coupler, swivel coupler, sleeve coupler, joint pin, single coupler and base plate.
B. Swivel coupler, bracing, beam clamp, wire, dropforge and standard
C. Plank, puncheon, base plat, joint, sleeve coupler and transom
D. None of the above

4. Which fitting is to be used under the scaffold standard to spread the load?
A. Double coupler/right angle
B. Foot lift
C. Base plate
D. Sole board
5. What is the code of practice for British Standard Scaffold materials?
A. BS5973
B. BS2484
C. BS1139
D. BS3911

Module 6
Types of scaffold

Topic 1
Basic Scaffold Requirements
 Scaffolds must be erected with good materials, in good
condition, free from excessive rust, corrosion etc.
 All scaffolding materials must be inspected by a competent
person on every occasion before use.
 Scaffolds must be erected and dismantled only by a
competent person.
 Scaffolds must be rigid and erected on sound foundations.
 Standards and ledgers must be securely fixed and braced.

 Standards and ledgers must be securely fixed and braced.
 Transoms must be level and fixed, the spacing of the
transoms must not be more than 1.50 m (5 ft). when using
38 mm. boards.
 No scaffold board may overhang its last support by more
than 4 times the board thickness, nor by less than 50 mm.
 All scaffolds being erected or in the stage of dismantling
must be labeled with suitable warning notices.
Topic 1
Basic Scaffold requirements (cont..)

Topic 2 - Static Tower Scaffold
 These towers are
freestanding, but may be
tied to a permanent
structure, depending on its
design and function.
 If it is used independently, it
should be anchored with guy
wires. (for free standing
tower scaffold outside
building)

 Standard Spacing
Maximum Standard Spacing -2.5 m
Minimum Standard Spacing -1.2 m
Maximum height of lift -2.5 m
Topic 2
Static Tower Scaffold (cont...)
 Free standing Heights:
4 to 1 Static Internal
3.5 to 1 Static External
3.5 to 1 Mobile Internal
3 to 1 Mobile External
 Tie
Tied at 9.6m
Working platform 1
Distributed Loading 150 kg./m²

A mobile tower is a scaffold mounted
on wheels or castors. It usually
consists of 4 standards and is square
in construction.
It can consist either of ordinary tubes
and fittings or be a system scaffold
using ready made frames.
Mobile towers built with tubes and
fittings must be built by or under the
direct supervision of competent
scaffolders.
Topic 3 - Mobile Tower

Topic 4 - Independent scaffold
 An independent tied scaffold consists of two rows of
standards each row parallel to the building. The distance
between the inside standards and the outside standards will
be governed by the number of boards which will be
required.

Topic 5 - Birdcage Scaffold
 The birdcage scaffold is so called because of its appearance. It
is normally an internal scaffold and is mainly used for ceiling
work in large halls. It consists of an arrangement of standards
with ledgers and transoms supporting a closely boarded
platform at the required level.

Topic 5
Birdcage Scaffold (cont...)
Maximum standards spacing - 2.5 m
Maximum first lift height - 2 m
Remaining lifts (approx.) - 2 m
Working platforms - 1
Distributed loading - 75 kg/m²
Maximum height - 50 m

Topic 6 - Put log scaffold

Topic 6 - Put log Scaffold (cont...)
General purpose putlog scaffold:
Maximum standard spacing - 2.1 m
Maximum loading - 200 kg/m²
Minimum board width - 5
Heavy duty putlog scaffold:
Maximum standard spacing - 2 m
Maximum loading - 250 kg/m²
Minimum board width - 5
Average lift height - 1.35 m
Maximum height - 50 m

Topic 7
Scaffold Measurements
Famular of measurement
Length x Width x Height
For Bay and Lift

Guardrails
Minimum height -910mm (3 Ft.
0”)
Maximum height -1,150mm (3 Ft.
9")
Toe boards
Minimum height -150mm (6 Ft. 0")
Maximum gap between toe board
and guardrail is -765mm (2ft. 10")
Topic 8
Guardrails and toe boards

Topic 9 - Gin Wheels
BS 5973
Maximum load of 50kg on single tube outrigger with a
maximum suspension point of 750 mm

1. Tower scaffold consist of four standards only
a) True
b) False
2. Independent scaffold consist of ;
a) 1 row of standards and more than 3 nos of standards in length
b) 2 rows of standards and more than 2 nos of standards in length
c) 2 rows of standards and 2 nos of standards in length
d) None of the above
3. What is the maximum standard spacing for birdcage scaffold of tube
and
fittings ?
a) 3.00 M
b) 2,70 M
c) 2.50 M
d) 2.00 M

4. A mobile tower scaffold fixed with caster wheel with each min. load of
250kg
a) True
b) False
5. You are NOT allowed to place a 250 kg welding machine on a tower
scaffold
because ;
a) The maximum permitted loading is only 0.75 kg/m2
b) The maximum permitted loading is only 150 kg/m2
c) It is higher than the handrail
d) Only a birdcage scaffold is permitted to carry such load

Module 7
Scaffold Duty Load Distribution
(Independent Scaffold)

Topic 1
Distribution of Load Duty

Topic 1
Distribution of Load Duty (Con’t)

1. The duty of load distribution for tower scaffold is:
a) 225 kg/m2
b) 120 kg/m2
c) 150 kg/m2
d) 300 kg/m2
2. Independent scaffold load distribution and standard spacing is ;
a) L/D of 300 kg/m2 and1.8m (Standard Spacing)
b) L/D of 150kg/m2 and 2.4m (Standard Spacing)
c) L/D of 200kg/m2 and 2.1m (Standard Spacing)
d) L/D of 250kg/m2 and 2.0m (Standard Spacing)

3) What is the maximum recommended standard spacing for general
purpose
independent scaffold?
a) 2.70m b) 2.10m
c) 1.8m d) 2.0m
4. If the standard spacing of an independent scaffold is 2.5m what should
the
safe working load be?:
a) 75 kg/m2 b) 150 kg/m2
c) 0.50 kg/m2 d) 200 kg/m2
5. If the SWL of an independent scaffold is 250 kg/m2, what should be the
standard spacing be?
a) 2.40 m b) 1.80 m
c) 3.00 m d) 2.00 m

Module 8
Scaffold Duty Components and Requirements

Topic 1
Standards
 Standards are the main vertical element of the scaffold
framework and carry the weight of the structure and its load.
 Standards MUST be vertical.
 The spacing of standards is determined by the intended use
of the scaffold, the distance between standards being
reduced as the expected load increases.

Topic 1 - Staggered Standards (Con’t)
 Joints in standards should be staggered, that is, joints should
not occur at the same level in adjacent standards.
 Joints can be made with spigots, but if they are likely to be
subject to axial tension they should be strengthened with
lapped tubes, or sleeve couplers depending on the load.

Topic 2
- Components
1. Main transom 4. Standard
2. Intermediate transom 5. Sole Board
3. Ledger 6. Base Plate

Topic 3 - Standards Leveling
Upright/plumb
Correctly spaced
Joints staggered
In good condition

Topic 3
Ledger Leveling (Con't)
Level
Securely fixed to inside of the
standards
Joints staggered (not in the
same bay)
Good condition

Topic 4 - Ledgers
 Ledgers are the main horizontal tubes and provide lateral support
to the structure.
 They must be level and fixed to the inside of standards with right-
angle, load bearing couplers.
 Ledgers should be joint with sleeve couplers and should be as
close to the node points (the point at which the ledger is fixed to the
standard) as possible.
Ledger

Topic 5 - Main / Intermediate Transoms
 Main transoms are either:
 Fixed directly across to every pair of standards, using right-angle
coupler or laid across and fixed to ledgers with putlog couplers.
 Transoms should be fixed as close as possible, but never more than
300 mm from each pair of standards.
StandardIntermediate Transom
Main Transom

Topic 6 - Transoms and putlogs
 Main transoms hold the two rows of standards in
position and are an integral part of the structure.
They MUST NOT be removed.
Main Transom

Topic 6 - Transom and putlogs
 Intermediate transoms are fixed across ledgers with putlog
couplers, normally in the center of each bay, although additional
intermediate transoms may be required to support short boards;
they may be removed when the working platform is no longer
required.

Topic 7 - Bracing
 All scaffold structures must be
braced to prevent movement or
distortion.
 Facade (or sway braces) should be
fitted along the outer face of the
scaffold, from the base to the full
height of the structure.
 Cross or ledger bracing connects the
front row of standards to the back row
and is put on every alternate pair of
standards.
 Cross bracing put directly on the
standard serves the same purpose.

Topic 7 - Bracing (cont...)
 Joints in facade braces must be made with sleeve
couplers; if joint pins (spigots) are used each joint
must be spliced with a lapped tube
 Braces must be connected at every lift to standards
with swivel couplers, or to the end of transoms with
right-angle couplers, in which case the transom itself
must be fixed with right-angle couplers
 All braces form an essential part of the scaffold and
must not be removed without expert advice and then
only by a competent person

Topic 7 - Bracing (cont...)

Topic 7
Bracing (cont...)
 When inspecting bracing:
 Bracing start at base and continue to the full
height of the scaffold
 Any parts missing?
 Correct fittings and couplers used
 Bracing securely fixed
 In good condition

1. The scaffold components consist of ; main transom, standard,
sole board, ledger and bracing?
a) True
b) b) False
2. When Inspection of the bracing you MUST consider the
a) Bracing start at base and continue to the full height of the scaffold
b) Any parts missing? Bracing must securely fixed
c) Correct fittings and couplers used and must In good condition
d) All of the above
3. The Ledger and Standard joint MUST be fixed staggered ;
a) True
b) b) False

4. Main Transom have to be fixed directly across to
every pair
of standard with ;
a) Single coupler
b) Swivel coupler
c) Base plate
d) Double coupler
5. Ladder MUST extend from the landing place by at
least 1.05m or ;
a) 7 rungs
b) 3 rungs
c) 2 rungs
d) 5 rungs

Module 9
Scaffold Foundation

Topic - 1
Unsafe foundation

 Any structure, whether it be a house or a multi-
story block of flats, must have a foundation
capable of carrying the load safely for its entire
life.
 This also applies for scaffolds
 The foot of standards must be on suitable base
plates in order to prevent any slipping or sinking,
otherwise their displacement must be prevented
in some other way.
Topic 2
Scaffold structure

Scaffold structure & How to starts base of a scaffold

 The foundations of a scaffold should be
adequate to carry and spread the load
imposed, both locally at each standard and to
carry the whole weight of the scaffold.
 The foundation for a scaffold must be
maintained in a adequate condition during the
life of the scaffold.
Topic 3
Scaffolding Foundation requirement

 Base plates:
 The British Standard says that:-
 On hard surfaces such as steel and concrete, where
there is a sufficient hardness and thickness to prevent
the scaffold tube penetrating into the surface, the
standards of a scaffold may be placed directly on the
surface, although it is recommended that base plates
should always be used.
Topic 4 Base plate

 If the sole board is of timber
on soft ground, it may be
necessary for this to be more
than 35 mm thick.
 Heavy duty scaffolds and
poor ground will require
stronger foundations.
Topic 5 Sole board

 The minimum sole board
requirements are:
a. Firm ground:
 500 mm long x 225 mm x 35 mm
b. Soft ground
 765 mm long x 225 mm x 35 mm
c. Under 2 standards
 1550 mm long x 225 mm x 35 mm
Topic 5
Sole board requirement (Con’t)

 Basic rules for foundations:
 The ground must be capable of supporting the scaffold.
 The sole boards must be capable of spreading the
weight of the structure without distortion.
 Two standards per sole boards are better than one.
 Sole boards placed at right angles to the building should
not project too far beyond the face of the scaffold.
 Sole boards should not be undermined.
Topic 6
Basic rules of Foundation

 The above diagram shows examples of bad practice
when setting up the foundations of a scaffold.
 Unfortunately these are common faults found on many
construction sites and cause scaffolds to collapse,
resulting in injury or death.
Topic 7 - Bad practice

 The above diagram shows how the scaffold foundations illustrated on the
previous slide should be corrected if the standards and their base plates
etc. cannot be moved on firm ground, or additional standards put in.
 Note that cross bracing has been added to transfer loading away from the
base of those standards which are near the trench.
Topic 8 - Safe Foundation

 Inspecting the foundation/footing:
 On soft ground
 Sole boards (right thickness/good condition
 Base plates (centered on sole boards)
 Blocks or bricks wrongly used
 On hard surface
 Base plates fitted
 Base plates on manhole covers, drains or
other fragile coverings
 Adverse weather effect the surface
 Base a danger/obstruction to the public
Topic - 9
Inspection of the foundation/footing

1. The foot of standards must be on suitable base plates in order to
prevent any slipping or sinking, otherwise their displacement must be
prevented in some other way.
a) True
b) False
2. If the foundations is concrete or steel plate can the base plate be place
without the sole board?
a) True
b) False
3. The basic rules for foundations:
a) The ground must be capable of supporting the scaffold.
b) The sole boards must be capable of spreading the weight of the structure without
distortion
c) Sole boards should not be undermined
d) All of the above

Module 10
Scaffold safety

Topic -1
 All correctly spaced
 Securely fixed to ledgers or standards
with right-angled or putlog couplers
 Flattened ends of putlogs pushed right
into the brickworks.
 In good condition
Scaffold Components, Ladder and Working Platform
Transom and putlog

Topic 2 - Guardrails and toe boards
 Guardrails must be provided where persons can fall 2m or more, at
least 910mm (3fts) above the platform and fixed inside the standards.
 Guardrails must be provided
where persons can fall 2m or
more, at least 910mm (3fts)
above the platform and fixed
inside the standards.
 Toe boards must accompany
guardrails and fixed inside the
standard with proper clips.

Topic 3 - Working platform
 The minimum requirement for a working platform is for a width of 600
mm (2fts), irrespective of whether it is a trestle scaffold or a scaffold
surrounding a multi-storey building.

TOPIC - 3
Working platform (Con’t)

TOPIC - 4
Access / Ladder
 Access:
 Access to a working platform
is usually by a ladder.
 The ladder must be secured near
the top and extended above the
level of the platform by minimum
of five rungs (1 m) unless adequate
handholds are provided.

 The vertical run between
landings must not exceed 9m.
 Care must be taken to see
that there is adequate space
between rungs to give firm
foothold and that there is no
possibility of the foot being
trapped between a rung and
a ledger, transom or brace
tube.
TOPIC 4 –
Ladder (Con’t)

 Ladders must be lashed by the
stiles, NEVER to the rungs.
 Both stiles of the ladder should
rest on firm, level ground.
 On soft ground a board should
be used to stand the ladder on.
Topic 4 – Ladder (Con’)

1. Ladders must be lashed by the stiles, NEVER to the rungs.
a) True
b) False
2. The minimum requirement for a working platform is for a width of
600 mm (2fts),irrespective of whether it is a trestle scaffold or a
scaffold surrounding a multi-storey building.
a) Yes
b) No
3. Ladders must be lashed by the stiles, NEVER to the rungs.
a) True
b) False

4. Toe board MUST accompany guardrails and fixed inside the
standard with single coupler ;
a) True
b) False
5. Ladder MUST extend from the landing place by at least 1.05m or ;
a) 7 rungs
b) 3 rungs
c) 2 rungs
d) 5 rungs

Module 11
Protect Fan, Raker and Tie
TOPIC -1
Protection Fans
Fan protection must be
properly designed as it
imposes extra loading on the
scaffold and must be able to
withstand sudden impacts
which could easily make the
scaffold unstable.
A fan is erected on a scaffold
to give protection from falling
material.
Fans may also be designed
and erected to accommodate
safety nets where persons
can fall from a scaffold.

 The most common materials used in sheeting a fan are
scaffold boards and safety nets.
 Points to observe are:
 Scaffold boards: close boarded, properly secured, no
traps or gaps.
 Safety nets: Securely attached to supports. Tie cords
or clips equally spread and not more than 750mm apart.
 Net packed at sharp edges.
TOPIC 1
Protection Fans (Con’t)

TOPIC 2
Fan Protection & Raker

Topic 2 – Raker (Con’t)
 Where it is impractical to provide normal ties, the stability
of a scaffold can be achieved by the use of rakers.
 The foot of the raking tube
must be well founded and
always be tied back to the
main scaffold. This
arrangement can be used
instead of a single tie.

Topic 3 Scaffold Ties
To ensure that the scaffold framework is
stable and cannot move away from and
towards the building, it must be stabilized.
This is normally achieved by securing the
scaffold framework to the building with
positive two-way ties.
Ties must not be removed except by an
experienced and competent scaffolder,
who must ensure that the stability of the
scaffold is not affected.
There are 5 main types of
tie:
1 Through tie
2 Box tie
3 Lip tie
4 Screw or Anchor tie
5 Reveal tie

Topic 3 - Scaffold Ties (cont.)

1. What is fan Protection?
a) A fan is erected on a scaffold to give protection from falling material from height.
b) Must be properly designed as it imposes extra loading on the scaffold and must be able
to withstand sudden impacts which could easily make the scaffold unstable.
c) The most common materials used in sheeting a fan are scaffold boards and safety nets.
d) All of the above
2. Points to observe of fan protection are: Scaffold boards: close boarded
properly secured, no traps or gaps, Safety nets: Securely attached to supports.
a) True
b) false
Module 11
Knowledge Assessment

3) The foot of the raking tube must be well founded and always be
tied back to the main scaffold.
a) True
b) False
4. What are the 5 main types of tie are;
a) Through tie, box tie, lip tie, screw or Anchor tie and reveal tie
b) Lip tie, neck tie, through tie, reveal tie and height tie
c) Box tie, Raker tie, Wire tie, Scaffold tie and knot tie
d) All of the above
5. Ties must not be removed except by an experienced and
competent scaffolder, who must ensure that the stability of the
scaffold is not affected.
a) True
b) False
Module 11
Knowledge Assessment

Topic 1 Sequence of Erection

Topic 2 - Sequence of Erection and Dismantle.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Step 5 Step 6 Step 7

DISMANTLING
Dismantling of scaffold
have to be done
backward starting from
item 12 to 1
Step 8 Step 9 Step 10
Step 11 Step 12
Topic 2 - Sequence of Erection & Dismantle (Con't.)

1. The scaffold components to considered is ;
a) Ledger ,Transom ,Standard, Bracing and handrail
b) Base plate, Transom, Ladder, Ledger and handrail
c) Standard, handrail, Transom, Ledger and plank
d) Standard, Tower, Transom, Tie and Bracing
2. Which fitting is to be use to fixed the bracing from
standard to standard ;
a) Putlog/single coupler
b) sleeve coupler
c) Double coupler
d) Swivel coupler

3) Prior to the sequence of scaffold erection the correct sequence is as follow ;
a) Standard, Transom, bracing, standard, Ledger, Standard, Transom & Ledger
b) Ledger, Transom, Ledger, Standard, Transom, standard, Transom & bracing
c) Standard, Ledger, Transom, Standard, Ledger, Standard, Transom & standard
d) Standard, Transom, Ledger, Bracing, Standard, Ledger, Transom & Standard
4. Sequence of dismantling of scaffold is started from Z to A (backward step)
a) True
b) False
5. When dismantling the scaffold, loose materials and any fall object have to be
considered
a) True
b) False

Thank You
THE END

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