Sanitary Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of microorganisms in relation to public health, hygiene, and sanitation. It involves the detection, control, and prevention of microbial contamination in water, food, air, and waste management syste

1. SANITARY MICROBILOGY

2. What Is Sanitary Microbiology?
 It is an applied science related to the use of microorganisms in the
field of sanitary engineering.
 Sanitary microbiology is usually divided into two general regions,
one dealing with water supply and purification and the other dealing
with waste disposal.

3. (Continued)
 The water microbiologists determine the efficiency of each unit
process used in water purification with respect to the removal
of the various types of pathogenic microorganisms.
 The waste disposal microbiologist is concerned not only with
water microbiology but also with soil microbiology.

4. Microorganisms of Importance
 The microorganisms are generally classified into two major
groups, plants and animals.
 The plants are made up of virus, rickettsiae, bacteria, fungi, and
algae; while the animals consist of protozoa, rotifers, and
crustaceans.
 It is the latter two groups of animals that sometimes are
classified as macroscopic rather than microscopic.

5. Plants
 The bacteria are the basic units of plant life, being single-cell
microorganisms which take in soluble food and convert it to new cells.
 It was originally thought that the bacteria were the smallest plant cells,
but both the rickettsiae and the viruses are smaller.
 The viruses are the smallest plant cells known at the present time. Like
the rickettsiae the viruses are intracellular parasites, deriving their
nutrients from the host organisms.
 The viruses which are parasitic to bacteria have been designated as
bacteriophages.

6. Source :https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24494-bacteria

7. Source : https://healthist.net/en/biology/1776/

8. Photomicrograph of the algae, Pediastrum
Photomicrograph of the fungi, Aspergillus
Photomicrograph of the ciliated protozoa, Colpidium

9. Animals
 The basic animal units are the protozoa which are
single-cell animals.
 Most of the protozoa have the ability to metabolize
solid food by means of complex digestive systems
but there are a few protozoa which appear to be
related to plants as well as to animals.
Photomicrograph of rotifer

10. Source :https://www.sciencefacts.net/protozoa.html

11. Genetically modified microorganism
(GMO) ?
 A genetically modified microorganism (GMO) is a microorganism
(like bacteria, fungi, or viruses) whose genetic material (DNA) has
been altered in a way that does not occur naturally through
mating or natural recombination.
 Why GMOs are mostly not used:
1. Environmental risks
2. Human health concerns
3. Ethical and social considerations

12. Environmental Risks
 Disruption of ecosystems: GMOs could outcompete native species
for resources, leading to a decrease in biodiversity.
 Gene transfer to wild populations: The modified genes could be
transferred to wild populations of microorganisms, potentially
creating new problems.
 Unintended effects on other organisms: GMOs could have
unintended effects on other organisms in the environment, such as
beneficial insects or soil microorganisms.

13. Human health concerns
 Toxicity: The GMO could produce toxins that are harmful to
humans.
 Antibiotic resistance: The GMO could contain genes that confer
resistance to antibiotics, which could be transferred to human
pathogens.
 Gene transfer to human cells: There is a theoretical risk that
genes from GMOs could be transferred to human cells, although
this is considered unlikely.

14. Ethical and social considerations
 Playing God/Interfering with Nature :Some argue that modifying
microorganisms is an unnatural intervention that oversteps human
boundaries. This raises questions about the limits of human
manipulation of nature and the potential for unintended
consequences.
 Environmental Justice :The potential environmental risks of
GMOs may disproportionately affect certain communities, raising
concerns about environmental justice and the fair distribution of
environmental risks and benefits.

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