The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was an organization formed in 1956 that led demands for a separate Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital. It was founded in Pune under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe. Prominent members included Acharya Atre and Prabodhankar Thackeray. The movement faced opposition from Nehru and Patel but succeeded with demonstrations and agitation. The state of Maharashtra was ultimately formed on May 1, 1960 when Bombay state was partitioned, achieving the Samiti's goal.
The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was an organization formed in 1956 that led demands for a separate Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital. It was founded in Pune under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe. Prominent members included Acharya Atre and Prabodhankar Thackeray. The movement faced opposition from Nehru and Patel but succeeded with demonstrations and agitation. The state of Maharashtra was ultimately formed on May 1, 1960 when Bombay state was partitioned, achieving the Samiti's goal.
Republic Day honors the date that India's constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, replacing the colonial Government of India Act. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and established India as an independent republic. Republic Day is one of three national holidays in India that celebrates its transition to an independent democracy. Annual celebrations include a large military parade on Rajpath boulevard in New Delhi before the President of India.
The document provides information about the history, government, and culture of India. It discusses how India gained independence from British rule in 1947 and adopted its constitution in 1950. It also mentions that India has 29 states, over 688 districts, a population of over 1.3 billion people, and is a diverse country with many languages, religions, and cultural traditions including various folk dances and classical dance forms.
The document provides brief biographies of 15 Indian leaders who played important roles in India's independence movement and the drafting of the Indian constitution:
- Vallabhbhai Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, T. T. Krishnamachari, Rajendra Prasad, Jaipal Singh, Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, Durgabai Deshmukh, Baldev Singh, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, B. R. Ambedkar, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Somnath Lahiri.
Many of these leaders served as ministers
The document discusses how to maximize the use of LinkedIn as a professional networking platform. It recommends completing your profile with a photo, work history, education, and recommendations to fully represent yourself. It also suggests using features like status updates, groups, answers, and advanced search to expand your network and visibility. The final section encourages fully utilizing LinkedIn's training resources and asking questions.
This document contains several quotes from Ernest Hemingway's works spanning from 1935 to 1964. Some of the quotes discuss the nature of war and defeat, the importance of storytelling, and living without anything to lose. Hemingway is also quoted saying "Courage is grace under pressure," which the compiler notes is one of their favorite Hemingway quotes.
This document contains several quotes from Ernest Hemingway's works spanning from 1935 to 1964. Some of the quotes discuss the nature of war and defeat, the importance of storytelling, and living without anything to lose. Hemingway is also quoted saying "Courage is grace under pressure," which the compiler notes is one of their favorite Hemingway quotes.
The document discusses editorials, including their definition as articles expressing a publishing house's views on current issues. It traces editorials back to 1830 when the term was first used. Modern newspapers have expanded editorial pages to include longer opinions from columnists and guest writers in op-ed sections opposite the editorial page. Editorials reflect the periodical's opinions and evaluate important issues on special pages. They are written on behalf of the publishing institution using terms like "we" rather than individual authors. Good editorials are persuasive, fact-based, unambiguous and easy for readers to understand.
The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was an organization formed in 1956 that led demands for a separate Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital. It was founded in Pune under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe. Prominent members included Acharya Atre and Prabodhankar Thackeray. The movement faced opposition from Nehru and Patel but succeeded with demonstrations and agitation. The state of Maharashtra was ultimately formed on May 1, 1960 when Bombay state was partitioned, achieving the Samiti's goal.
Republic Day honors the date that India's constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, replacing the colonial Government of India Act. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and established India as an independent republic. Republic Day is one of three national holidays in India that celebrates its transition to an independent democracy. Annual celebrations include a large military parade on Rajpath boulevard in New Delhi before the President of India.
The document provides information about the history, government, and culture of India. It discusses how India gained independence from British rule in 1947 and adopted its constitution in 1950. It also mentions that India has 29 states, over 688 districts, a population of over 1.3 billion people, and is a diverse country with many languages, religions, and cultural traditions including various folk dances and classical dance forms.
The document provides brief biographies of 15 Indian leaders who played important roles in India's independence movement and the drafting of the Indian constitution:
- Vallabhbhai Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, T. T. Krishnamachari, Rajendra Prasad, Jaipal Singh, Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, Durgabai Deshmukh, Baldev Singh, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, B. R. Ambedkar, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Somnath Lahiri.
Many of these leaders served as ministers
The document discusses how to maximize the use of LinkedIn as a professional networking platform. It recommends completing your profile with a photo, work history, education, and recommendations to fully represent yourself. It also suggests using features like status updates, groups, answers, and advanced search to expand your network and visibility. The final section encourages fully utilizing LinkedIn's training resources and asking questions.
This document contains several quotes from Ernest Hemingway's works spanning from 1935 to 1964. Some of the quotes discuss the nature of war and defeat, the importance of storytelling, and living without anything to lose. Hemingway is also quoted saying "Courage is grace under pressure," which the compiler notes is one of their favorite Hemingway quotes.
This document contains several quotes from Ernest Hemingway's works spanning from 1935 to 1964. Some of the quotes discuss the nature of war and defeat, the importance of storytelling, and living without anything to lose. Hemingway is also quoted saying "Courage is grace under pressure," which the compiler notes is one of their favorite Hemingway quotes.
The document discusses editorials, including their definition as articles expressing a publishing house's views on current issues. It traces editorials back to 1830 when the term was first used. Modern newspapers have expanded editorial pages to include longer opinions from columnists and guest writers in op-ed sections opposite the editorial page. Editorials reflect the periodical's opinions and evaluate important issues on special pages. They are written on behalf of the publishing institution using terms like "we" rather than individual authors. Good editorials are persuasive, fact-based, unambiguous and easy for readers to understand.
amyukta Maharashtra Movement (or Samyukta Maharashtra Andolan) was spearheaded by Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, an organisation that demanded starting in 1956 for the creation of a separate Marathi-speaking state out of the (then-bilingual) State of Bombay in western India, with the city of Bombay as its capital. Similarly, in Gujarat, in 1956 the Mahagujarat Movement started agitation for creation of separate Gujarati-speaking State.
1 st May Maharashtra Day 2021: History. | Hello Homes
In the year 1960, the state of Bombay was divided to create two news states, namely Maharashtra and Gujarat.
May 1 is celebrated as Maharashtra Day. Along with Maharastra Day, Gujarat Day is also celebrated on May 1 each year as the states of Maharashtra and Gujrat were formed on May 1.
Linguistic reorganization of Indian States - Climax of Integration of StatesDiscussion Solution
India is a land of many languages, each with its distinct script, grammar, vocabulary and literary traditions. This gave rise to the demand for reorganizing the states based on languages. Here we have discussed the various linguistic movements and the history of reorganizing India.
The Indian constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly elected in 1946, led by B.R. Ambedkar as chairman of the Drafting Committee. Over two years, the 308 members of the Assembly met for 166 days to debate and finalize the constitution, adopting it on November 26, 1949 and enforcing it on January 26, 1950. Key figures in the Assembly included Nehru, Patel, Azad, Prasad and Munshi. The Drafting Committee was appointed on August 29, 1947 consisting of Ambedkar and six others to prepare drafts of the constitution for debate and approval.
Balasaheb Thackeray was an Indian politician and founder of the right-wing Shiv Sena party in Maharashtra. He opposed the migration of non-Maharashtrians to Mumbai and formed the Shiv Sena in 1966 to advocate for job security for Maharashtrians. Though controversial, he was respected by many Maharashtrians. After leaving his career as a cartoonist, he used his magazine Marmik to campaign against migrant influence. Thackeray led the Shiv Sena for decades and helped the party gain control of Mumbai unions while also facing criticism for violence. He passed away in 2012 and was given a state funeral attended by over a million mourners.
Formation of interim government and 3rd june plansaifkhankakar
1) The document discusses the Cabinet Mission Plan and the negotiations between the Muslim League and Congress Party over forming an interim government for India.
2) It outlines the different formulas proposed for allocating seats in the interim government and how the parties rejected various proposals.
3) Lord Mountbatten was appointed the new Viceroy and tasked with transferring power; he announced the final partition plan on June 3rd, 1947 which established two independent states of India and Pakistan.
Have tried to frame a timeline of Indian Independence Movement. Have included the events for 1885 - the formation of Indian National Congress to 1950 the Enaction of the Constitution of India and India turning into a Republic
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
This video shows the first Independence Day celebrations at India Gate in Delhi on 15th August 1947. Some key points:
- 15th August 1947 was the first Independence Day of independent India after gaining freedom from British colonial rule.
- The celebrations were held at India Gate, which was an important landmark in the capital city of Delhi. Large crowds had gathered to celebrate the historic occasion.
- In the video, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, can be seen saluting the Indian tricolor flag during the Independence Day ceremony. This marked the symbolic transfer of power from British to Indian hands.
- Mountbatten saluting the Indian national flag reflected India's transition from a British colony to a
The document summarizes the framing of the Indian Constitution. It details that the Constituent Assembly first met in 1946 to draft the constitution, which was then published for public comment in 1948. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It highlights some of the prominent leaders involved in the drafting, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.
The document summarizes the framing of the Indian Constitution. It details that the Constituent Assembly first met in 1946 to draft the constitution, which was then published for public comment in 1948. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It highlights some of the prominent leaders involved in the drafting, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, political leader, and philosopher who was born in 1891 in India. He campaigned against social discrimination and argued for separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and religious communities. He was elected as the chairman of the drafting committee for India's constitution and was the first Law Minister of India.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits and founded the Indian Constitution. He faced discrimination and social exclusion throughout his life as an untouchable. As India's first Law Minister, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill to reform Hindu law and promote gender equality, and was the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Constitution of India, including its history, framing, principles, and structure. It notes that the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with the goal of securing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for its citizens.
The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests in British India and advocated for the formation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. It began as an elitist organization but gained mass popularity in the 1940s under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Muslim League played a key role in the partition of British India in 1947, which led to the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for Indian Muslims according to the two-nation theory. After independence and partition, the Muslim League's role diminished and it was disbanded in India and relegated to a minor party in Pakistan.
Ram Manohar Lohia was an Indian freedom fighter, socialist, and political leader born in 1910 in Akbarpur, India. He was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi from a young age and participated in India's independence movement. As a leader, he advocated for eliminating caste discrimination and inequality between men and women. He founded the Congress Socialist Party and opposed the partition of India. After independence, he continued working to address issues like poverty, farmer's rights, and decentralization of government. Lohia made significant contributions to India's freedom struggle and development as a new nation before his death in 1967.
History of the republic of India - MY COUNTRY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDIA. KNOW ABOUT IT'S HISTORY.
The document summarizes the history of journalism from ancient Rome to the modern age. It discusses how the earliest known journalistic product was the "Acta Diurna" published daily in Rome from 59 BCE. It then outlines the development of newspapers and magazines over time, from the first regularly published newspapers in German cities in 1609 to the rise of illustrated women's magazines in the 1830s. The document also notes how technologies like the telegraph, radio, satellites and internet have increasingly sped up and expanded news gathering abilities.
All India Radio (AIR) is India's national public radio broadcaster established in 1936. It is a division of Prasar Bharati and serves as the main public service broadcaster of India with the motto "For the benefit of many, for the happiness of many." AIR provides programming in 23 languages and 146 dialects to inform, educate, and entertain the masses, making it one of the largest broadcasters in the world in terms of the number of languages served.
amyukta Maharashtra Movement (or Samyukta Maharashtra Andolan) was spearheaded by Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, an organisation that demanded starting in 1956 for the creation of a separate Marathi-speaking state out of the (then-bilingual) State of Bombay in western India, with the city of Bombay as its capital. Similarly, in Gujarat, in 1956 the Mahagujarat Movement started agitation for creation of separate Gujarati-speaking State.
1 st May Maharashtra Day 2021: History. | Hello Homes
In the year 1960, the state of Bombay was divided to create two news states, namely Maharashtra and Gujarat.
May 1 is celebrated as Maharashtra Day. Along with Maharastra Day, Gujarat Day is also celebrated on May 1 each year as the states of Maharashtra and Gujrat were formed on May 1.
Linguistic reorganization of Indian States - Climax of Integration of StatesDiscussion Solution
India is a land of many languages, each with its distinct script, grammar, vocabulary and literary traditions. This gave rise to the demand for reorganizing the states based on languages. Here we have discussed the various linguistic movements and the history of reorganizing India.
The Indian constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly elected in 1946, led by B.R. Ambedkar as chairman of the Drafting Committee. Over two years, the 308 members of the Assembly met for 166 days to debate and finalize the constitution, adopting it on November 26, 1949 and enforcing it on January 26, 1950. Key figures in the Assembly included Nehru, Patel, Azad, Prasad and Munshi. The Drafting Committee was appointed on August 29, 1947 consisting of Ambedkar and six others to prepare drafts of the constitution for debate and approval.
Balasaheb Thackeray was an Indian politician and founder of the right-wing Shiv Sena party in Maharashtra. He opposed the migration of non-Maharashtrians to Mumbai and formed the Shiv Sena in 1966 to advocate for job security for Maharashtrians. Though controversial, he was respected by many Maharashtrians. After leaving his career as a cartoonist, he used his magazine Marmik to campaign against migrant influence. Thackeray led the Shiv Sena for decades and helped the party gain control of Mumbai unions while also facing criticism for violence. He passed away in 2012 and was given a state funeral attended by over a million mourners.
Formation of interim government and 3rd june plansaifkhankakar
1) The document discusses the Cabinet Mission Plan and the negotiations between the Muslim League and Congress Party over forming an interim government for India.
2) It outlines the different formulas proposed for allocating seats in the interim government and how the parties rejected various proposals.
3) Lord Mountbatten was appointed the new Viceroy and tasked with transferring power; he announced the final partition plan on June 3rd, 1947 which established two independent states of India and Pakistan.
Have tried to frame a timeline of Indian Independence Movement. Have included the events for 1885 - the formation of Indian National Congress to 1950 the Enaction of the Constitution of India and India turning into a Republic
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
This video shows the first Independence Day celebrations at India Gate in Delhi on 15th August 1947. Some key points:
- 15th August 1947 was the first Independence Day of independent India after gaining freedom from British colonial rule.
- The celebrations were held at India Gate, which was an important landmark in the capital city of Delhi. Large crowds had gathered to celebrate the historic occasion.
- In the video, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, can be seen saluting the Indian tricolor flag during the Independence Day ceremony. This marked the symbolic transfer of power from British to Indian hands.
- Mountbatten saluting the Indian national flag reflected India's transition from a British colony to a
The document summarizes the framing of the Indian Constitution. It details that the Constituent Assembly first met in 1946 to draft the constitution, which was then published for public comment in 1948. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It highlights some of the prominent leaders involved in the drafting, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.
The document summarizes the framing of the Indian Constitution. It details that the Constituent Assembly first met in 1946 to draft the constitution, which was then published for public comment in 1948. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It highlights some of the prominent leaders involved in the drafting, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, political leader, and philosopher who was born in 1891 in India. He campaigned against social discrimination and argued for separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and religious communities. He was elected as the chairman of the drafting committee for India's constitution and was the first Law Minister of India.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits and founded the Indian Constitution. He faced discrimination and social exclusion throughout his life as an untouchable. As India's first Law Minister, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill to reform Hindu law and promote gender equality, and was the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Constitution of India, including its history, framing, principles, and structure. It notes that the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with the goal of securing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for its citizens.
The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests in British India and advocated for the formation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. It began as an elitist organization but gained mass popularity in the 1940s under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Muslim League played a key role in the partition of British India in 1947, which led to the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for Indian Muslims according to the two-nation theory. After independence and partition, the Muslim League's role diminished and it was disbanded in India and relegated to a minor party in Pakistan.
Ram Manohar Lohia was an Indian freedom fighter, socialist, and political leader born in 1910 in Akbarpur, India. He was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi from a young age and participated in India's independence movement. As a leader, he advocated for eliminating caste discrimination and inequality between men and women. He founded the Congress Socialist Party and opposed the partition of India. After independence, he continued working to address issues like poverty, farmer's rights, and decentralization of government. Lohia made significant contributions to India's freedom struggle and development as a new nation before his death in 1967.
History of the republic of India - MY COUNTRY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDIA. KNOW ABOUT IT'S HISTORY.
The document summarizes the history of journalism from ancient Rome to the modern age. It discusses how the earliest known journalistic product was the "Acta Diurna" published daily in Rome from 59 BCE. It then outlines the development of newspapers and magazines over time, from the first regularly published newspapers in German cities in 1609 to the rise of illustrated women's magazines in the 1830s. The document also notes how technologies like the telegraph, radio, satellites and internet have increasingly sped up and expanded news gathering abilities.
All India Radio (AIR) is India's national public radio broadcaster established in 1936. It is a division of Prasar Bharati and serves as the main public service broadcaster of India with the motto "For the benefit of many, for the happiness of many." AIR provides programming in 23 languages and 146 dialects to inform, educate, and entertain the masses, making it one of the largest broadcasters in the world in terms of the number of languages served.
The Ambedkarite Press refers to media that promotes the ideas of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar from the point of view of Dalits and untouchables. Ambedkar fought against the caste system and social discrimination in India. He led hundreds of thousands of Dalits to convert to Buddhism and advocated for their education and empowerment. The Ambedkarite Press encompasses Dalit literature, newspapers, magazines, blogs, and social media that give voice to Dalit issues and challenge the literature of the upper castes. It aims to culturally awaken and empower Dalits through various media forms.
After facing a balance of payments crisis in 1991, the Indian government under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh embarked on a process of liberalizing India's socialist economy. Key reforms included opening the country to international trade and investment, deregulating several industries, privatizing state-owned enterprises, reforming taxes, and controlling inflation. The goal was to transform India's economy from socialism to capitalism to achieve higher growth and industrialization. While some criticized moving away from socialism, liberalization has remained the guiding economic policy of subsequent governments. As a result, India's economy is now regarded as a market economy and some 300 million Indians have been lifted out of extreme poverty.
The Mukti Sangharsh organized small and medium peasants and displaced industrial workers in Sangli district of India in the early 1980s who were affected by drought. It was led by Bharat Patankar and mobilized peasants and workers to demand that the Employment Guarantee Scheme be used comprehensively to bring about sustainable agricultural development and solve water problems through small dams and tanks. The movement was unusual in that almost half of participants and many leaders were women, and it addressed gender inequalities, exploitation of Dalits, and linked environmental sustainability to public participation.
This document discusses the main threats to biodiversity: habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population growth, over-harvesting, and over-consumption. It provides details on each threat, including causes and examples. Habitat destruction is caused by human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization and forest fires. Invasive species can decimate native species when introduced to new environments. Pollution covers air, water, land, noise and light pollution from industrial and agricultural waste. Population growth and overconsumption put pressure on natural resources as more people consume more. Over-harvesting and overexploitation can lead to the destruction of renewable resources if they are used unsustainably.
The document discusses the Indo-US nuclear deal from 2005-2008, which lifted a moratorium on nuclear trade between the US and India. It sparked significant debate and divided Indian politics. While it advanced US-India relations and cooperation, critics argued it undermined nonproliferation efforts. Media coverage of the complex deal presented various perspectives but also speculation. The deal created a unique exception for India in the nonproliferation treaty and demonstrated India's emergence on the global stage.
Before Europeans arrived, India had a system of news gathering and reporting where kings and emperors employed spies and informers to monitor political activities both within and outside their domains. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish printing presses in India in the 16th century, however their main aim was religious conversion. As the British consolidated their power over India in the 19th century, they grew suspicious of the Indian language press and its influence over public opinion. The British established administrative rules to control non-English publications, while the English press was read by British and Anglo-Indians. The Indian language press played a key role in spreading awareness of the Indian independence movement against British rule.
This document contains several quotes from Ernest Hemingway's works spanning from 1935 to 1964. Some of the quotes discuss the nature of war and defeat, the importance of storytelling, and living without anything to lose. Hemingway is also quoted saying "Courage is grace under pressure," which the compiler notes is one of their favorite Hemingway quotes.
1. After 9/11, President Bush decided to preemptively attack Iraq before they could help al Qaeda launch another attack on the US, though Iraq had no involvement in 9/11.
2. The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was based on faulty intelligence that Iraq possessed WMDs, though none were found.
3. By 2008, violence in Iraq had decreased significantly from its peak a few years prior, but the situation remained fragile. US troops aimed to train Iraqi forces to defend themselves so US troops could eventually withdraw.
World War II began with Germany conquering much of Europe by 1940. In 1941, the war became global as Germany invaded the Soviet Union and the United States entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Though formidable, Nazi Germany was eventually defeated in 1945. The war in Asia continued until the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and end World War II. The United States also took on a new non-isolationist role and helped rebuild Western Europe economically in the postwar period.
Secularism refers to the separation of government and religion where no religion is endorsed or favored. It means individuals have the freedom to choose their own religious beliefs or non-beliefs without interference from the government. Secularism draws from ideas in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy as well as Enlightenment thinkers and aims to modernize society by removing religious influence from laws and policies. Supporters argue it protects religious minorities and enhances democracy.
The Renaissance was a period in European history beginning around 1400 CE that followed the Middle Ages. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources and an intellectual transformation bridging the Middle Ages and modern era. Renaissance scholars employed humanist methods of study and searched for realism and human emotion in art, while also intermingling science and art through observational drawings of nature and anatomy. The most significant development was the scientific method, which influenced art, science, culture and religion as new ideas spread rapidly through the invention of the printing press.
Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster that is operated by Prasar Bharati. It began as an experimental station in 1959 in Delhi and became India's sole television provider until the mid-1970s. In 1982, Doordarshan went national with the introduction of color television and live broadcasts of events like Independence Day speeches and the Asian Games. Today it operates 21 channels and provides coverage to over 90% of India's population through over 1,400 terrestrial transmitters.
Marathi journalism began in the 19th century with publications focused on education and social reform. Darpan, launched in 1832, was the first Marathi publication. Other notable early publications included Prabhakar (1841), which promoted Indian art and culture, Jnyanodaya (1842) by Christian missionaries, and Jnyan Prakash (1849), an influential weekly edited by Krishnaraj Trimbak Ranade. Over the decades, various Marathi publications advanced social causes like women's rights, Dalit upliftment, and confronting European atrocities in India. Publications such as Kesari (1881) and Sudharak (1887) were influential in the Indian independence
The document discusses guidelines and responsibilities for media reporting on communal riots and conflicts between religious groups in India. It states that media should adopt self-regulation and avoid sensationalism. The media should report objectively by getting both sides of the story, checking facts, and avoiding language that could incite violence or disrupt peace and harmony among communities. The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and promoting national solidarity during times of conflict.
This document discusses the importance of writing a focused news story with a clear theme that is established in the lead paragraph. There are two main types of leads: the direct lead, which immediately reveals the most important events or theme in one to two sentences; and the delayed lead, which sets a scene or evokes a mood over one to four paragraphs before revealing the theme. Whichever type of lead is used, it should capture the essence of the story and encourage readers to continue reading within the first few paragraphs.
This document discusses the importance of writing a focused news story with a clear theme that is established in the lead paragraph. There are two main types of leads: the direct lead, which immediately reveals the most important events or theme in one to two sentences; and the delayed lead, which sets a scene or evokes a mood over one to four paragraphs before revealing the theme. Whichever type of lead is used, it should capture the essence of the story and encourage readers to continue reading within the first few paragraphs.
The document discusses the inverted pyramid principle of journalism, which states that news articles should present the most important information at the top, with each subsequent paragraph providing progressively less essential details. It originated with 19th century wartime reporters transmitting stories by telegraph, who wanted crucial facts to transmit first in case the connection failed. The principle remains relevant today because busy readers expect the most significant details up front, or they will stop reading. The inverted pyramid guides writers to start with the key points and facts of the story before adding any additional context or background.
2. Sanyukta Maharashtra Samiti (Marathi: संयुक्तमहाराष्ट्रसमिति), roughly translated as United Maharashtra Committee, was an organisation that spearheaded the demand in the 1950s for the creation of a separate Marathi-speaking state out of the (then bilingual) State of Bombay in western India, with the city of Bombay (now known as Mumbai) as its capital.
7. The Indian National Congress had pledged to introduce linguistic states prior to Independence. However after Independence, Nehru and SardarVallabhai Patel were adamantly opposed to linguistic states. They perceived linguistic states as a threat to the integrity of India. For the first time and perhaps the only time, RSS and its chief MadhavSadashivGolwalkar supported Nehru and Patel against redrawing of the map along linguistic lines.
8. In 1956, the SRC (States Re-organisation Committee) recommended creation of linguistic states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala, but recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Mumbai as its capital. Further, they recommended the creation of Vidharbha state to unite the Marathi-speaking people of former Hyderabad State with Marathi speaking areas of Central provinces and Berar state.
9. This led to the creation of the predecessor movement Samyuka Maharashtra Parishad, inaugurated on November 1, 1956, causing a great political stir and, under the leadership of KeshavraoJedhea whole party meeting was held in Pune and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was founded on February 6, 1956.
10. S.M. Joshi, ShripatAmritDange, N.G. Gore and PrahladKeshavAtre fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, even at the cost of sacrificing the lives of several people and finally succeeded in convincing Congress leaders that Maharashtra should form a separate state. The resignation of C. D. Deshmukh, the then Finance Minister of the Nehru Cabinet, had its salutary effect.
11. In January 1956, demonstrators were fired upon by the police at Flora Fountain in Mumbai. Flora Fountain was subsequently renamed HutatmaChowk ("Martyr's Crossroads" ) in their memory. It is estimated that in all, 105people were shot by security forces during the period of agitation and at different places. MorarjiDesai, who was the then chief minister of Bombay state was later removed and replaced by YB Chawan as a result of criticism related to this incident.
12. The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti achieved its goal on May 1, 1960 when the State of Bombay was partitioned into the Marathi-speaking State of Maharashtra and the Gujarati-speaking State of Gujarat. However Goa (then a Portuguese colony), Belgaon, Karwar and adjoining areas, which were also part of the Maharashtra envisaged by the Samiti, were not included in Maharashtra state.
13. Chronology of statehood of Maharashtra(Timeline) 1906: Lokmanya Bal GangadharTilak conceptualizes the state of Maharashtra. 1919: Congress Democratic Party includes demand of state of Maharashtra in its manifesto. The manifesto is drafted under leadership of Tilak. Oct 1, 1938: The legislative assembly of Central Province passes the resolution to break away from bi-lingual Bombay presidency and form a separate state of Vidarbha. Oct 15, 1938: A Marathi literary meet, presided over by V. D. Savarkar, passes a resolution for a separate state for Marathi speaking areas including Vidharbha. Jan 28, 1940: The SamyuktaMahasabha organization is formed in Bombay (now Mumbai) to pursue the resolution passed at the literary meet.
14. 1940-45: The demand of Maharashtra takes back seat due to World War and Quit India Movement. May 12, 1946: A resolution of Samyukta Maharashtra (Unified Maharashtra) is passed at the literary meet in Belgaum, which is presided over by GT Madkholkar. A committee comprising Madkholkar, DV Potdar, ShankarraoDeo, KeshavraoJhede and SS Navre is constituted to implement the resolution. Jul 28, 1946: The committee holds a conference, Maharashtra EkikaranParishad, in Bombay, organized by SK Patil and presided by ShankarraoDeo. Around 200 delegates from Maharashtra, south Maharashtra, Vidharbha and Marathwadaare present for the conference and resolution of Samyukta Maharashtra is passed after Acarya Dada Dharmadhikari’s proposal. Dec 1946: People supporting the formation of state on linguistic lines hold a meeting in New Delhi under leadership of PattabhiSitaramaiya.
15. April 13, 1947: The Akola pact is finalized between ShankarraoDeo and MadhavAne. It is decided that the Maharashtra EkikaranParishad will work on formation of Samyukta Maharashtra including MahaVidharba, Marathwada, Bombay and Maharashtra. Jun 17, 1948: The Union government appoints a commission to be headed by the president of the constitutional council, SK Dhar, to study the formation of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. Dec 10, 1948: The Dhar commission submits its report opposing the formation of states on linguistic lines, saying that such move will be against national interest. Dec 1948: The Congress accepts the principle of the formation of the states on linguistic lines at its Jaipur conclave. A committee comprising PittabhiSitaramiya, Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhai Patel is formed to reconsider this issue. Oct 1953: The State of Andhra Pradesh is formed.
16. Nov 4, 1953: ShankarraoDeo writes Nehru and demands formation of Samyukta Maharashtra. Dec 29, 1953: Union government constitutes the State Reformation Board under Fazal Ali. Aug 1954: Fazal Ali files report after touring Nagpur, Chanda, Akola, Amravati, Pune, and then Bombay Oct 10, 1955: Fazal Ali’s report is made public. The report suggests formation of two states, Bombay and Vidharbha. Ali proposes Bombay with two divisions – Gujarat, including Kutch and Saurashtra, and Maharashtra, including Marathwada. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad opposes this proposal. Oct 19, 1955: Nehru suggests formation of three states: Samyukta Maharashtra, including Vidharba and Marathwada; Maha Gujarat , including Kutch and Saurashtra and Bombay. However, ShankarraoDeo and DhananjayGadgil suggest two states: Samyukta Maharashtra, including Vidharbha, Marathwada and Bombay, and Maha Gujarat, including Kutch and Saurashtra.
17. Nov 8, 1955: Congress working committee accepts Nehru’s tri-state formula. Nov 18, 1955: The Left parties observe the strike in Bombay. Nov 20, 1955: Morarji Desai and SK Patil hold rally at GirgaonChowpatty challenging the supporters of Samyukta Maharashtra. Nov 21, 1955: The Left parties take a morcha (procession) to the state legislature, which the police try to stop. Fifteen people die and 200 are injured as the police open fire on the morcha at Flora Fountain (now known as Hutatmachowk) after some people throw stones. ChimanlalSheth, a reporter from the Gujarati daily Janmabhoomi, is killed while covering the morcha. Nov 1955: Non-Congress political parties form the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti in Pune. Dec 1, 1955: YashwantraoChavan states that if he has to make a choice between Samyukta Maharashtra and Nehru, he will choose Nehru. Jan 16, 1956: Violent agitations follow Nehru’s announcement of making Bombay a union territory.
18. Jan 22, 1956: Union minister C D Deshmukh resigns from the Nehru’s cabinet and alleges that Nehru nurtures ill-will towards Maharashtra. Jun 3, 1956: Nehru declares Bombay a Union territory for five years, but refuses to make the city capital of Maharashtra. He announces a high court and a public service commission for Bombay, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Aug 10, 1956: LokSabha passes a resolution for bigger bilingual state of Bombay. The state includes: Samayukta Maharashtra, including Bombay; and Maha Gujarat including Kutch and Saurashtra. Nov 1956: Samayukta Maharashtra Samiti starts satyagraha Mar 28, 1960: Proposal of division of bigger bilingual state of Bombay is put up in Loksabha. April 21, 1960: Loksabha gives its approval for a divided bigger bilingual state of Bombay.
19. Finally . . . May 1, 1960: Maharashtra is formed with Bombay as its capital.