Palmieri, P. A., & Peterson, L. T. (2009). Safety culture as a healthcare construct. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (August 9): Chicago, Illinois, USA. Nominated for Best Paper Award, Healthcare Management Division.
Systems’ Hypocrisy Theory: The Divergence of Ergonomics and Organizational He...Peter J Stavroulakis
Long has it been argued that the invaluable solutions that ergonomics is capable to provide to institutions, organizations, firms and systems in general, are under–utilized. Ergonomics, as a state of assessing our organizational philosophy has to encounter and include many aspects that do not have anything to do with any abstract or tedious task, but are deeper, profound and are concerned with broader parameters, such as education and culture. This find happens to consort an observed modus operandi that shows resilience. The instruments are there, readily available to be applied in order to transform organizational practice to the definition of a win-win practicality, but they are not, and subsequently systems are left to torment, dysfunction and disease. At the same time, a body of knowledge that is concerned with organizational health has been crystallizing: the wellbeing of the organization directly correlated with the wellbeing of its employees. Pertinent indicators have been formulated and results show that organizational culture may be suffering from absence of ideals unleashed to the world even as far back as the human relations’ school. This paper introduces a conceptual system with respect to the correlation of the key principles of ergonomics with those rooted in organizational health. The practical divergence of these principles is coined as systems’ hypocrisy and the consequent theory is formulated. From this conceptual infrastructure practical guidelines may be laid out in order to achieve a better understanding towards the manifestation and sustainability of systemic health.
2014 254102 Professional and Ethical Practice writing workshop 1Martin McMorrow
This presentation is designed for students enrolled in the Ethical and Professional Practice paper [254.102] at Massey University, New Zealand. It highlights key issues related to writing the first assignment in the course.
The document discusses the UK's approach to psychosocial risk management in the workplace. It notes that the changing nature of work is introducing new psychosocial hazards that can impact employee health. Two main work-related health issues are musculoskeletal disorders and stress, both linked to psychosocial risks like high workload, lack of control, and poor support. The UK uses tools like the Management Standards to identify psychosocial hazards and implement a process of hazard identification, risk assessment, interventions, and evaluation to reduce risks and promote employee and organizational health.
Introduction
Foreign Object Damage
– An aviation perspective
Health, Safety and Environment – a holistic approach
Engaging the human element
Culture
Leadership’s role
This document summarizes a literature review on ethics in athletic coaching. It finds that while coaching is a prominent role, there is little formalized ethical training or guidelines for coaches. The review examines key topics in the existing literature, including coach-athlete relationships, balancing ethics and winning, legal responsibilities, and proposals for improved ethics education. While the literature provides insight into coaches' perspectives, more empirical research is still needed due to a lack of quantitative studies. Overall, the review finds that establishing universal ethical guidelines and improved training could help address ethical issues in coaching.
Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practiceijtsrd
Research in education is conducted to address educational problem and provides solution that will stimulate effectiveness within the educational sector. Like other disciplines, educational researches must be conducted without issues or bottlenecks that will hinder the integrity of the study or the researchers. This chapter identifies various issues that are currently practiced which are unethical. The chapter also provides insights to the aspects that researchers and scholars must focus in order to ensure that unethical issues are avoided when conducting researches. Conclusions and recommendations were made in order to improve the current practices towards global best practices in educational research management. Sukhdev Singh Dhanju "Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practice" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30865.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/30865/ethical-issues-in-educational-research-management-and-practice/sukhdev-singh-dhanju
High-demand jobs may expect age-related diversity in work ability. Most aging workers will not perceive work ability problems when growing older if they are not working in high-demand jobs. However, focus should be on protecting the work-related health of aging workers in high-demand jobs. High-demand jobs are characterized by specific job demands that cannot be eliminated through current measures and may exceed exposure limits or average human capacities, increasing the risk of health problems. Knowledge is lacking about work ability for workers aged 60 and over in high-demand jobs.
This document discusses several ethical considerations for research involving human participants. It raises questions about informed consent, costs and benefits to participants, and privacy. The key principles are that participants must provide informed consent, having been told the purpose and procedures of the research, their right to not participate or withdraw, and potential benefits. Researchers must consider external codes and laws, risks to participants, and the consequences of the research for individuals and society. The Seedhouse Ethical Grid is presented as a tool to help structure ethical analysis in research.
Systems’ Hypocrisy Theory: The Divergence of Ergonomics and Organizational He...Peter J Stavroulakis
Long has it been argued that the invaluable solutions that ergonomics is capable to provide to institutions, organizations, firms and systems in general, are under–utilized. Ergonomics, as a state of assessing our organizational philosophy has to encounter and include many aspects that do not have anything to do with any abstract or tedious task, but are deeper, profound and are concerned with broader parameters, such as education and culture. This find happens to consort an observed modus operandi that shows resilience. The instruments are there, readily available to be applied in order to transform organizational practice to the definition of a win-win practicality, but they are not, and subsequently systems are left to torment, dysfunction and disease. At the same time, a body of knowledge that is concerned with organizational health has been crystallizing: the wellbeing of the organization directly correlated with the wellbeing of its employees. Pertinent indicators have been formulated and results show that organizational culture may be suffering from absence of ideals unleashed to the world even as far back as the human relations’ school. This paper introduces a conceptual system with respect to the correlation of the key principles of ergonomics with those rooted in organizational health. The practical divergence of these principles is coined as systems’ hypocrisy and the consequent theory is formulated. From this conceptual infrastructure practical guidelines may be laid out in order to achieve a better understanding towards the manifestation and sustainability of systemic health.
2014 254102 Professional and Ethical Practice writing workshop 1Martin McMorrow
This presentation is designed for students enrolled in the Ethical and Professional Practice paper [254.102] at Massey University, New Zealand. It highlights key issues related to writing the first assignment in the course.
The document discusses the UK's approach to psychosocial risk management in the workplace. It notes that the changing nature of work is introducing new psychosocial hazards that can impact employee health. Two main work-related health issues are musculoskeletal disorders and stress, both linked to psychosocial risks like high workload, lack of control, and poor support. The UK uses tools like the Management Standards to identify psychosocial hazards and implement a process of hazard identification, risk assessment, interventions, and evaluation to reduce risks and promote employee and organizational health.
Introduction
Foreign Object Damage
– An aviation perspective
Health, Safety and Environment – a holistic approach
Engaging the human element
Culture
Leadership’s role
This document summarizes a literature review on ethics in athletic coaching. It finds that while coaching is a prominent role, there is little formalized ethical training or guidelines for coaches. The review examines key topics in the existing literature, including coach-athlete relationships, balancing ethics and winning, legal responsibilities, and proposals for improved ethics education. While the literature provides insight into coaches' perspectives, more empirical research is still needed due to a lack of quantitative studies. Overall, the review finds that establishing universal ethical guidelines and improved training could help address ethical issues in coaching.
Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practiceijtsrd
Research in education is conducted to address educational problem and provides solution that will stimulate effectiveness within the educational sector. Like other disciplines, educational researches must be conducted without issues or bottlenecks that will hinder the integrity of the study or the researchers. This chapter identifies various issues that are currently practiced which are unethical. The chapter also provides insights to the aspects that researchers and scholars must focus in order to ensure that unethical issues are avoided when conducting researches. Conclusions and recommendations were made in order to improve the current practices towards global best practices in educational research management. Sukhdev Singh Dhanju "Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practice" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30865.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/30865/ethical-issues-in-educational-research-management-and-practice/sukhdev-singh-dhanju
High-demand jobs may expect age-related diversity in work ability. Most aging workers will not perceive work ability problems when growing older if they are not working in high-demand jobs. However, focus should be on protecting the work-related health of aging workers in high-demand jobs. High-demand jobs are characterized by specific job demands that cannot be eliminated through current measures and may exceed exposure limits or average human capacities, increasing the risk of health problems. Knowledge is lacking about work ability for workers aged 60 and over in high-demand jobs.
This document discusses several ethical considerations for research involving human participants. It raises questions about informed consent, costs and benefits to participants, and privacy. The key principles are that participants must provide informed consent, having been told the purpose and procedures of the research, their right to not participate or withdraw, and potential benefits. Researchers must consider external codes and laws, risks to participants, and the consequences of the research for individuals and society. The Seedhouse Ethical Grid is presented as a tool to help structure ethical analysis in research.
This document discusses strategies for fostering ethical leadership in organizations. It begins by noting that several high-profile business failures were due to unethical leadership. Ethical leadership is important to protect organizations' culture, reputation and productivity. The document then explores definitions of ethical leadership, the role of integrity and ethics in leadership, and the consequences of ethical versus unethical leadership. Specifically, research shows that ethical leadership can positively influence employees' values and behaviors, as well as their job satisfaction and well-being. Overall, the document argues for reinstating character formation and holistic education as ways to develop ethical leadership across different domains of society.
The document presents a case study that tested a safety culture intervention at an industrial plant. The intervention aimed to improve safety culture by creating more and better safety-related interactions through developing the health and safety organization (HSO). Results indicated the HSO's performance and interactions improved, and safety culture indicators and injury rates trended positively. This provides evidence the HSO can impact safety culture when focused on increasing safety-related interactions.
SF 470Assignment #3For this assignment you are to read the.docxlesleyryder69361
SF 470
Assignment #3
For this assignment you are to read the article titled “Corporate Culture” by Judith Erickson.
1) You are to read and summarize the article, identifying the key points made in the article. Reflect on the issues you find enlightening.
2) Identify at least three points that you agree and/or disagree with that the author made in her article. Present cogent arguments, from your perspective, with supporting citations. Be sure to cite your support sources.
Safety ManagementSafety Management
S
Corporate
Culture
Examining its effects on safety performance
By Judith A. Erickson
SAFETY PERFORMANCE is divided into two
aspects: safety program elements and safety process
elements (Erickson, 2006). The program elements
deal with basic safety functioning: regulations, legis-
lation, training, audits and related items. These ele-
ments are considered hard skills and are under
control of the safety professional. The process ele-
ments are the underlying factors within an organi-
zation that either help or hinder the safety effort.
These soft skills are indicators of the corporate cul-
ture, and they are not under the safety professional’s
control (Erickson, 1994).
To achieve optimal safety functioning, both cultur-
al elements and compliance issues must be
addressed. The scientific evidence is overwhelming
that both hard and soft skills are needed to attain opti-
mal safety and business performance (Erickson, 1994;
2001; Shannon, Mayr & Haines, 1997; DeJoy, Schaffer,
Wilson, et al., 2003; Vredenburgh, 2002; Zohar &
Luria, 2004; Parker, Axtell & Turner, 2001; Hofmann &
Morgeson, 1999; Hofmann, Morgeson & Gerras, 2003;
Turner & Parker, 2003; Maierhofer, Griffin & Sheehan,
2000; Maister, 2001; Drucker, 1954; O’Toole, 1996;
Maister, 1997; Buckingham & Coffman, 1999).
However, some in the technical or engineering
fields believe that soft skills are not measurable by
any standard technique or protocol. Within acade-
mia, natural and physical research scientists often
posit this view when discussing the social sciences.
Yet, with rigorous research design and protocol,
social scientists can conduct scientific research that is
quantitatively and statistically equivalent to that of
natural and physical scientists. Through such meth-
ods, the effects of these soft skills have been statisti-
cally correlated with safety performance and
organizational functioning. These measurements are
available to researchers to help organizations im-
prove their safety and business performance.
When assessing organizational culture, SH&E
professionals must be aware of the scientific bases of
the cultural interventions they select. They must
Abstract: Research
demonstrates that cor-
porate culture influences
an organization’s safety
performance. When
assessing organizational
culture, SH&E profession-
als must be aware of the
scientific bases of the
cultural interventions
they choose. This will
help them decide ration-
ally and logically how
they w.
The document discusses various theoretical frameworks that can be applied in research. It defines a theoretical framework as the blueprint that guides a study based on existing theories in the literature. A conceptual framework is the researcher's own model for explaining relationships between main variables. Key aspects of developing a theoretical or conceptual framework are identifying relevant theories and concepts from literature and ensuring good fit with the research problem, questions and methodology. Several examples of theoretical frameworks are provided, including stakeholder theory, signaling theory, attribution theory, and diffusion of innovation theory.
Safety ManagementSafety Management
S
Corporate
Culture
Examining its effects on safety performance
By Judith A. Erickson
SAFETY PERFORMANCE is divided into two
aspects: safety program elements and safety process
elements (Erickson, 2006). The program elements
deal with basic safety functioning: regulations, legis-
lation, training, audits and related items. These ele-
ments are considered hard skills and are under
control of the safety professional. The process ele-
ments are the underlying factors within an organi-
zation that either help or hinder the safety effort.
These soft skills are indicators of the corporate cul-
ture, and they are not under the safety professional’s
control (Erickson, 1994).
To achieve optimal safety functioning, both cultur-
al elements and compliance issues must be
addressed. The scientific evidence is overwhelming
that both hard and soft skills are needed to attain opti-
mal safety and business performance (Erickson, 1994;
2001; Shannon, Mayr & Haines, 1997; DeJoy, Schaffer,
Wilson, et al., 2003; Vredenburgh, 2002; Zohar &
Luria, 2004; Parker, Axtell & Turner, 2001; Hofmann &
Morgeson, 1999; Hofmann, Morgeson & Gerras, 2003;
Turner & Parker, 2003; Maierhofer, Griffin & Sheehan,
2000; Maister, 2001; Drucker, 1954; O’Toole, 1996;
Maister, 1997; Buckingham & Coffman, 1999).
However, some in the technical or engineering
fields believe that soft skills are not measurable by
any standard technique or protocol. Within acade-
mia, natural and physical research scientists often
posit this view when discussing the social sciences.
Yet, with rigorous research design and protocol,
social scientists can conduct scientific research that is
quantitatively and statistically equivalent to that of
natural and physical scientists. Through such meth-
ods, the effects of these soft skills have been statisti-
cally correlated with safety performance and
organizational functioning. These measurements are
available to researchers to help organizations im-
prove their safety and business performance.
When assessing organizational culture, SH&E
professionals must be aware of the scientific bases of
the cultural interventions they select. They must
Abstract: Research
demonstrates that cor-
porate culture influences
an organization’s safety
performance. When
assessing organizational
culture, SH&E profession-
als must be aware of the
scientific bases of the
cultural interventions
they choose. This will
help them decide ration-
ally and logically how
they will assess their cul-
tures and not be influ-
enced by flavor-of
the-month trends. This
will lead to informed,
intelligent decisions
that will provide corpo-
ratewide benefits.
decide rationally and logically how they will assess
their cultures and not be influenced by flavor-of the-
month jargon. This will enable them to make
informed, intelligent decisions that will provide cor-
poratewide benefits.
How Corporate Culture
Affects Safety Performance
Assessing corporate culture as.
Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. Research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It involves the discovery of new facts or testing new ideas.
2. Two reasons why we need to conduct research are:
- To gain new knowledge and understanding. Research allows us to discover new facts and relationships that were previously unknown. This expands our body of knowledge.
- To solve problems. Research helps us identify solutions to problems by testing new ideas and approaches through a systematic process. This allows us to improve practices, products, policies and theories.
3. Two general and specific purposes of research are:
- Description - Research describes a phenomenon. For example,
This document reviews the literature on patient safety culture in hospitals. It identifies 7 key subcultures that define safety culture: leadership, teamwork, evidence-based practice, communication, learning, justice, and patient-centered care. Leadership is seen as essential for establishing a culture of safety. The review develops a conceptual model and typology that categorizes properties of each subculture identified in the literature. The model and typology are intended to help hospital leaders understand and develop an organizational culture of safety.
This document provides a literature review on global occupational safety and health practices and the severity of accidents. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The literature review identifies existing gaps in previous workplace safety and health management research and proposes areas for future study. Many studies have found that risks to occupational safety and health are increasing globally due to industrialization, but developing countries often overlook workplace safety in their economic policies. The review finds gaps in developing multilevel safety models, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and approaches that consider multiple health factors, and suggests these areas need further research to improve workplace safety and health management.
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON GLOBAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICE ACCID...Justin Knight
This document provides a literature review on global occupational safety and health practices and the severity of accidents. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The literature review identifies existing gaps in previous workplace safety and health management research and proposes areas for future study. Many studies have found that risks to occupational safety and health are increasing globally due to industrialization, but developing countries often overlook workplace safety in their economic policies. The review finds gaps in developing multilevel safety models, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and approaches that consider multiple health factors, and suggests these areas need further research to improve workplace safety and health management.
APPLYING CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY TO CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONSAngelina Johnson
1) The document proposes applying case study methodology as an appropriate methodological framework for child custody evaluations (CCEs). Case study methodology involves collecting multiple sources of data, analyzing patterns in the data, drawing tentative conclusions, generating explanations, and making predictions.
2) Case study methodology fits well with CCEs because CCEs similarly require collecting data from multiple sources to understand the complex factors within families, and making recommendations to family courts about child custody arrangements.
3) Using case study methodology could help standardize CCE processes and reports, making evaluations more scientifically valid and easier to evaluate.
This second interactive webinar in the series will draw upon Dr. Ian Graham's Knowledge to Action cycle and focus specifically on the central role of developing and synthesising evidence of what to implement and which knowledge translation and implementation strategies are most effective for promoting implementation, and developing the knowledge infrastructure to make best use of evidence.
This study examined the relationship between perceived organizational values, safety climate, and safety outcomes. The researchers surveyed employees in high risk industries to assess their perceptions of organizational values, safety climate, and safety incidents. Using a statistical technique called Modal Profile Analysis, the researchers identified four commonly perceived profiles of organizational values. The results of the analysis showed that employees who perceived an emphasis on employee well-being or employee well-being and goal attainment reported higher safety climate and fewer incidents. Employees who perceived an emphasis on formal processes/procedures or formal processes/procedures and goal attainment reported lower safety climate and more incidents. The findings suggest that different perceived patterns of organizational values are related to safety climate and outcomes.
Observational research methods involve researchers gathering information by observing behaviors, occurrences, or objects without interfering. There are two types - participant observation where the researcher is involved, and non-participant observation where they observe unobtrusively. Data can be collected quickly through observation, and behaviors are observed as they naturally occur. However, observational research poses ethical issues regarding privacy if it involves tracking individuals without their permission. Experimentation research controls variables to test theories and determine cause-and-effect relationships. It can establish whether an intervention produces the intended result but historically some experiments like the Tuskegee Syphilis study severely disregarded ethics and human rights. Professional codes now aim to ensure research follows ethical standards and benefits society.
This document describes a case study that aimed to improve safety culture at an industrial plant through interventions targeting the health and safety organization (HSO). Baseline assessments were conducted to map safety culture and the HSO's efficiency. Then three developmental processes were initiated: one focused on the health and safety committee, one on the entire HSO, and one on safety representatives. Follow-up assessments after 23 months found improvements in HSO performance, safety-related interactions, safety culture indicators, and injury rates. These changes suggest a cultural shift occurred as the interventions led to modification of underlying assumptions through organizational double-loop learning. The study provides evidence that focusing an HSO on increasing safety-related interactions can positively impact company safety culture.
Factors Affecting Safety Culture Amongst Employees in Fast Food Restaurant by...Moon Girl
This document summarizes a study on safety culture in fast food restaurants. The study examined the relationship between employee behavior, management systems, working conditions, and safety culture. It developed hypotheses that each of the three independent variables (employee behavior, management systems, working conditions) would positively relate to the dependent variable of safety culture. Survey data supported all three hypotheses. The study provided implications for theory, research methodology, and practice in maintaining a positive safety culture.
Rhona Flin: building a safety culture in the NHSThe King's Fund
Rhona Flin, Professor of Applied Psychology at the University of Aberdeen, discusses how we can develop and manage a safety culture in the NHS and draws on how safety is managed in other industries.
Organizational Ethics Research: A Systematic Review of Methods and Analytical...ValerieBez1
This document summarizes a systematic review of 184 empirical studies on organizational ethics published between 1980 and 2012. The review analyzed the studies' methods and analytical techniques to identify gaps in the literature and suggest opportunities for future research. Key findings included that the studies were predominantly cross-sectional in design, relied heavily on surveys for data collection, and focused on content areas like codes of conduct and ethical climate. Understanding the current state of empirical research methods can help strengthen organizational ethics as a field of study.
This document discusses nursing theory, including its key components and purposes. A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships and assumptions that provide a systematic view of a phenomenon. The components of a theory include concepts, definitions, assumptions, and the phenomenon of interest. A paradigm is a model that explains the linkages in a discipline between science, philosophy and theory. Nursing theory identifies its domain as including four linkages: person/client, health, environment, and nursing. The purposes of nursing theory are to guide practice, generate knowledge, and explain why nurses perform certain actions. Studying nursing theory helps to envision potentialities and reframe thinking about nursing. Theory can also guide research and close the gap between theory and practice.
Introduction to ethical issues in public health ghaiathDr Ghaiath Hussein
This document summarizes an EMPHNET meeting on public health ethics held in Sharm Elshiekh, Egypt in December 2011. It discusses definitions of public health, the differences between clinical ethics and public health ethics, sources of ethical concerns in public health practice and research including pandemics. It outlines guiding ethical principles from different philosophical and religious perspectives and how to deal with ethical tensions in public health, emphasizing the need for fair decision making processes and involvement of ethics.
This article examines differences in safety schemas among upper managers, supervisors, and workers. The study used interviews and text analysis software to analyze safety perceptions. The software identified 10 themes in participants' discussions of safety. Upper managers focused on culture and people, supervisors on corporate values, management practices, and safety communication, and workers on procedures and safety training. The results suggest safety schemas differ between groups and this could impact safety efforts if not addressed.
This document discusses strategies for fostering ethical leadership in organizations. It begins by noting that several high-profile business failures were due to unethical leadership. Ethical leadership is important to protect organizations' culture, reputation and productivity. The document then explores definitions of ethical leadership, the role of integrity and ethics in leadership, and the consequences of ethical versus unethical leadership. Specifically, research shows that ethical leadership can positively influence employees' values and behaviors, as well as their job satisfaction and well-being. Overall, the document argues for reinstating character formation and holistic education as ways to develop ethical leadership across different domains of society.
The document presents a case study that tested a safety culture intervention at an industrial plant. The intervention aimed to improve safety culture by creating more and better safety-related interactions through developing the health and safety organization (HSO). Results indicated the HSO's performance and interactions improved, and safety culture indicators and injury rates trended positively. This provides evidence the HSO can impact safety culture when focused on increasing safety-related interactions.
SF 470Assignment #3For this assignment you are to read the.docxlesleyryder69361
SF 470
Assignment #3
For this assignment you are to read the article titled “Corporate Culture” by Judith Erickson.
1) You are to read and summarize the article, identifying the key points made in the article. Reflect on the issues you find enlightening.
2) Identify at least three points that you agree and/or disagree with that the author made in her article. Present cogent arguments, from your perspective, with supporting citations. Be sure to cite your support sources.
Safety ManagementSafety Management
S
Corporate
Culture
Examining its effects on safety performance
By Judith A. Erickson
SAFETY PERFORMANCE is divided into two
aspects: safety program elements and safety process
elements (Erickson, 2006). The program elements
deal with basic safety functioning: regulations, legis-
lation, training, audits and related items. These ele-
ments are considered hard skills and are under
control of the safety professional. The process ele-
ments are the underlying factors within an organi-
zation that either help or hinder the safety effort.
These soft skills are indicators of the corporate cul-
ture, and they are not under the safety professional’s
control (Erickson, 1994).
To achieve optimal safety functioning, both cultur-
al elements and compliance issues must be
addressed. The scientific evidence is overwhelming
that both hard and soft skills are needed to attain opti-
mal safety and business performance (Erickson, 1994;
2001; Shannon, Mayr & Haines, 1997; DeJoy, Schaffer,
Wilson, et al., 2003; Vredenburgh, 2002; Zohar &
Luria, 2004; Parker, Axtell & Turner, 2001; Hofmann &
Morgeson, 1999; Hofmann, Morgeson & Gerras, 2003;
Turner & Parker, 2003; Maierhofer, Griffin & Sheehan,
2000; Maister, 2001; Drucker, 1954; O’Toole, 1996;
Maister, 1997; Buckingham & Coffman, 1999).
However, some in the technical or engineering
fields believe that soft skills are not measurable by
any standard technique or protocol. Within acade-
mia, natural and physical research scientists often
posit this view when discussing the social sciences.
Yet, with rigorous research design and protocol,
social scientists can conduct scientific research that is
quantitatively and statistically equivalent to that of
natural and physical scientists. Through such meth-
ods, the effects of these soft skills have been statisti-
cally correlated with safety performance and
organizational functioning. These measurements are
available to researchers to help organizations im-
prove their safety and business performance.
When assessing organizational culture, SH&E
professionals must be aware of the scientific bases of
the cultural interventions they select. They must
Abstract: Research
demonstrates that cor-
porate culture influences
an organization’s safety
performance. When
assessing organizational
culture, SH&E profession-
als must be aware of the
scientific bases of the
cultural interventions
they choose. This will
help them decide ration-
ally and logically how
they w.
The document discusses various theoretical frameworks that can be applied in research. It defines a theoretical framework as the blueprint that guides a study based on existing theories in the literature. A conceptual framework is the researcher's own model for explaining relationships between main variables. Key aspects of developing a theoretical or conceptual framework are identifying relevant theories and concepts from literature and ensuring good fit with the research problem, questions and methodology. Several examples of theoretical frameworks are provided, including stakeholder theory, signaling theory, attribution theory, and diffusion of innovation theory.
Safety ManagementSafety Management
S
Corporate
Culture
Examining its effects on safety performance
By Judith A. Erickson
SAFETY PERFORMANCE is divided into two
aspects: safety program elements and safety process
elements (Erickson, 2006). The program elements
deal with basic safety functioning: regulations, legis-
lation, training, audits and related items. These ele-
ments are considered hard skills and are under
control of the safety professional. The process ele-
ments are the underlying factors within an organi-
zation that either help or hinder the safety effort.
These soft skills are indicators of the corporate cul-
ture, and they are not under the safety professional’s
control (Erickson, 1994).
To achieve optimal safety functioning, both cultur-
al elements and compliance issues must be
addressed. The scientific evidence is overwhelming
that both hard and soft skills are needed to attain opti-
mal safety and business performance (Erickson, 1994;
2001; Shannon, Mayr & Haines, 1997; DeJoy, Schaffer,
Wilson, et al., 2003; Vredenburgh, 2002; Zohar &
Luria, 2004; Parker, Axtell & Turner, 2001; Hofmann &
Morgeson, 1999; Hofmann, Morgeson & Gerras, 2003;
Turner & Parker, 2003; Maierhofer, Griffin & Sheehan,
2000; Maister, 2001; Drucker, 1954; O’Toole, 1996;
Maister, 1997; Buckingham & Coffman, 1999).
However, some in the technical or engineering
fields believe that soft skills are not measurable by
any standard technique or protocol. Within acade-
mia, natural and physical research scientists often
posit this view when discussing the social sciences.
Yet, with rigorous research design and protocol,
social scientists can conduct scientific research that is
quantitatively and statistically equivalent to that of
natural and physical scientists. Through such meth-
ods, the effects of these soft skills have been statisti-
cally correlated with safety performance and
organizational functioning. These measurements are
available to researchers to help organizations im-
prove their safety and business performance.
When assessing organizational culture, SH&E
professionals must be aware of the scientific bases of
the cultural interventions they select. They must
Abstract: Research
demonstrates that cor-
porate culture influences
an organization’s safety
performance. When
assessing organizational
culture, SH&E profession-
als must be aware of the
scientific bases of the
cultural interventions
they choose. This will
help them decide ration-
ally and logically how
they will assess their cul-
tures and not be influ-
enced by flavor-of
the-month trends. This
will lead to informed,
intelligent decisions
that will provide corpo-
ratewide benefits.
decide rationally and logically how they will assess
their cultures and not be influenced by flavor-of the-
month jargon. This will enable them to make
informed, intelligent decisions that will provide cor-
poratewide benefits.
How Corporate Culture
Affects Safety Performance
Assessing corporate culture as.
Here are the answers to the quiz:
1. Research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It involves the discovery of new facts or testing new ideas.
2. Two reasons why we need to conduct research are:
- To gain new knowledge and understanding. Research allows us to discover new facts and relationships that were previously unknown. This expands our body of knowledge.
- To solve problems. Research helps us identify solutions to problems by testing new ideas and approaches through a systematic process. This allows us to improve practices, products, policies and theories.
3. Two general and specific purposes of research are:
- Description - Research describes a phenomenon. For example,
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Safety culture as a healthcare construct
1. Safety Culture as a
Healthcare Construct
Patrick A. Palmieri
Center for American Education
Lori T. Peterson
Nance College of Business Administration
Presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Academy of
Management, Chicago, Illinois (August 9, 2009).
Best Paper Award Nominee, Health Care Division.
2. Funding Sources for Our Work
• Patrick Albert Palmieri
– Duke Health Technology Solutions
• Information Technology Fellowship
– Duke University
• Doctoral Scholarship
– National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• Roadmap for Medical Research, (Individual T-32 Summer
Research Award). Project: Organizational Safety Culture Survey
Reliability and Validity (Palmieri, PI). Duke University Clinical
and Translational Science Institute (Califf, PI).
• Lori T. Peterson
– Texas Tech University Rawls College of Business
• Center for Health Innovation, Education, and Research
3. Paper Aims
• Analyze the theoretical underpinnings of safety
culture
• Examine the psychometric performance
properties of the measurement instruments
• Provide an assessment about the state of safety
culture research in healthcare
4. Presentation Aims
• Summarize the state of healthcare to support the
need for safety culture research
• Identify the disciplinary origination (theoretical
influences) for the safety culture concept
• Describe the contemporary safety culture
framework
• Discuss the findings from our review
• Recommend aims and goals for future safety
culture work
6. “It may seem a strange principle
to enunciate as the very first
requirement in a hospital that it
should do the sick no harm”
Florence Nightingale, 1863, Notes on Hospitals
7. Healthcare is Dangerous
• Flawed systems (e.g. Zhan & Miller, 2003)
• Faulty processes (e.g. Reason, Carthey, & de Leval, 2001)
• Poor interactions (e.g. Cook, Render, & Woods, 2000)
• Substandard performance (e.g. Benner et al. 2006)
• Inadequate training (e.g. Bohmer & Edmondson, 2001)
• Poor management practices (e.g. Konteh et al., 2008)
Anatomy and Physiology of Error in Adverse Healthcare Events
Palmieri, DeLucia, Peterson, Ott, & Green (2008)
8. Safety Culture Focus
• Institute of Medicine recommends that
healthcare organizations:
– Develop safety cultures
– Routinely assess safety culture
– Establish comprehensive patient safety plans to
improve error detection
– Reduce opportunities for error by redesigning
care systems
IOM, 2000, 2004a, 2004b
9. Definition of Safety Culture
• A global organizational property that can be
defined as:
The organizational inputs of individual
and group attitudes, perceptions, and
values about workplace behaviors and
system processes that collectively
contribute to safe and reliable
organizational outputs. (Cox and Flin 1998 and others)
11. Theoretical Influences
• Sociology
– Normal Accident Theory
• Psychology
– High Reliability Theory
• Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E)
– Aviation Framework
12. Sociology
• Safety is an emergent property of culture
(Smirich 1983)
– Reflect the collective history of individual
contributions to group (Perrow 1970)
• Culture is not easily changed (Perrow & Langton, 1994;
Sagan, 1994)
• Resistant to direct management intervention
(Mears & Flin, 1999)
• Safety linked to reduced complexity &
coupling
– Inflexible policies and procedures, and poorly
designed processes and systems (Perrow, 1999)
13. Psychology
Similar to Sociology except:
• Cultures readily change
– Exist for the purpose of manipulation (Schein, 1991)
• Individual focused
– “Collective mindfulness” of employees (Weick &
Roberts, 1993; Weick & Sutcliffe, 2006)
• Management practices and interventions
14. Human Factors & Ergonomics
• Emphasis on application not theory
production
• Derived from deductive methodologies
– Critical incident (Flanagan, 1954; Woods & Chattuck, 2000)
– Critical decision (Carlisle, 1986)
Note: Aviation research related to behavioral markers
is incomplete, early in development, and not
psychometrically validated (Yule at al., 2006)
16. Research Assumptions
Four assumptions guide the majority of safety
culture research:
1. Safety focused cultures produce better outcomes
2. Improved safety performance are produced by
positive safety cultures
3. Organizations can improve culture by making
safety a priority
4. Management practices influence employee safety
performance
17. Safety Culture Characteristics
• Four cultural characteristics permit the
organization of work to support safety
1. Learning
2. Reporting
3. Justice and Fairness
4. Flexibility (e.g. Reason, 1998b)
18. Safety Culture Framework
• Frameworks and models undefined
– No arrows, no lines connecting boxes
• Possible antecedents
– Error reporting (Piotrowski & Hinshaw, 2002)
– Non-punitive climate (Dekker, 2007)
– Trust (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002)
– Management involvement and practices (Thomas et al.,
2005; Wong, Helsinger, & Petry, 2002)
– System and processes perspective (Barach & Johnson, 2006)
20. Basic Conceptual Issues
• Unsystematic, fragmented, and “underspecified in
theoretical terms” (Pidgeon ,1998; Zhan et al., 2002)
• Considerable disagreement among safety experts
about the definition of safety culture and how this
is operationalized (Flin et al., 2000; Guldenmund, 2000; Hale, 2000;
Wiegmann et al., 2004)
– Culture & climate terms often used interchangeably
e.g. Cox and Flin, 1998, Colla et al., 2005)
(
• Safety culture research provides management
with data for benchmarking and trends analysis
(Mearns, Flin, & Whitaker, 2001)
21. Healthcare Safety Culture
“The applicability of safety culture as
a universal concept across disciplines
and specialties within healthcare as
well as the relationship to specific
safety performance measures
remains questionable and unsettled .”
Flin et al., 2006
23. Theoretical Framework
“Only the lack of theoretical
grounding, scarcity of conceptual
framework, and the presence of a
dimension related to leadership and
management practices was common
across the reviews.”
e.g. Flin et al., 2000; Guldenmund, 2000;
Colla et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2003a
24. Measurement Instruments
“Merely developing more
measurement scales and re-testing
climate-behavior relationships will
hold back scientific progress.”
Zohar, 2008
25. Research Methods
Measuring individual perceptions within
studies designed to analyze data at the
group or organizational level is
“theoretically incompatible”
Hoffman & Stetzer, 1996; Zohar, 2003
26. Psychometric Properties
The science is limited by the
inadequate attention to establishing
suitable psychometric properties, such
as reporting essential validity and
reliability standards
Colla et al., 2005; Flin et al., 2006; Flin, 2007
27. Conclusion
We agree…
Safety culture “is a concept whose time has come”
and we should “develop a clearer theoretical
understanding of these organizational issues to
create a principled basis for more effective culture-
enhancing practices”. Reason (1998b)
but we also believe…
Inadequate theoretical frameworks and the
associated instrument and methodological issues limit
further development as a translational science where
interventions might be designed, implemented, and
tested as methods to improve outcomes.
28. Contact Information
Patrick A. Palmieri
palmieripa@gmail.com
Lori A. Peterson
ltpeterson@gmail.com
CITATION: Palmieri, P. A., & Peterson, L. T. (2009). Safety culture as a
healthcare construct. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of
Management (August 9): Chicago, Illinois, USA.