The document summarizes a Development Credit Authority (DCA) loan guarantee program between USAID and the Bank of Kigali in Rwanda from 2004 to 2007. The key findings were:
1) The guarantee was fully utilized, with the Bank of Kigali issuing over $1.7 million in loans to coffee washing station investors, achieving 86% of the $2 million guarantee ceiling.
2) The guarantee likely increased the Bank of Kigali's agricultural lending, allowing them to expand into this sector at reduced risk.
3) After the guarantee ended, the Bank of Kigali provided some additional working capital loans to borrowers they had experience with, but did not significantly change their lending
1) A USAID loan guarantee program in Honduras supported lending to agriculture and microenterprises by guaranteeing loans made by the José Maria Covelo Foundation (FJMC) between 2003-2009.
2) The guarantees helped FJMC expand lending to agriculture from 0 to over $222,000 and increase average loan sizes for microenterprises.
3) By 2007, FJMC had developed agricultural lending expertise and expanded their non-guaranteed portfolio, demonstrating the program's success in developing local capacity.
The document summarizes the evolution of rural financial services in Ghana over three phases:
1) Prior to 1990, the informal financial sector dominated due to lack of regulation and limited state interventions. IFAD introduced SCIMP to build confidence in formal banking.
2) From 1990-2000, RFSP upscaled SCIMP nationwide, achieving sustainability, innovation and increased rural bank numbers. Challenges included low farmer lending and contradicting subsidy approaches.
3) Post-2010, RAFIP continues RFSP's work while disengaging from credit lines and building capacity. Knowledge from failures in Cameroon and Niger informed expanding successful models to Nigeria.
MDV as an Innovative Technology Financier
Section 1 provides background on MDV, including that it is wholly owned by the Malaysian government and started in 2003 with initial funding from Japan dedicated to financing ICT projects. MDV has a dual role as an innovative financier and development facilitator for the ICT, biotechnology, and green energy sectors in Malaysia.
Section 2 describes MDV's corporate structure and processes, including its application processing timeline of 30 working days for standard financing to 7-14 working days for special programs. Eligibility criteria for financing include being a public or private limited company in Malaysia with a minimum paid-up capital of RM100,000 and 5 employees.
This document discusses a coffee project in Rwanda called "THE CHOICE OF GORILLA" that aims to promote the best and most rewarding Rwandan coffee. It provides cupping results from June 24, 2010 that evaluate coffee samples on factors like freshness, price, taste, acidity, body, aroma and finish. The project seeks more volunteer cuppers in Rwanda and outlines its goals of encouraging high quality coffee production and introducing Rwandan coffee's freshness and taste globally to support local coffee company marketing.
Fairtrade Africa is an organization that represents over 420 producer organizations in 32 African countries who work to empower smallholder farmers and workers through fair trade. They provide capacity building, technical assistance, and access to markets to help producers strengthen their organizations, increase market access, and advocate for their interests. Fairtrade Africa also works to promote gender equity, climate change adaptation, child protection, and expanding fair trade to new products and regions in Africa.
My trip to the Cyimbili Coffee Plantation in Rwanda is documented in pictures. The coffee plantation visit was made possible through donations from friends and family. In a few pictures, the trip highlights exploring the plantation and learning about coffee production are summarized.
Terrat | Aug-15 | Country of a Thousand HillsSmart Villages
The East Africa Masterclass at Terrat focused on the village level experience of off-grid energy. We have invited local leaders and rural energy providers from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Malawi and Tanzania.
We were keen for village headmen and headwomen to share their village experiences of energy provision and to tell us about the outcomes and impacts of productive energy use in relation to standards of living, education, heath and employment in the village.
The workshop heard from the off grid energy providers about their achievements and challenges in bringing off-grid energy to villages and how they have worked with village leaders and the village community.
1) The Social Coffee Project aims to help Rwandan coffee farmers and exporters through direct trade and social commerce.
2) It will sell limited quantities of specialty coffee bundles through social media promotions for one day only, with profits going towards local communities.
3) Their goal is to sell 2000 bundles in one day to generate over $41,000 for farmers and communities while promoting fresh Rwandan coffee through direct sourcing and quick shipping.
1) A USAID loan guarantee program in Honduras supported lending to agriculture and microenterprises by guaranteeing loans made by the José Maria Covelo Foundation (FJMC) between 2003-2009.
2) The guarantees helped FJMC expand lending to agriculture from 0 to over $222,000 and increase average loan sizes for microenterprises.
3) By 2007, FJMC had developed agricultural lending expertise and expanded their non-guaranteed portfolio, demonstrating the program's success in developing local capacity.
The document summarizes the evolution of rural financial services in Ghana over three phases:
1) Prior to 1990, the informal financial sector dominated due to lack of regulation and limited state interventions. IFAD introduced SCIMP to build confidence in formal banking.
2) From 1990-2000, RFSP upscaled SCIMP nationwide, achieving sustainability, innovation and increased rural bank numbers. Challenges included low farmer lending and contradicting subsidy approaches.
3) Post-2010, RAFIP continues RFSP's work while disengaging from credit lines and building capacity. Knowledge from failures in Cameroon and Niger informed expanding successful models to Nigeria.
MDV as an Innovative Technology Financier
Section 1 provides background on MDV, including that it is wholly owned by the Malaysian government and started in 2003 with initial funding from Japan dedicated to financing ICT projects. MDV has a dual role as an innovative financier and development facilitator for the ICT, biotechnology, and green energy sectors in Malaysia.
Section 2 describes MDV's corporate structure and processes, including its application processing timeline of 30 working days for standard financing to 7-14 working days for special programs. Eligibility criteria for financing include being a public or private limited company in Malaysia with a minimum paid-up capital of RM100,000 and 5 employees.
This document discusses a coffee project in Rwanda called "THE CHOICE OF GORILLA" that aims to promote the best and most rewarding Rwandan coffee. It provides cupping results from June 24, 2010 that evaluate coffee samples on factors like freshness, price, taste, acidity, body, aroma and finish. The project seeks more volunteer cuppers in Rwanda and outlines its goals of encouraging high quality coffee production and introducing Rwandan coffee's freshness and taste globally to support local coffee company marketing.
Fairtrade Africa is an organization that represents over 420 producer organizations in 32 African countries who work to empower smallholder farmers and workers through fair trade. They provide capacity building, technical assistance, and access to markets to help producers strengthen their organizations, increase market access, and advocate for their interests. Fairtrade Africa also works to promote gender equity, climate change adaptation, child protection, and expanding fair trade to new products and regions in Africa.
My trip to the Cyimbili Coffee Plantation in Rwanda is documented in pictures. The coffee plantation visit was made possible through donations from friends and family. In a few pictures, the trip highlights exploring the plantation and learning about coffee production are summarized.
Terrat | Aug-15 | Country of a Thousand HillsSmart Villages
The East Africa Masterclass at Terrat focused on the village level experience of off-grid energy. We have invited local leaders and rural energy providers from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Malawi and Tanzania.
We were keen for village headmen and headwomen to share their village experiences of energy provision and to tell us about the outcomes and impacts of productive energy use in relation to standards of living, education, heath and employment in the village.
The workshop heard from the off grid energy providers about their achievements and challenges in bringing off-grid energy to villages and how they have worked with village leaders and the village community.
1) The Social Coffee Project aims to help Rwandan coffee farmers and exporters through direct trade and social commerce.
2) It will sell limited quantities of specialty coffee bundles through social media promotions for one day only, with profits going towards local communities.
3) Their goal is to sell 2000 bundles in one day to generate over $41,000 for farmers and communities while promoting fresh Rwandan coffee through direct sourcing and quick shipping.
Root Capital received two loan guarantees from USAID's Development Credit Authority (DCA) totaling $3 million to expand lending to small and medium agribusinesses in Latin America and East Africa. The guarantees allowed Root Capital to provide loans to riskier borrowers and enter new markets. As a result, Root Capital was able to triple its Latin America portfolio and nearly triple its Africa portfolio. Many borrowers received additional, non-guaranteed loans from Root Capital and had increased access to finance from other sources over time. The DCA guarantees helped Root Capital demonstrate the creditworthiness of borrowers in these sectors and markets, contributing to improved access to finance for small agricultural businesses.
The $4 million DCA loan guarantee to FinComBank in Moldova successfully increased lending to small businesses in the agriculture sector. The guarantee was almost fully utilized within 18 months and led FinComBank to expand its rural lending network. As a result of its positive experience with the guarantee, FinComBank significantly grew its agriculture portfolio and continued robust lending in the sector after the guarantee. The overall $27 million credit program in Moldova also increased competition among banks for rural borrowers and shifted lending toward smaller farms.
The USAID DCA loan guarantee in the Philippines had 3 objectives: 1) Strengthen the LGUGC's ability to mobilize private capital for local infrastructure projects, 2) Encourage private lending to local governments and water districts, and 3) Expand access to credit for these sectors. The guarantee supported $28.5 million in loans leading to increased private sector confidence in LGUGC and more long-term loans for water districts. While direct impact was modest, the guarantee helped launch private investment in these sectors and informed new programs like the Philippines Water Revolving Fund to continue this progress.
The DCA loan guarantee provided $6 million to support lending to SMEs through the Bank Center-Invest in Russia. While the objective was to expand lending in Krasnodar and Volgograd regions, most loans were provided in the Rostov region due to the bank's risk aversion to new markets. The guarantee helped increase access to credit for 137 SME borrowers and may have influenced the bank to participate in other guarantee programs. However, the guaranteed loans represented only 1% of the bank's total SME portfolio, so the full impact was likely larger but difficult to measure directly. The evaluation found the program generally achieved its goals of expanding credit to underserved businesses.
The USAID provided loan guarantees to the Bank of Abyssinia (BOA) to encourage lending to Ethiopia's agriculture sector. This increased BOA's agricultural lending from 0% to 2.3% of its portfolio. It allowed farmers access to larger loans than otherwise possible. While the guarantees influenced BOA, other banks also increased agricultural lending due to government policy and potential foreign currency from exports. However, lack of collateral and infrastructure still limit small farmers' access to credit.
The document summarizes an evaluation of loan guarantees provided by USAID to Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) through the Development Credit Authority (DCA) program in 2006 and 2010. The guarantees were intended to encourage KCB to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in underserved areas by covering 50% of the risk. The evaluation found that the guarantees achieved their objectives by enabling KCB to issue over 1,900 loans totaling over $13.5 million to SMEs in sectors like agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. Borrowers experienced growth in sales, profits, and employment. The guarantees also demonstrated to KCB and other Kenyan banks that lending to SMEs can be profitable.
H 4 (Iadb Inter American Development Bank)mcd202dc
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1959 to promote economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance for projects focused on poverty reduction, environmentally sustainable growth, and issues like renewable energy, sanitation, and transportation infrastructure. Based in Washington, D.C., the IDB has approved over $156 billion in financing for development projects totaling $353 billion.
This document summarizes My Client's plan to reallocate $2.9 million from its microfinance portfolio in Southern Sudan to Tanzania. Lower-than-expected demand in Southern Sudan has resulted in a smaller-than-projected loan portfolio. The reallocation plan projects that My Client will reach 88% of its original growth plan for number of borrowers by 2015 based on updated assumptions. It extends the repayment of loans to the Africa Loan Fund to 2017 to avoid default. The plan maintains My Client's development programs and preserves its relationships with investors.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003 to 2008 and 2005 to 2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and industries, provide larger and longer-term loans, and increase lending to SMEs substantially. However, most of EcoBank's lending growth was due to its own strategy rather than the guarantees, which had a modest impact due to representing a small number of sectors. The guarantees gave EcoBank experience that informed but did not dramatically change its lending practices.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003-2008 and 2005-2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and provide longer term loans, but that EcoBank's overall lending growth was driven more by its retail banking strategy than the guarantees. The guarantees had a modest demonstration effect on broader banking sector lending but did not significantly impact total SME lending growth in Ghana.
- EcoBank implemented two DCA loan guarantees with USAID to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana.
- EcoBank used the guarantees to gain experience lending to new industries and borrowers, and to provide larger, longer-term loans for capital expenditures.
- While EcoBank significantly increased its SME lending, most of the growth was part of its broader strategy and not directly attributable to the guarantees, which accounted for a small portion of the SME portfolio.
This document summarizes aBi Finance's experience with guarantee schemes in Uganda from 2010-2013. It discusses aBi Finance's products including lines of credit and guarantee schemes that support financial institutions to provide financing to agribusinesses. The guarantee schemes cover up to 50% of loan amounts and had positive impacts like increasing agricultural lending and job creation. While challenges remained around technical skills, gender imbalance, and insurance access, aBi Finance plans to expand coverage, improve monitoring, and introduce new inclusive financing products and mechanisms.
An informative presentation about Microfinance (Credit) Bureaus, prepared by Planet Finance.
Source: Dutheil, M. (2006). Microfinance Bureaus : Balancing Vision and Pragmatic Solutions. Available: info.worldbank.org/etools/library/latestversion.asp?235943. Last accessed 2, April, 2010.
The IDC is a South African state-owned development finance institution established in 1940 to promote industrial development. It provides various financial instruments including equity, debt, guarantees, and credit lines to support entrepreneurs and competitive industries. The IDC aims to maximize developmental and financial returns within an acceptable risk profile by contributing to balanced economic growth, empowerment, and job creation in South Africa and other African countries. It currently supports a variety of industries and is involved in early-stage project development across the continent.
The document discusses megatrends for the decade ahead in customer service in Asia Pacific. One key trend is the rise of the mass affluent population and middle class in emerging markets. This will force companies to develop new niche products and services tailored to customers who are wealthy enough to demand premium offerings but not wealthy enough for truly high-end options. By 2030, there will be an estimated 1.2 billion middle class consumers globally, with most from developing countries, presenting significant opportunities but also challenges in meeting varied customer expectations.
The document discusses how development credit programs can help unlock private financing for clean energy projects in Asia. It provides examples of how USAID's Development Credit Authority uses loan guarantees and other credit support mechanisms to catalyze investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other sectors. By mitigating risks for lenders, credit guarantees can help address capital constraints and accelerate the transition to sustainable energy.
This document summarizes the scenario of the "Global Ivy League" of banks from 2007-2020. It describes how large traditional banks faced challenges in keeping up with growth and expansion in the period from 2007-2010, but were ultimately able to overcome these challenges by leveraging their scale, trustworthiness, and technology investments. The banks entrenched their dominance through customer inertia and economies of scale, despite the agility of new players in adopting technological innovation.
The Effect of Commercial Banks’ Credit on Agricultural Investment Development...AI Publications
This research intended at assessing the influence of commercial banks' credit on agricultural development in Kurdistan. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of commercial banks’ credit on agricultural development in Erbil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section consisted of demographic questions; starting with respondent‘s age and respondents ‘gender. The second part of questionnaire consisted of 16 questions regarding commercial bank’s credit and 16 questions regarding agricultural development in Kurdistan. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out in Erbil. The researchers distributed 180 questionnaires; however only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. According to the findings of the statistical computation, analyses and results of the test carried out, it demonstrates that: The joint action of commercial banks credit to the agricultural sector, agricultural credit guarantee loan by purpose, government financial allocation to agricultural sector and agricultural products prices are significant factors that can influence agricultural production in Kurdistan. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant influence of commercial bank’s credit on Agricultural Development in Kurdistan. Government fund allocation to the agricultural sector has led to a significant positive growth in agricultural productivity. Prices of agricultural products have not made any significant positive impact on agricultural productivity.
The document discusses a USAID initiative called the Regional Competitiveness Initiative (RCI) that aimed to boost economic growth in South Eastern Europe. RCI provided small grants to establish Centers of Excellence and Innovation (CEIs) focused on sectors like ICT, agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. This supported the development of 5 initial CEIs in various countries. It later expanded the network of CEIs and helped integrate them regionally. The CEIs worked to stimulate innovation, provide training, and increase competitiveness across multiple sectors in the region.
RCI leverages resources and partnerships to improve IT competitiveness in the E&E region. Through partnerships with organizations like ESI Center Bulgaria/Eastern Europe, RCI develops models for IT training and certification that are implemented regionally. This approach improves the processes of regional IT firms and helps them obtain international certifications while also leveraging co-funding from other donors to ensure sustainability. Initial programs launched in 2005-2007 in countries like Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Moldova have continued with support from other programs, demonstrating the sustainability of RCI's model.
Root Capital received two loan guarantees from USAID's Development Credit Authority (DCA) totaling $3 million to expand lending to small and medium agribusinesses in Latin America and East Africa. The guarantees allowed Root Capital to provide loans to riskier borrowers and enter new markets. As a result, Root Capital was able to triple its Latin America portfolio and nearly triple its Africa portfolio. Many borrowers received additional, non-guaranteed loans from Root Capital and had increased access to finance from other sources over time. The DCA guarantees helped Root Capital demonstrate the creditworthiness of borrowers in these sectors and markets, contributing to improved access to finance for small agricultural businesses.
The $4 million DCA loan guarantee to FinComBank in Moldova successfully increased lending to small businesses in the agriculture sector. The guarantee was almost fully utilized within 18 months and led FinComBank to expand its rural lending network. As a result of its positive experience with the guarantee, FinComBank significantly grew its agriculture portfolio and continued robust lending in the sector after the guarantee. The overall $27 million credit program in Moldova also increased competition among banks for rural borrowers and shifted lending toward smaller farms.
The USAID DCA loan guarantee in the Philippines had 3 objectives: 1) Strengthen the LGUGC's ability to mobilize private capital for local infrastructure projects, 2) Encourage private lending to local governments and water districts, and 3) Expand access to credit for these sectors. The guarantee supported $28.5 million in loans leading to increased private sector confidence in LGUGC and more long-term loans for water districts. While direct impact was modest, the guarantee helped launch private investment in these sectors and informed new programs like the Philippines Water Revolving Fund to continue this progress.
The DCA loan guarantee provided $6 million to support lending to SMEs through the Bank Center-Invest in Russia. While the objective was to expand lending in Krasnodar and Volgograd regions, most loans were provided in the Rostov region due to the bank's risk aversion to new markets. The guarantee helped increase access to credit for 137 SME borrowers and may have influenced the bank to participate in other guarantee programs. However, the guaranteed loans represented only 1% of the bank's total SME portfolio, so the full impact was likely larger but difficult to measure directly. The evaluation found the program generally achieved its goals of expanding credit to underserved businesses.
The USAID provided loan guarantees to the Bank of Abyssinia (BOA) to encourage lending to Ethiopia's agriculture sector. This increased BOA's agricultural lending from 0% to 2.3% of its portfolio. It allowed farmers access to larger loans than otherwise possible. While the guarantees influenced BOA, other banks also increased agricultural lending due to government policy and potential foreign currency from exports. However, lack of collateral and infrastructure still limit small farmers' access to credit.
The document summarizes an evaluation of loan guarantees provided by USAID to Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) through the Development Credit Authority (DCA) program in 2006 and 2010. The guarantees were intended to encourage KCB to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in underserved areas by covering 50% of the risk. The evaluation found that the guarantees achieved their objectives by enabling KCB to issue over 1,900 loans totaling over $13.5 million to SMEs in sectors like agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. Borrowers experienced growth in sales, profits, and employment. The guarantees also demonstrated to KCB and other Kenyan banks that lending to SMEs can be profitable.
H 4 (Iadb Inter American Development Bank)mcd202dc
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1959 to promote economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance for projects focused on poverty reduction, environmentally sustainable growth, and issues like renewable energy, sanitation, and transportation infrastructure. Based in Washington, D.C., the IDB has approved over $156 billion in financing for development projects totaling $353 billion.
This document summarizes My Client's plan to reallocate $2.9 million from its microfinance portfolio in Southern Sudan to Tanzania. Lower-than-expected demand in Southern Sudan has resulted in a smaller-than-projected loan portfolio. The reallocation plan projects that My Client will reach 88% of its original growth plan for number of borrowers by 2015 based on updated assumptions. It extends the repayment of loans to the Africa Loan Fund to 2017 to avoid default. The plan maintains My Client's development programs and preserves its relationships with investors.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003 to 2008 and 2005 to 2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and industries, provide larger and longer-term loans, and increase lending to SMEs substantially. However, most of EcoBank's lending growth was due to its own strategy rather than the guarantees, which had a modest impact due to representing a small number of sectors. The guarantees gave EcoBank experience that informed but did not dramatically change its lending practices.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003-2008 and 2005-2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and provide longer term loans, but that EcoBank's overall lending growth was driven more by its retail banking strategy than the guarantees. The guarantees had a modest demonstration effect on broader banking sector lending but did not significantly impact total SME lending growth in Ghana.
- EcoBank implemented two DCA loan guarantees with USAID to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana.
- EcoBank used the guarantees to gain experience lending to new industries and borrowers, and to provide larger, longer-term loans for capital expenditures.
- While EcoBank significantly increased its SME lending, most of the growth was part of its broader strategy and not directly attributable to the guarantees, which accounted for a small portion of the SME portfolio.
This document summarizes aBi Finance's experience with guarantee schemes in Uganda from 2010-2013. It discusses aBi Finance's products including lines of credit and guarantee schemes that support financial institutions to provide financing to agribusinesses. The guarantee schemes cover up to 50% of loan amounts and had positive impacts like increasing agricultural lending and job creation. While challenges remained around technical skills, gender imbalance, and insurance access, aBi Finance plans to expand coverage, improve monitoring, and introduce new inclusive financing products and mechanisms.
An informative presentation about Microfinance (Credit) Bureaus, prepared by Planet Finance.
Source: Dutheil, M. (2006). Microfinance Bureaus : Balancing Vision and Pragmatic Solutions. Available: info.worldbank.org/etools/library/latestversion.asp?235943. Last accessed 2, April, 2010.
The IDC is a South African state-owned development finance institution established in 1940 to promote industrial development. It provides various financial instruments including equity, debt, guarantees, and credit lines to support entrepreneurs and competitive industries. The IDC aims to maximize developmental and financial returns within an acceptable risk profile by contributing to balanced economic growth, empowerment, and job creation in South Africa and other African countries. It currently supports a variety of industries and is involved in early-stage project development across the continent.
The document discusses megatrends for the decade ahead in customer service in Asia Pacific. One key trend is the rise of the mass affluent population and middle class in emerging markets. This will force companies to develop new niche products and services tailored to customers who are wealthy enough to demand premium offerings but not wealthy enough for truly high-end options. By 2030, there will be an estimated 1.2 billion middle class consumers globally, with most from developing countries, presenting significant opportunities but also challenges in meeting varied customer expectations.
The document discusses how development credit programs can help unlock private financing for clean energy projects in Asia. It provides examples of how USAID's Development Credit Authority uses loan guarantees and other credit support mechanisms to catalyze investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other sectors. By mitigating risks for lenders, credit guarantees can help address capital constraints and accelerate the transition to sustainable energy.
This document summarizes the scenario of the "Global Ivy League" of banks from 2007-2020. It describes how large traditional banks faced challenges in keeping up with growth and expansion in the period from 2007-2010, but were ultimately able to overcome these challenges by leveraging their scale, trustworthiness, and technology investments. The banks entrenched their dominance through customer inertia and economies of scale, despite the agility of new players in adopting technological innovation.
The Effect of Commercial Banks’ Credit on Agricultural Investment Development...AI Publications
This research intended at assessing the influence of commercial banks' credit on agricultural development in Kurdistan. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of commercial banks’ credit on agricultural development in Erbil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section consisted of demographic questions; starting with respondent‘s age and respondents ‘gender. The second part of questionnaire consisted of 16 questions regarding commercial bank’s credit and 16 questions regarding agricultural development in Kurdistan. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out in Erbil. The researchers distributed 180 questionnaires; however only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. According to the findings of the statistical computation, analyses and results of the test carried out, it demonstrates that: The joint action of commercial banks credit to the agricultural sector, agricultural credit guarantee loan by purpose, government financial allocation to agricultural sector and agricultural products prices are significant factors that can influence agricultural production in Kurdistan. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant influence of commercial bank’s credit on Agricultural Development in Kurdistan. Government fund allocation to the agricultural sector has led to a significant positive growth in agricultural productivity. Prices of agricultural products have not made any significant positive impact on agricultural productivity.
The document discusses a USAID initiative called the Regional Competitiveness Initiative (RCI) that aimed to boost economic growth in South Eastern Europe. RCI provided small grants to establish Centers of Excellence and Innovation (CEIs) focused on sectors like ICT, agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. This supported the development of 5 initial CEIs in various countries. It later expanded the network of CEIs and helped integrate them regionally. The CEIs worked to stimulate innovation, provide training, and increase competitiveness across multiple sectors in the region.
RCI leverages resources and partnerships to improve IT competitiveness in the E&E region. Through partnerships with organizations like ESI Center Bulgaria/Eastern Europe, RCI develops models for IT training and certification that are implemented regionally. This approach improves the processes of regional IT firms and helps them obtain international certifications while also leveraging co-funding from other donors to ensure sustainability. Initial programs launched in 2005-2007 in countries like Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Moldova have continued with support from other programs, demonstrating the sustainability of RCI's model.
1) The document summarizes an evaluation of a USAID loan guarantee program with Bank Danamon in Indonesia following the 2004 tsunami.
2) The guarantee helped the bank resume and expand microfinance lending in disaster-affected Aceh and North Sumatra, meeting USAID's primary objective.
3) While the bank significantly expanded lending nationwide during the guarantee period, this was largely due to its aggressive growth strategy rather than the guarantee itself, except for lending increases in Aceh.
The consulting team conducted initial meetings in Egypt from March 18-29, 2004 to begin the water and wastewater feasibility study for private sector participation in Alexandria. They met with USAID officers, WWSPR project staff, and local professionals. In Alexandria, the team met with the Governor and utility leaders and received support for private sector involvement. The team proposed adjustments to the scope of work and a project implementation schedule outlining deliverables and meetings through November 2004 to complete the study within the estimated timeframe.
This document provides a transaction implementation plan for a private sector participation (PSP) contract to provide metering services for a pilot area in Alexandria, Egypt. The plan involves procuring a contractor through a competitive bidding process over 9 months. Key activities include gathering customer data, replacing outdated meters, conducting a customer census, and installing advanced metering technology. The PSP contract aims to increase revenues an estimated $1 million per year by improving meter accuracy and identifying illegal connections. A transaction advisor will oversee the procurement process and help structure a 10-year performance-based contract. The plan aims to demonstrate the benefits of PSP for metering services to other Egyptian utilities.
Alexandria | AWGA Needs Assessment and Feasibilitynsegura85
This report examines private sector participation (PSP) opportunities in water and wastewater services in Alexandria, Egypt. Specifically, it assesses the feasibility of two pilot projects: [1] A metering, billing and collection contract for the Alexandria Water General Authority (AWGA) covering 125,000 customer accounts. [2] Contracts for septage collection and operation of a wastewater treatment site for the Alexandria General Organization for Sanitary Drainage (AGOSD). The report finds that a comprehensive 10-year contract for metering, billing and collection by a private operator could improve revenue collection for AWGA while helping modernize operations. However, issues with Alexandria's water distribution system require larger investments outside the scope
This document provides a plan for implementing private sector participation contracts for three water and wastewater operations in Alexandria, Egypt: 1) septage collection and disposal, 2) operation of Site 9N, and 3) transport of waste materials. It recommends pursuing the contracts simultaneously and retaining transaction advisors to help. Key activities include enhancing information, selecting advisors, addressing staff impacts, assessing equipment conditions, and implementing pre-transaction tasks like creating an implementation unit and organizing a data room. The timeline is estimated at 9 months and costs at 4.2 million Egyptian pounds.
Alexandria Water Project Update-Implementation Plannsegura85
This document provides an updated project implementation schedule for the Alexandria Water & Wastewater PSP Study from March 2021 to November 2021. The schedule is divided into 4 main tasks: 1) Developing an initial policy statement; 2) Adjusting the scope of work for service contracts; 3) Conducting a feasibility study; and 4) Creating a transaction and implementation plan. Key deliverables include 7 reports providing recommendations and findings, as well as workshops in Egypt to discuss findings and next steps. The schedule notes that Ramadan religious holidays will occur from mid-October to mid-November.
This document presents the government policy statement for water supply and sanitation services in Alexandria, Egypt. It discusses the challenges facing the water and wastewater systems, including rapid population growth, large investment needs, rigid labor forces, and inadequate cost recovery. It identifies six key policy areas to address: governance, pricing of services, personnel management, financial viability, private sector participation, and regulation. The document provides background and recommendations for each of these areas.
This document discusses policy considerations regarding a feasibility study for private sector participation in the operation and maintenance of Alexandria, Egypt's water and wastewater system. Key points discussed include:
1. Merging the water and sanitation agencies could provide efficiencies but may be difficult due to organizational differences and financial imbalances. A merger is not necessary for reform.
2. Streamlining the over 9,000 personnel across the two agencies could significantly improve productivity but may face political challenges. A phased 50% reduction plan is recommended.
3. Tariff increases are needed but the structure should better target subsidies to the poor.
4. Local agencies should have operational and financial autonomy under the new holding company framework
This document provides a needs assessment and pre-feasibility report for increasing private sector participation in water and wastewater services in Alexandria, Egypt. It analyzes three potential service contracts: 1) Collection and disposal of septage, 2) Operation of the Site 9N wastewater facility, and 3) Transport of wastewater by-products. For septage collection, the report recommends a licensing model over a service contract to reduce costs and illegal dumping. It suggests a lease contract for Site 9N to incentivize improved operations. And it recommends separate service contracts for transport of by-products rather than including it in the Site 9N contract. The report provides background on population trends, existing services, and financial analyses
Alexandria PSP Feasibility Study - Final Reportnsegura85
This document provides a summary of a feasibility study conducted for private sector participation in the water and wastewater systems of Alexandria, Egypt.
1) The study evaluated options for private contracting in metering, billing, and collections at AWGA and found that a comprehensive contract covering all three functions had the most benefits but AWGA preferred a more limited metering-only contract.
2) For AGOSD, licensing private operators for septage collection and disposal was recommended over service contracts, and a long-term lease of wastewater treatment Site 9N to a private operator was favored over a management contract.
3) Transportation of sludge and other waste was best handled through competitive private service contracts rather
The evaluation report summarizes the mid-term performance of the Kosovo Cluster and Business Support Project. Some key findings include:
1. Project implementation has generally been on track, with most targets met. However, results have varied between components, with clusters making better progress than business associations.
2. Impact has included exceeding sales targets for client companies. However, there has been less impact on job creation and export readiness. Efficiency has been positive when comparing costs to increased sales, but costs per beneficiary appear higher.
3. Sustainability of activities depends on strengthening business associations and external factors like privatization and legal reforms. Relevance to strategic goals is high, but government support is still needed for sustainable
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2. On the Cover: Rwandan farmer
holds coffee beans, a major
export of the country.
Photo credit USAID/Rwanda
BACKGROUND enterprises. Qualified borrowers included investors in
Rwanda is a very small and densely populated country coffee washing stations which are a key component of
with a population that depends largely on subsistence the chosen strategy to improve coffee quality.
agriculture for their livelihoods. This dependence,
The DCA guarantee covered 40 percent of the loss of
coupled with a limited land base, small landholdings, a
principal on a maximum of $2 million in loans. In the
high population growth rate, declining agricultural
32 months that the guarantee was in effect the Bank
productivity, high rates of illiteracy, and limited
of Kigali issued over $1.7 million in investment and
opportunities outside of subsistence agriculture
working capital loans to coffee washing station
contribute to low incomes
ABOUT DCA investors thus utilizing 86 percent of the guarantee.
and high rates of poverty.
USAID's Development Credit Authority Table 1 summarizes key characteristics of the
(DCA) was created in 1999 to mobilize The Government of guarantee.
local private capital through the
Rwanda’s Poverty Reduction
establishment of real risk sharing EVALUATION OBJECTIVES
Strategy Paper (PRSP)
relationships with private financial The evaluation assesses the performance of the
institutions in USAID countries. The identifies agriculture as the
guarantee at three levels – output, outcome, and
tool is available to all USAID overseas primary engine for growth.
missions and can be used as a vehicle
impact. At the output level, the evaluation asks
It sets forth a strategy to
for providing much needed credit to an whether the guarantee changed the Bank of Kigali’s
build on the country’s core
array of enterprises and underserved lending practices to the target sector (additionality,
sectors. The evaluation in Rwanda is strengths in agriculture to
i.e., did it issue loans that it would not have disbursed
part of a set of evaluations EGAT/DC increase economic growth
without the guarantee). At the outcome level, the
and combat poverty in the
is undertaking in different countries, to
test a series of developmental evaluation assesses the extent to which the guarantee
medium term. Rwanda’s
hypotheses related to the DCA affected the Bank of Kigali lending to the target sector
environment is ideal for
guarantees. outside of the protection of the guarantee. At the
producing distinctive coffees
impact level, the evaluation asks whether the
and enhancing the capacity
guarantee had any demonstration effect that
of Rwanda’s coffee sector to target high value
prompted other banks to increase their lending to the
specialty markets worldwide is one element of the
target sectors. The evaluation focuses only on how
strategy.
the guarantee changed the behavior of the Bank of
In 2001, USAID/Rwanda implemented several Kigali and other banks. It does not evaluate the
technical assistance projects to support Rwanda’s performance of the Bank of Kigali in implementing the
National Coffee Strategy. The projects sought to guarantee, USAID’s management of the guarantee, or
enhance the capacity of farmers and processors to the impacts of guaranteed loans on borrowers.
improve coffee quality and to develop links to high-
EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
value export markets. To support these projects, in The evaluation used structured interviews to collect
2004 USAID implemented a Development Credit information from the Bank of Kigali, USAID, other
Authority (DCA) loan guarantee with the Bank of banks, borrowers, technical assistance providers to
Kigali (BK) with the objective of increasing access to the coffee sector, relevant government ministries and
credit for strategic export-oriented agricultural
TABLE 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 2004 BANK OF KIGALI DCA LOAN GUARANTEE
Start Guarantee Number Aggregate Median Utilization
End datea Type of loans
TABLE 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 2004 BANK OF loans
date ceiling of KIGALI DCA LOAN GUARANTEE
value value rate
Working capital 7 $710,429 $82,647
9/2004 12/2007 $2 million 86%
Capital investment 11 $1,019,019 $90,396
a. Suspended in February 2007 when the Rwandan Government assumed control of the bank, violating a condition of the guarantee agreement.
Source: EGAT/DC Credit Monitoring System, accessed, October 21, 2009.
3. departments (i.e., the Ministry of Agriculture, Rwanda borrowers could have obtained loans from
Coffee Board – also known as OSIR-Café, and others) other banks but these loans were guaranteed
knowledgeable of Rwanda’s coffee and financial sectors by a government-backed guarantee facility and
and of the guarantee. application and disbursement practices were
more cumbersome than those at BK.
None of the people directly involved in designing and
implementing the DCA guarantee remained at either OUTCOME
USAID or the bank at the time of the evaluation. The Conclusions The guarantee had a limited impact on the
lack of institutional memory limited the evaluator’s Bank of Kigali’s lending to the coffee sector outside of
access to key qualitative and quantitative data for the the protection of the guarantee. In spite of the bank’s
evaluation and thus restricted the depth of analysis. demonstrated interest in continued lending to the
sector and ample opportunity to lend, the bank has
KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
issued no investment loans to the sector since USAID
OUTPUT
Conclusions Even though the bank did not have a suspended the guarantee. The bank has provided
documented strategy to increase lending to agriculture, working capital loans outside of the guarantee to a
the guarantee provided the bank an opportunity to handful of borrowers with which it gained experience
increase its agricultural portfolio and increase deposits during the guarantee but has not changed its usual
at reduced risk. The guarantee was entirely responsible lending practices when making the loans – that is, it
for the bank’s substantial increase in capital investment requires 100 percent collateral. Some DCA borrowers
and working capital financing to coffee washing station were able to accumulate assets for use as collateral
investors. during the time that they made use of DCA loans
which then gave them greater access to credit outside
The close coordination between the guarantee and of the guarantee.
USAID-supported technical assistance projects
targeted to the coffee sector contributed to the bank’s Findings in support of these conclusions include:
extraordinarily rapid and appropriate utilization of the • Bank personnel reported that the bank had
guarantee. The technical assistance projects steered made no investment loans to the coffee sector
qualified and creditworthy borrowers to the bank and since USAID suspended the DCA guarantee.
substantially reduced the bank’s costs in implementing • The bank’s interest in a second DCA
the guarantee. guarantee in 2006 demonstrates its interest in
continued lending to the sector. Two of the six
Findings in support of these conclusions include: borrowers that the evaluator interviewed
• The bank’s annual reports and interviews with reported seeking additional investment loans
bank personnel revealed no specific strategy to from BK to expand their operations thus
use the guarantee. However, the bank did not providing the bank an opportunity to lend to
have to market the guarantee because all 11 the sector.
borrowers had received USAID-supported • The bank has provided working capital loans to
technical assistance and approached the bank at least two DCA borrowers outside of the
seeking guaranteed loans. guarantee. The experience the bank gained
• The Bank of Kigali had disbursed only one with these borrowers during the guarantee
investment and one working capital loan to probably played a role in the decision to
coffee washing station investors prior to the continue lending. The guarantee also seems to
guarantee. This fact, along with statements have helped some borrowers increase their
from the bank and from borrowers, suggests collateral positions thus making them eligible
that the bank would not have made the 18 for larger non-guaranteed loans than they
guaranteed loans without the guarantee. Some would otherwise have been able to receive.
4. IMPACT GUARANTEED LENDING TO THE COFFEE SECTOR, 2004-2009
Conclusions Rwanda’s banking sector has
substantially increased its short- and
medium-term lending to small-scale coffee
investors since 2004. However, banks
placed most, if not all, of the loans under
one of three available guarantee facilities
or used donor-supported credit lines.
There is no evidence that banks are
providing any substantial number of non-
guaranteed investment or working capital
loans to the coffee washing station
segment of the coffee sector. Banks still
seem unwilling to lend to this segment of
the coffee sector outside of the
protection of a guarantee or credit line.
Findings in support of these conclusions
include:
• Bank lending to the coffee sector increased • Loan guarantees seem largely responsible for
substantially between 2004 and 2008. According supporting the growth in lending to coffee
to data provided by the National Bank of washing station investors. However, the DCA
Rwanda, total lending to the coffee sector guarantee represented a relatively small 7.5
increased from $10.7 million in 2004 to $24.0 percent of the guaranteed financing to the sector
million in 2008. However, most of the lending while the Government of Rwanda’s Agricultural
was non-guaranteed lending to larger traders and Guarantee Facility (AGF) accounted for 88
exporters. percent.
• Guaranteed lending to the sector increased from • None of five commercial banks that the evaluator
less than 4 percent of coffee sector lending in interviewed said that they were willing to lend to
2004 to a maximum (over the 2004-2008 period) coffee sector investors with less than 100 percent
of 31 percent in 2007. Guaranteed lending likely collateral. Furthermore, none said that they were
served primarily small-scale investors such as willing to relax their strong preference for urban
washing station investors. rather than rural property as collateral.
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development.
It was prepared by SEGURA/IP3 Partners LLC under SEGIR Global Business, Trade and Investment II – IQC
Indefinite Quantity Contract, Number EEM-I-00-07-00001-00 Task Order # 04, Development Credit Authority Evaluation
CONTACT INFORMATION
U.S. Agency for International Development
Office of Development Credit
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20523
http://www.USAID.gov
Keyword: DCA