The USAID DCA loan guarantee in the Philippines had 3 objectives: 1) Strengthen the LGUGC's ability to mobilize private capital for local infrastructure projects, 2) Encourage private lending to local governments and water districts, and 3) Expand access to credit for these sectors. The guarantee supported $28.5 million in loans leading to increased private sector confidence in LGUGC and more long-term loans for water districts. While direct impact was modest, the guarantee helped launch private investment in these sectors and informed new programs like the Philippines Water Revolving Fund to continue this progress.
The $4 million DCA loan guarantee to FinComBank in Moldova successfully increased lending to small businesses in the agriculture sector. The guarantee was almost fully utilized within 18 months and led FinComBank to expand its rural lending network. As a result of its positive experience with the guarantee, FinComBank significantly grew its agriculture portfolio and continued robust lending in the sector after the guarantee. The overall $27 million credit program in Moldova also increased competition among banks for rural borrowers and shifted lending toward smaller farms.
The document discusses how development credit programs can help unlock private financing for clean energy projects in Asia. It provides examples of how USAID's Development Credit Authority uses loan guarantees and other credit support mechanisms to catalyze investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other sectors. By mitigating risks for lenders, credit guarantees can help address capital constraints and accelerate the transition to sustainable energy.
Funding Public Infrastructure Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The purpose of this document is to provide an overview to broad options at hand in funding public infrastructure. In developing this overview we have had regard to a number of funding approaches found in practice, and have provided a small set of case studies so as to illustrate key aspects of various approaches and options.
1) A USAID loan guarantee program in Honduras supported lending to agriculture and microenterprises by guaranteeing loans made by the José Maria Covelo Foundation (FJMC) between 2003-2009.
2) The guarantees helped FJMC expand lending to agriculture from 0 to over $222,000 and increase average loan sizes for microenterprises.
3) By 2007, FJMC had developed agricultural lending expertise and expanded their non-guaranteed portfolio, demonstrating the program's success in developing local capacity.
H 4 (Iadb Inter American Development Bank)mcd202dc
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1959 to promote economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance for projects focused on poverty reduction, environmentally sustainable growth, and issues like renewable energy, sanitation, and transportation infrastructure. Based in Washington, D.C., the IDB has approved over $156 billion in financing for development projects totaling $353 billion.
The USAID provided loan guarantees to the Bank of Abyssinia (BOA) to encourage lending to Ethiopia's agriculture sector. This increased BOA's agricultural lending from 0% to 2.3% of its portfolio. It allowed farmers access to larger loans than otherwise possible. While the guarantees influenced BOA, other banks also increased agricultural lending due to government policy and potential foreign currency from exports. However, lack of collateral and infrastructure still limit small farmers' access to credit.
The document discusses the World Trade Center Institute (WTCI) and its role as a Private Sector Liaison Officer (PSLO) to help local firms access procurement opportunities with the World Bank Group. It provides an overview of the World Bank Group, which consists of 5 agencies that work to reduce poverty. It then outlines the World Bank Group's operational procurement process, corporate procurement opportunities, and best practices for pursuing internationally funded projects.
The $4 million DCA loan guarantee to FinComBank in Moldova successfully increased lending to small businesses in the agriculture sector. The guarantee was almost fully utilized within 18 months and led FinComBank to expand its rural lending network. As a result of its positive experience with the guarantee, FinComBank significantly grew its agriculture portfolio and continued robust lending in the sector after the guarantee. The overall $27 million credit program in Moldova also increased competition among banks for rural borrowers and shifted lending toward smaller farms.
The document discusses how development credit programs can help unlock private financing for clean energy projects in Asia. It provides examples of how USAID's Development Credit Authority uses loan guarantees and other credit support mechanisms to catalyze investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other sectors. By mitigating risks for lenders, credit guarantees can help address capital constraints and accelerate the transition to sustainable energy.
Funding Public Infrastructure Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The purpose of this document is to provide an overview to broad options at hand in funding public infrastructure. In developing this overview we have had regard to a number of funding approaches found in practice, and have provided a small set of case studies so as to illustrate key aspects of various approaches and options.
1) A USAID loan guarantee program in Honduras supported lending to agriculture and microenterprises by guaranteeing loans made by the José Maria Covelo Foundation (FJMC) between 2003-2009.
2) The guarantees helped FJMC expand lending to agriculture from 0 to over $222,000 and increase average loan sizes for microenterprises.
3) By 2007, FJMC had developed agricultural lending expertise and expanded their non-guaranteed portfolio, demonstrating the program's success in developing local capacity.
H 4 (Iadb Inter American Development Bank)mcd202dc
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1959 to promote economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance for projects focused on poverty reduction, environmentally sustainable growth, and issues like renewable energy, sanitation, and transportation infrastructure. Based in Washington, D.C., the IDB has approved over $156 billion in financing for development projects totaling $353 billion.
The USAID provided loan guarantees to the Bank of Abyssinia (BOA) to encourage lending to Ethiopia's agriculture sector. This increased BOA's agricultural lending from 0% to 2.3% of its portfolio. It allowed farmers access to larger loans than otherwise possible. While the guarantees influenced BOA, other banks also increased agricultural lending due to government policy and potential foreign currency from exports. However, lack of collateral and infrastructure still limit small farmers' access to credit.
The document discusses the World Trade Center Institute (WTCI) and its role as a Private Sector Liaison Officer (PSLO) to help local firms access procurement opportunities with the World Bank Group. It provides an overview of the World Bank Group, which consists of 5 agencies that work to reduce poverty. It then outlines the World Bank Group's operational procurement process, corporate procurement opportunities, and best practices for pursuing internationally funded projects.
Root Capital received two loan guarantees from USAID's Development Credit Authority (DCA) totaling $3 million to expand lending to small and medium agribusinesses in Latin America and East Africa. The guarantees allowed Root Capital to provide loans to riskier borrowers and enter new markets. As a result, Root Capital was able to triple its Latin America portfolio and nearly triple its Africa portfolio. Many borrowers received additional, non-guaranteed loans from Root Capital and had increased access to finance from other sources over time. The DCA guarantees helped Root Capital demonstrate the creditworthiness of borrowers in these sectors and markets, contributing to improved access to finance for small agricultural businesses.
The IDB provides loans, grants, advice and technical assistance to governments and organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean to promote sustainable development. It offers various financial products including A/B loans to mobilize private sector funding. Through B-loans, the IDB shares project risk with private investors while providing benefits like preferred creditor status, longer tenors and exemption from mandatory risk provisions. B-loans help the IDB fulfill its role of spreading risk and mobilizing additional resources for development initiatives in the region.
This document discusses various economic and financial instruments for integrated water resource management. It examines in detail the main financing options for water systems, including the pros and cons of each option and how they can be applied in different circumstances. The options covered include water and sewerage charges, government grants and loans, external grants such as development aid, philanthropic partnerships, commercial loans and bonds, and private equity. It also discusses how risk guarantees can be used to facilitate financing. The document provides examples of how these instruments have been applied to finance activities like flood risk management. It concludes by suggesting a role play exercise where participants negotiate a funding scheme between a central government and local authority to improve local access to water and sanitation.
Governance shift case study biobankingdiana_ocampo
The document discusses a shift from government to governance in managing land clearance and biodiversity offsetting in New South Wales, Australia. It compares the regular approval process to a new biobanking scheme launched by the NSW government. Biobanking increases the state's capacity to govern these processes on private land by using a market-based approach that delegates determining offsets to the private sector and strengthens networks' participation in conservation. This represents a move along the continuum from hierarchy to greater use of markets and networks with less state intervention.
This chapter provides an overview of project finance:
- Project finance has grown significantly over the last 20 years, driven by deregulation, privatization of public sectors, and increased international investment in major projects.
- Project finance involves raising debt and equity financing for new capital projects through a legally independent project company. It is non-recourse or limited recourse, with lenders relying on the project's cash flows rather than balance sheets.
- Key features include high debt-to-equity ratios, ring-fencing of projects, off-take agreements supporting debt repayment, and contracts allocating risks to contractors and suppliers.
If you are struggling to repay your student loan debt, there may be options available that can provide you the relief you need. The options available to you depend on the type of loans you have, your current finances, your student loan history, and even your employment.
This document summarizes common debt structures used by state and local governments in California. It describes issuer, security, pledged revenues, examples, risks, and notes for:
1) State of California debt including general obligation bonds, lease revenue bonds, and revenue anticipation notes.
2) City and county debt including general obligation bonds, lease appropriation debt, and tax increment revenue bonds.
3) School district and community college district debt including general obligation bonds and lease appropriation debt.
4) Mello-Roos bonds which are special tax or assessment bonds issued by community facility districts to fund infrastructure for real estate developments.
This document provides an overview of King County's Mitigation Reserves Program, which establishes an in-lieu fee program to provide compensatory mitigation for wetland and habitat impacts. It discusses the history and structure of the program, including how fees are collected and used to fund restoration projects. The program is a partnership between King County, state and federal regulatory agencies, and is governed by an agreement that outlines financial assurances, crediting protocols, and procedures to ensure long-term compliance.
The document summarizes the evolution of rural financial services in Ghana over three phases:
1) Prior to 1990, the informal financial sector dominated due to lack of regulation and limited state interventions. IFAD introduced SCIMP to build confidence in formal banking.
2) From 1990-2000, RFSP upscaled SCIMP nationwide, achieving sustainability, innovation and increased rural bank numbers. Challenges included low farmer lending and contradicting subsidy approaches.
3) Post-2010, RAFIP continues RFSP's work while disengaging from credit lines and building capacity. Knowledge from failures in Cameroon and Niger informed expanding successful models to Nigeria.
Approaches to Government Funding of Airports. Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The primary intent of this high level review is to set out key options at hand for Government funding of airports development as illustrated by a selected set of international case studies.
Innovative Urban Tenure in the Philippines. Challenges, Approaches and Instit...Oswar Mungkasa
This document summarizes innovative approaches to securing land tenure for the urban poor in the Philippines. It discusses three key approaches: the Community Mortgage Program (CMP), presidential land proclamations, and the usufruct arrangement. The CMP allows urban poor communities to take out loans to purchase land collectively. Presidential land proclamations involve the president declaring land as available for socialized housing, which then allows informal settlers to formalize their claims. Usufruct arrangements grant communities rights to occupy and use land for a period of time. The report analyzes each approach, describing their legal and institutional frameworks, how they have been implemented, and their benefits and challenges. It aims to document lessons learned that could help institutionalize alternative
1) Homeowners are finding it harder to obtain affordable insurance as premiums rise and coverage becomes more limited, especially for flood damage, as an active hurricane season is predicted.
2) The National Flood Insurance Program expired on June 1st, preventing new policies from being issued, which is delaying over 1,200 real estate closings per day.
3) Homeowners are urged to apply for flood insurance now despite the program lapse in order to have coverage retroactively once Congress extends the program.
The document discusses SLM Corporation's debt investor presentation from May 2008. It provides an overview of SLM, noting that it is the top originator and servicer of student loans, with over $169 billion in managed loans. It also summarizes SLM's business fundamentals and competitive advantages in the student loan market. Additionally, it covers trends in the higher education industry such as rising enrollment numbers and tuition costs, contributing to increasing demand for student loans.
The document discusses a USAID initiative called the Regional Competitiveness Initiative (RCI) that aimed to boost economic growth in South Eastern Europe. RCI provided small grants to establish Centers of Excellence and Innovation (CEIs) focused on sectors like ICT, agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. This supported the development of 5 initial CEIs in various countries. It later expanded the network of CEIs and helped integrate them regionally. The CEIs worked to stimulate innovation, provide training, and increase competitiveness across multiple sectors in the region.
This document provides a plan for implementing private sector participation contracts for three water and wastewater operations in Alexandria, Egypt: 1) septage collection and disposal, 2) operation of Site 9N, and 3) transport of waste materials. It recommends pursuing the contracts simultaneously and retaining transaction advisors to help. Key activities include enhancing information, selecting advisors, addressing staff impacts, assessing equipment conditions, and implementing pre-transaction tasks like creating an implementation unit and organizing a data room. The timeline is estimated at 9 months and costs at 4.2 million Egyptian pounds.
This document provides a conceptual framework and recommendations for pricing water and wastewater services in Amman, Jordan and developing a pricing model. It finds that current pricing does not meet objectives of financial viability, economic efficiency, or fully targeting social goals. It recommends adopting a multi-year strategy to transition tariffs to a financial reference price of 1.42 JD/m3 to improve cost recovery for Miyahuna and WAJ. It also recommends better targeting subsidies to poor consumers through a solidarity charge on non-poor users or linking subsidies to land value as a proxy for income. The document includes an analysis of costs, revenues, subsidy options and a pricing model to evaluate tariffs.
This document presents the government policy statement for water supply and sanitation services in Alexandria, Egypt. It discusses the challenges facing the water and wastewater systems, including rapid population growth, large investment needs, rigid labor forces, and inadequate cost recovery. It identifies six key policy areas to address: governance, pricing of services, personnel management, financial viability, private sector participation, and regulation. The document provides background and recommendations for each of these areas.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003-2008 and 2005-2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and provide longer term loans, but that EcoBank's overall lending growth was driven more by its retail banking strategy than the guarantees. The guarantees had a modest demonstration effect on broader banking sector lending but did not significantly impact total SME lending growth in Ghana.
The document summarizes an evaluation of loan guarantees provided by USAID to Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) through the Development Credit Authority (DCA) program in 2006 and 2010. The guarantees were intended to encourage KCB to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in underserved areas by covering 50% of the risk. The evaluation found that the guarantees achieved their objectives by enabling KCB to issue over 1,900 loans totaling over $13.5 million to SMEs in sectors like agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. Borrowers experienced growth in sales, profits, and employment. The guarantees also demonstrated to KCB and other Kenyan banks that lending to SMEs can be profitable.
RCI leverages resources and partnerships to improve IT competitiveness in the E&E region. Through partnerships with organizations like ESI Center Bulgaria/Eastern Europe, RCI develops models for IT training and certification that are implemented regionally. This approach improves the processes of regional IT firms and helps them obtain international certifications while also leveraging co-funding from other donors to ensure sustainability. Initial programs launched in 2005-2007 in countries like Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Moldova have continued with support from other programs, demonstrating the sustainability of RCI's model.
The document summarizes a Development Credit Authority (DCA) loan guarantee program between USAID and the Bank of Kigali in Rwanda from 2004 to 2007. The key findings were:
1) The guarantee was fully utilized, with the Bank of Kigali issuing over $1.7 million in loans to coffee washing station investors, achieving 86% of the $2 million guarantee ceiling.
2) The guarantee likely increased the Bank of Kigali's agricultural lending, allowing them to expand into this sector at reduced risk.
3) After the guarantee ended, the Bank of Kigali provided some additional working capital loans to borrowers they had experience with, but did not significantly change their lending
Root Capital received two loan guarantees from USAID's Development Credit Authority (DCA) totaling $3 million to expand lending to small and medium agribusinesses in Latin America and East Africa. The guarantees allowed Root Capital to provide loans to riskier borrowers and enter new markets. As a result, Root Capital was able to triple its Latin America portfolio and nearly triple its Africa portfolio. Many borrowers received additional, non-guaranteed loans from Root Capital and had increased access to finance from other sources over time. The DCA guarantees helped Root Capital demonstrate the creditworthiness of borrowers in these sectors and markets, contributing to improved access to finance for small agricultural businesses.
The IDB provides loans, grants, advice and technical assistance to governments and organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean to promote sustainable development. It offers various financial products including A/B loans to mobilize private sector funding. Through B-loans, the IDB shares project risk with private investors while providing benefits like preferred creditor status, longer tenors and exemption from mandatory risk provisions. B-loans help the IDB fulfill its role of spreading risk and mobilizing additional resources for development initiatives in the region.
This document discusses various economic and financial instruments for integrated water resource management. It examines in detail the main financing options for water systems, including the pros and cons of each option and how they can be applied in different circumstances. The options covered include water and sewerage charges, government grants and loans, external grants such as development aid, philanthropic partnerships, commercial loans and bonds, and private equity. It also discusses how risk guarantees can be used to facilitate financing. The document provides examples of how these instruments have been applied to finance activities like flood risk management. It concludes by suggesting a role play exercise where participants negotiate a funding scheme between a central government and local authority to improve local access to water and sanitation.
Governance shift case study biobankingdiana_ocampo
The document discusses a shift from government to governance in managing land clearance and biodiversity offsetting in New South Wales, Australia. It compares the regular approval process to a new biobanking scheme launched by the NSW government. Biobanking increases the state's capacity to govern these processes on private land by using a market-based approach that delegates determining offsets to the private sector and strengthens networks' participation in conservation. This represents a move along the continuum from hierarchy to greater use of markets and networks with less state intervention.
This chapter provides an overview of project finance:
- Project finance has grown significantly over the last 20 years, driven by deregulation, privatization of public sectors, and increased international investment in major projects.
- Project finance involves raising debt and equity financing for new capital projects through a legally independent project company. It is non-recourse or limited recourse, with lenders relying on the project's cash flows rather than balance sheets.
- Key features include high debt-to-equity ratios, ring-fencing of projects, off-take agreements supporting debt repayment, and contracts allocating risks to contractors and suppliers.
If you are struggling to repay your student loan debt, there may be options available that can provide you the relief you need. The options available to you depend on the type of loans you have, your current finances, your student loan history, and even your employment.
This document summarizes common debt structures used by state and local governments in California. It describes issuer, security, pledged revenues, examples, risks, and notes for:
1) State of California debt including general obligation bonds, lease revenue bonds, and revenue anticipation notes.
2) City and county debt including general obligation bonds, lease appropriation debt, and tax increment revenue bonds.
3) School district and community college district debt including general obligation bonds and lease appropriation debt.
4) Mello-Roos bonds which are special tax or assessment bonds issued by community facility districts to fund infrastructure for real estate developments.
This document provides an overview of King County's Mitigation Reserves Program, which establishes an in-lieu fee program to provide compensatory mitigation for wetland and habitat impacts. It discusses the history and structure of the program, including how fees are collected and used to fund restoration projects. The program is a partnership between King County, state and federal regulatory agencies, and is governed by an agreement that outlines financial assurances, crediting protocols, and procedures to ensure long-term compliance.
The document summarizes the evolution of rural financial services in Ghana over three phases:
1) Prior to 1990, the informal financial sector dominated due to lack of regulation and limited state interventions. IFAD introduced SCIMP to build confidence in formal banking.
2) From 1990-2000, RFSP upscaled SCIMP nationwide, achieving sustainability, innovation and increased rural bank numbers. Challenges included low farmer lending and contradicting subsidy approaches.
3) Post-2010, RAFIP continues RFSP's work while disengaging from credit lines and building capacity. Knowledge from failures in Cameroon and Niger informed expanding successful models to Nigeria.
Approaches to Government Funding of Airports. Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The primary intent of this high level review is to set out key options at hand for Government funding of airports development as illustrated by a selected set of international case studies.
Innovative Urban Tenure in the Philippines. Challenges, Approaches and Instit...Oswar Mungkasa
This document summarizes innovative approaches to securing land tenure for the urban poor in the Philippines. It discusses three key approaches: the Community Mortgage Program (CMP), presidential land proclamations, and the usufruct arrangement. The CMP allows urban poor communities to take out loans to purchase land collectively. Presidential land proclamations involve the president declaring land as available for socialized housing, which then allows informal settlers to formalize their claims. Usufruct arrangements grant communities rights to occupy and use land for a period of time. The report analyzes each approach, describing their legal and institutional frameworks, how they have been implemented, and their benefits and challenges. It aims to document lessons learned that could help institutionalize alternative
1) Homeowners are finding it harder to obtain affordable insurance as premiums rise and coverage becomes more limited, especially for flood damage, as an active hurricane season is predicted.
2) The National Flood Insurance Program expired on June 1st, preventing new policies from being issued, which is delaying over 1,200 real estate closings per day.
3) Homeowners are urged to apply for flood insurance now despite the program lapse in order to have coverage retroactively once Congress extends the program.
The document discusses SLM Corporation's debt investor presentation from May 2008. It provides an overview of SLM, noting that it is the top originator and servicer of student loans, with over $169 billion in managed loans. It also summarizes SLM's business fundamentals and competitive advantages in the student loan market. Additionally, it covers trends in the higher education industry such as rising enrollment numbers and tuition costs, contributing to increasing demand for student loans.
The document discusses a USAID initiative called the Regional Competitiveness Initiative (RCI) that aimed to boost economic growth in South Eastern Europe. RCI provided small grants to establish Centers of Excellence and Innovation (CEIs) focused on sectors like ICT, agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. This supported the development of 5 initial CEIs in various countries. It later expanded the network of CEIs and helped integrate them regionally. The CEIs worked to stimulate innovation, provide training, and increase competitiveness across multiple sectors in the region.
This document provides a plan for implementing private sector participation contracts for three water and wastewater operations in Alexandria, Egypt: 1) septage collection and disposal, 2) operation of Site 9N, and 3) transport of waste materials. It recommends pursuing the contracts simultaneously and retaining transaction advisors to help. Key activities include enhancing information, selecting advisors, addressing staff impacts, assessing equipment conditions, and implementing pre-transaction tasks like creating an implementation unit and organizing a data room. The timeline is estimated at 9 months and costs at 4.2 million Egyptian pounds.
This document provides a conceptual framework and recommendations for pricing water and wastewater services in Amman, Jordan and developing a pricing model. It finds that current pricing does not meet objectives of financial viability, economic efficiency, or fully targeting social goals. It recommends adopting a multi-year strategy to transition tariffs to a financial reference price of 1.42 JD/m3 to improve cost recovery for Miyahuna and WAJ. It also recommends better targeting subsidies to poor consumers through a solidarity charge on non-poor users or linking subsidies to land value as a proxy for income. The document includes an analysis of costs, revenues, subsidy options and a pricing model to evaluate tariffs.
This document presents the government policy statement for water supply and sanitation services in Alexandria, Egypt. It discusses the challenges facing the water and wastewater systems, including rapid population growth, large investment needs, rigid labor forces, and inadequate cost recovery. It identifies six key policy areas to address: governance, pricing of services, personnel management, financial viability, private sector participation, and regulation. The document provides background and recommendations for each of these areas.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003-2008 and 2005-2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and provide longer term loans, but that EcoBank's overall lending growth was driven more by its retail banking strategy than the guarantees. The guarantees had a modest demonstration effect on broader banking sector lending but did not significantly impact total SME lending growth in Ghana.
The document summarizes an evaluation of loan guarantees provided by USAID to Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) through the Development Credit Authority (DCA) program in 2006 and 2010. The guarantees were intended to encourage KCB to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in underserved areas by covering 50% of the risk. The evaluation found that the guarantees achieved their objectives by enabling KCB to issue over 1,900 loans totaling over $13.5 million to SMEs in sectors like agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. Borrowers experienced growth in sales, profits, and employment. The guarantees also demonstrated to KCB and other Kenyan banks that lending to SMEs can be profitable.
RCI leverages resources and partnerships to improve IT competitiveness in the E&E region. Through partnerships with organizations like ESI Center Bulgaria/Eastern Europe, RCI develops models for IT training and certification that are implemented regionally. This approach improves the processes of regional IT firms and helps them obtain international certifications while also leveraging co-funding from other donors to ensure sustainability. Initial programs launched in 2005-2007 in countries like Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Moldova have continued with support from other programs, demonstrating the sustainability of RCI's model.
The document summarizes a Development Credit Authority (DCA) loan guarantee program between USAID and the Bank of Kigali in Rwanda from 2004 to 2007. The key findings were:
1) The guarantee was fully utilized, with the Bank of Kigali issuing over $1.7 million in loans to coffee washing station investors, achieving 86% of the $2 million guarantee ceiling.
2) The guarantee likely increased the Bank of Kigali's agricultural lending, allowing them to expand into this sector at reduced risk.
3) After the guarantee ended, the Bank of Kigali provided some additional working capital loans to borrowers they had experience with, but did not significantly change their lending
Notice of Intent To Prepare an
Environmental Impact Statement for a
Proposed Federal Loan Guarantee To
Support Construction and Start-up of
the Taylorville Energy Center in
Taylorville, IL
1) The document summarizes an evaluation of a USAID loan guarantee program with Bank Danamon in Indonesia following the 2004 tsunami.
2) The guarantee helped the bank resume and expand microfinance lending in disaster-affected Aceh and North Sumatra, meeting USAID's primary objective.
3) While the bank significantly expanded lending nationwide during the guarantee period, this was largely due to its aggressive growth strategy rather than the guarantee itself, except for lending increases in Aceh.
Supporting Private Investment in Infrastructure FinanceIwl Pcu
Need for Private Financing:
1.Financing needs are too large to be met soely by donor and host government funds:
need for sustainable solutions
2.Conducive legal and regulatory environment critical: to attract private capital
banks will still be reluctant to undertake new projects in new sectors
3.Partial guarantees can serve as a catalyst for: private financing in new sectors and new projects
development of capital markets.
Supporting Private Investment in Infrastructure FinanceIwl Pcu
USAID uses partial credit guarantees to catalyze private sector financing for infrastructure projects in developing countries. Partial guarantees cover up to 50% of loan losses, encouraging banks and investors to finance projects in new sectors. USAID has provided guarantees for $208 million in infrastructure loans, costing taxpayers just over $7 million. Examples of guarantee programs include a municipal infrastructure fund in the Philippines and a bond guarantee in India that financed water and sanitation projects through a revolving fund. USAID finds comprehensive approaches that combine guarantees with other reforms are most effective and sustainable.
This session will cover principles of blended finance, which will enable participants to understand a variety of financing options for their project concepts. This session will also focus on how blended finance projects are typically structured. Participants will be able to identify different financing instruments that could potentially be mobilized to fund a project to ensure efficiency and sustainability.
o OBJECTIVE 1: Participants will understand the type and characteristics of different funding instruments and their benefit-cost requirements
o OBJECTIVE 2: Participants will demonstrate how each instrument can be utilized to address specific risks of a particular project.
The document discusses Malaysia's Private Finance Initiative (PFI), which involves public-private partnerships for funding infrastructure projects. Some key points:
1) PFI was introduced in Malaysia in 2006 based on international best practices, with the goal of optimizing implementation of government projects through private sector expertise and funding.
2) Under PFI, the private sector is responsible for design, construction, financing, and maintenance while the government focuses on oversight and monitoring.
3) PFI is expected to help deliver infrastructure projects on time and on budget while improving services and building standards to reduce long-term maintenance costs. The government aims to finance RM20 billion of projects through PFI over five years.
Presentation Session 1: Luigi de Pierris
ISMED Annual Conference, Defining a Way Forward for Infrastructure Investment in the Middle-East and North Africa (MENA)
4 December 2014 - Paris, France
1) Local governments in Asia face challenges financing infrastructure due to insufficient tax collection, lack of matching resource transfers from national governments, and underutilized private capital markets.
2) Traditional infrastructure financing has come from public budgets, user fees, and development loans/grants, but this has been insufficient for growing needs. More sustainable financing requires public-private partnerships and developing local capital markets.
3) Cities need more financing options like municipal bonds, infrastructure bonds, and public-private special purpose vehicles to independently fund projects and access private capital markets for long-term infrastructure investment. However, expanding city borrowing abilities remains a challenge in many Asian countries.
hopeFound: Finding the Way Through Data, Discipline & Dialogue (case study)Nonprofit Finance Fund
hopeFound: Finding the Way Through Data, Discipline & Dialogue
Measuring impact is an ongoing challenge that all nonprofits-- including NFF--are always thinking about. With the multitude of factors that tangle the trajectory from service delivery to long-term outcomes, impact is often a complex picture that doesn't immediately unfold in hard numbers.
Recently, however, we had the chance follow up on an amazing story of long-term impact with hopeFound, a nonprofit dedicated to preventing and ending homelessness in the greater Boston area. hopeFound came to NFF in 2005, in the midst of some serious financial challenges that were posing a threat to the critical services they offer to the community.
Using five years of hopeFound's financial data, we performed a complete business analysis to shed light on their financial situation and provide a road map towards improved organizational health. hopeFound used NFF's findings to transform into a sustainable nonprofit achieving more impact than ever before. Now, a little over 5 years later, hopeFound engaged NFF to perform a second business analysis to clarify their 10-year trajectory of success and help shape a plan for the future.
So how did hopeFound achieve this transformation, and what can all nonprofits learn from this story? Check out the case study below to see how hopeFound combined effective data collection, disciplined planning and decision-making, and transparent communication to take control of their organization's future.
Anjali Deshmukh, Marketing and Communications Manager
This document discusses country ownership and organizational capacity building in the context of HIV/AIDS programs. It defines country ownership as the full participation of a country's population, including government, civil society, and the private sector, in conceptualizing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating development policies and programs. While country ownership is not a new concept, challenges remain in achieving it in practice. The document argues that capacity building of both government institutions and civil society organizations is needed to strengthen local leadership and sustainability of HIV/AIDS responses over the long term. It provides examples of how capacity building initiatives have supported greater country ownership in various country contexts.
Advancing credit services through the application of credit bureau technologyFrank Lenisa
The document discusses advancing credit services through the application of credit bureau technology. It notes that the G20 has prioritized financial inclusion and that over 2.7 billion people lack access to basic financial services. Credit bureaus are described as critical financial infrastructure that collect credit histories to provide to lenders. They add value through risk scores and application processing software. Integrating alternative data like utilities and telecom payments can expand the information available to credit bureaus. Advancing financial inclusion responsibly through technology provides opportunities to increase access to more people.
This document discusses strengthening public investment management. It notes there are varying definitions of public investment across countries. There is renewed global attention on ensuring efficiency of public spending in light of fiscal stimulus plans and uncertain growth. However, increased government investment does not always translate to productive assets due to issues like project delays. Proper public investment management is complex due to factors such as localized benefits, multi-year timelines, and involvement of both public and private sectors. Reform requires a tailored strategy that strengthens key steps in the project cycle in a carefully sequenced manner, while balancing improved appraisal and implementation. The World Bank's agenda aims to provide analytics, tools, policy dialogue and operational assistance to support better public investment management.
The DCA loan guarantee provided $6 million to support lending to SMEs through the Bank Center-Invest in Russia. While the objective was to expand lending in Krasnodar and Volgograd regions, most loans were provided in the Rostov region due to the bank's risk aversion to new markets. The guarantee helped increase access to credit for 137 SME borrowers and may have influenced the bank to participate in other guarantee programs. However, the guaranteed loans represented only 1% of the bank's total SME portfolio, so the full impact was likely larger but difficult to measure directly. The evaluation found the program generally achieved its goals of expanding credit to underserved businesses.
Jamieson: Alternative Finance and Delivery for Water ProjectsPaul Blanchard
Jill Jamieson presented on leveraging alternative finance and delivery structures for water resource projects. She discussed the global infrastructure funding deficit and America's aging infrastructure needs. Two case studies were presented: the Grand Prairie Irrigation Project, which could benefit from a public-private partnership to accelerate completion, and the Fargo-Moorhead Flood Risk Management Project, which a P3 approach would reduce costs and accelerate delivery for. The presentation concluded that P3 is becoming more common for infrastructure projects due to capital availability, though water projects have unique characteristics that require understanding to structure successful transactions.
World Bank Online Course on
Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains (GVCs)
FINAL PROJECT: A CASE FOR NON-STATE ACTORS PRIMING GVCs READINESS
The document discusses ADB's financial intermediation lending (FIL) modalities, including providing credit lines to individual financial institutions and apex institutions to on-lend funds. It notes the objectives of expanding access to credit and enabling new technologies. It also discusses safeguard policies for financial institutions receiving credit lines to ensure ADB's social and environmental standards are met. Recent trends include using other modalities like program-based lending and limiting credit lines when long-term resources are scarce.
An audit of a U.S. Agency for International Department program that aimed to boost Haiti's economy by providing loans to business has found that the program failed to award loans to intended targets, train workers and keep accurate records.
This audit report summarizes the results of an audit of USAID/Haiti's Development Credit Authority (DCA) program. The audit found that while one lender, Sofihdes, had met its loan targets, two other lenders, Sogebank and Le Levier, were not implementing the loan program as quickly as planned. Additionally, USAID's internal controls were not adequate to ensure that all loans met the DCA lending criteria or that loans were going to targeted areas and borrowers. As a result, some loans went to prohibited businesses and most loans were concentrated in Port-au-Prince rather than other targeted areas. The audit report provides 16 recommendations to help USAID/Haiti improve implementation and
- EcoBank implemented two DCA loan guarantees with USAID to increase lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana.
- EcoBank used the guarantees to gain experience lending to new industries and borrowers, and to provide larger, longer-term loans for capital expenditures.
- While EcoBank significantly increased its SME lending, most of the growth was part of its broader strategy and not directly attributable to the guarantees, which accounted for a small portion of the SME portfolio.
The document discusses two loan guarantees between USAID and EcoBank in Ghana from 2003 to 2008 and 2005 to 2012. It finds that the guarantees helped EcoBank expand lending to new sectors and industries, provide larger and longer-term loans, and increase lending to SMEs substantially. However, most of EcoBank's lending growth was due to its own strategy rather than the guarantees, which had a modest impact due to representing a small number of sectors. The guarantees gave EcoBank experience that informed but did not dramatically change its lending practices.
The consulting team conducted initial meetings in Egypt from March 18-29, 2004 to begin the water and wastewater feasibility study for private sector participation in Alexandria. They met with USAID officers, WWSPR project staff, and local professionals. In Alexandria, the team met with the Governor and utility leaders and received support for private sector involvement. The team proposed adjustments to the scope of work and a project implementation schedule outlining deliverables and meetings through November 2004 to complete the study within the estimated timeframe.
This document provides a transaction implementation plan for a private sector participation (PSP) contract to provide metering services for a pilot area in Alexandria, Egypt. The plan involves procuring a contractor through a competitive bidding process over 9 months. Key activities include gathering customer data, replacing outdated meters, conducting a customer census, and installing advanced metering technology. The PSP contract aims to increase revenues an estimated $1 million per year by improving meter accuracy and identifying illegal connections. A transaction advisor will oversee the procurement process and help structure a 10-year performance-based contract. The plan aims to demonstrate the benefits of PSP for metering services to other Egyptian utilities.
Alexandria | AWGA Needs Assessment and Feasibilitynsegura85
This report examines private sector participation (PSP) opportunities in water and wastewater services in Alexandria, Egypt. Specifically, it assesses the feasibility of two pilot projects: [1] A metering, billing and collection contract for the Alexandria Water General Authority (AWGA) covering 125,000 customer accounts. [2] Contracts for septage collection and operation of a wastewater treatment site for the Alexandria General Organization for Sanitary Drainage (AGOSD). The report finds that a comprehensive 10-year contract for metering, billing and collection by a private operator could improve revenue collection for AWGA while helping modernize operations. However, issues with Alexandria's water distribution system require larger investments outside the scope
Alexandria Water Project Update-Implementation Plannsegura85
This document provides an updated project implementation schedule for the Alexandria Water & Wastewater PSP Study from March 2021 to November 2021. The schedule is divided into 4 main tasks: 1) Developing an initial policy statement; 2) Adjusting the scope of work for service contracts; 3) Conducting a feasibility study; and 4) Creating a transaction and implementation plan. Key deliverables include 7 reports providing recommendations and findings, as well as workshops in Egypt to discuss findings and next steps. The schedule notes that Ramadan religious holidays will occur from mid-October to mid-November.
This document discusses policy considerations regarding a feasibility study for private sector participation in the operation and maintenance of Alexandria, Egypt's water and wastewater system. Key points discussed include:
1. Merging the water and sanitation agencies could provide efficiencies but may be difficult due to organizational differences and financial imbalances. A merger is not necessary for reform.
2. Streamlining the over 9,000 personnel across the two agencies could significantly improve productivity but may face political challenges. A phased 50% reduction plan is recommended.
3. Tariff increases are needed but the structure should better target subsidies to the poor.
4. Local agencies should have operational and financial autonomy under the new holding company framework
This document provides a needs assessment and pre-feasibility report for increasing private sector participation in water and wastewater services in Alexandria, Egypt. It analyzes three potential service contracts: 1) Collection and disposal of septage, 2) Operation of the Site 9N wastewater facility, and 3) Transport of wastewater by-products. For septage collection, the report recommends a licensing model over a service contract to reduce costs and illegal dumping. It suggests a lease contract for Site 9N to incentivize improved operations. And it recommends separate service contracts for transport of by-products rather than including it in the Site 9N contract. The report provides background on population trends, existing services, and financial analyses
Alexandria PSP Feasibility Study - Final Reportnsegura85
This document provides a summary of a feasibility study conducted for private sector participation in the water and wastewater systems of Alexandria, Egypt.
1) The study evaluated options for private contracting in metering, billing, and collections at AWGA and found that a comprehensive contract covering all three functions had the most benefits but AWGA preferred a more limited metering-only contract.
2) For AGOSD, licensing private operators for septage collection and disposal was recommended over service contracts, and a long-term lease of wastewater treatment Site 9N to a private operator was favored over a management contract.
3) Transportation of sludge and other waste was best handled through competitive private service contracts rather
The evaluation report summarizes the mid-term performance of the Kosovo Cluster and Business Support Project. Some key findings include:
1. Project implementation has generally been on track, with most targets met. However, results have varied between components, with clusters making better progress than business associations.
2. Impact has included exceeding sales targets for client companies. However, there has been less impact on job creation and export readiness. Efficiency has been positive when comparing costs to increased sales, but costs per beneficiary appear higher.
3. Sustainability of activities depends on strengthening business associations and external factors like privatization and legal reforms. Relevance to strategic goals is high, but government support is still needed for sustainable
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This document assesses economic conditions and identifies potential development projects in northern Kosovo, with a focus on northern Mitrovica. It finds that the economy can be described as a "kiosk economy" with high unemployment, dependence on subsidies, and supplemental subsistence agriculture. Unemployment is between 70-80%. The private sector is small, with most companies involved in trade. Government and donor support to businesses is limited. The region has weak economic foundations and faces constraints such as limited market access and political uncertainty. In the short term, the report recommends job creation programs and facilitating north-south trade. In the medium-term, it suggests improving economic foundations through training and university linkages. Longer-term options include
Este documento describe el proceso de corporatización de los servicios de agua y saneamiento en las ciudades de Aqaba y Ammán en Jordania. Explica que la corporatización involucró la creación de compañías de propiedad del gobierno para reemplazar las organizaciones existentes, resultando en la Compañía de Agua de Aqaba (AWC) y la Compañía de Agua de Ammán (MIYAHUNA). El proceso fue complejo e involucró negociaciones entre agencias gubernamentales, USAID y consultores. El documento anal
This document provides a summary of Miyahuna's 2007-2011 Business Plan. The plan outlines investments totaling 200 million JDs over 5 years focused on managing water scarcity, improving customer service, and expanding access. Key initiatives include improving water loss control, replacing aging pipes, modernizing customer service centers, and implementing new IT systems to improve operations and service. The goal is to provide reliable water distribution and sewer services to Amman's growing population through sustainable water management and strengthened utility operations.
2. On the Cover: Makati Skyline,
San Fernando Water District
pumping station
Credit SEGURA IP3 Partners LLC
BACKGROUND entered into a DCA Guarantee Agreement with
Access to basic services dramatically affects the living LGUGC to re-guarantee 30 percent of the principal
conditions, health, and economic wellbeing of the and interest LGUGC is obligated to pay in the event
Philippine people. However, of default of a loan qualifying for coverage under the
ABOUT DCA infrastructure in the agreement up to an identified ceiling. The DCA
USAID's Development Credit Authority Philippines to support basic guarantee was initially focused on the municipal bond
(DCA) was created in 1999 to mobilize
local private capital through the
services is lacking, leaving market and infrastructure projects of LGUs, but over
establishment of real risk sharing many of the country’s poor time evolved to focus on water infrastructure
relationships with private financial without access. Funds projects and included independent water districts, in
institutions in USAID countries. The
tool is available to all USAID overseas required for infrastructure addition to local governments, as eligible borrowers.
missions and can be used as a vehicle improvements and
for providing much needed credit to an EVALUATION OBJECTIVES
expansion far outstrip
array of enterprises and underserved USAID’s Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade
sectors. The evaluation in the current financing sources
Philippines is part of a set of Bureau’s Office of Development Credit (EGAT/DC)
including external donor
evaluations EGAT/DC is undertaking commissioned SEGURA/IP3 Partners LLC to conduct
in different countries, to test a series of resources. Promotion of
this evaluation of the DCA agreement with LGUGC
developmental hypotheses related to private financing of local
the DCA guarantees. in the Philippines. The evaluation was guided by an
public infrastructure is one
Evaluation Framework – developed by SEGURA/IP3 in
approach USAID/Philippines
conjunction with USAID and adapted to the
has taken to span the breach between those that have
Philippines context – designed to assess results at
access to essential services and those that do not.
three levels: output, outcome, and impact. It also
In the Philippines much of the responsibility for local
examined the effect of exogenous influences. The
infrastructure rests with local government units
evaluation assesses the performance of the DCA
(LGUs). Although local governments have the
guarantee with respect to the mobilization of private
authority to borrow private capital, they have almost
commercial lending to (initially) LGUs and (later)
exclusively borrowed from government financial
water districts.
institutions (GFIs). Private financial institutions have
been reluctant to lend to LGUs due to a lack of EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
information, skepticism about the creditworthiness of A two-person team conducted the evaluation using a
local governments, and a tradition of conservative combination of quantitative and qualitative methods.
lending practices. Field work took place in Manila and outlying areas
during July 8-17, 2009. Primary sources of
The Local Government Unit Guarantee Corporation information were interviews with key informants
(LGUGC) was formed in 1998 to provide credit representing a variety of DCA stakeholders;
enhancement to attract private financing for local documents pertaining to the DCA guarantee; and
public infrastructure projects. LGUGC was initially secondary information from the USAID Credit
owned by the Bankers Association of the Philippines Management System, LGUGC, government and
(a trade organization of commercial banks), and private financial institutions, target sector borrowers,
Development Bank of the Philippines (a GFI), with and additional research.
Asian Development Bank added as an equity owner in
2005. Soon after its formation, in 1999, USAID
PHILIPPINES DCA LOAN GUARANTEE
Ending Number of Aggregate Amount of
Starting Date Utilization Rate Average Loan Size
Date Loans Loans
1999 2014 11 US$28,521,273 86.3% US$2,592,843
3. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS OUTCOME
Conclusions A number of factors contributed to
OUTPUT
Conclusions The purpose of the DCA guarantee as LGUGC’s achievement of desired DCA outcomes
(i.e., encouragement of private capital flows to the
finally amended – to strengthen LGUGC’s ability to
target sectors, increased local credit market
mobilize private capital for creditworthy water
confidence in LGUGC, and expansion of the scope of
infrastructure projects of local governments and
its operations). Most important among the factors
water districts – complemented LGUGC’s strategy to
were the revised strategy of USAID and LGUGC to
facilitate private financing through loan guarantees for
include water districts under the DCA guarantee, as
local infrastructure projects. The formal
well as USAID direct technical assistance and DCA
commitment of USAID in the form of the DCA
monitoring support, which served to strengthen the
guarantee assured rigorous oversight and was critical
LGUGC. LGUGC was
in establishing the credibility of LGUGC among EVALUATION QUESTIONS
incorporated into
private financial institutions and other stakeholders. Output—Did LGUGC’s use of the
collaboration between USAID
The DCA guarantee was used by LGUGC to improve DCA guarantee conform to guarantee
and the Government of Japan objectives as described in the
access to private sources of credit for local Guarantee Agreement (i.e., “to
to facilitate private investment
governments and water districts where little or none strengthen the LGUGC’s ability
in water and sanitation. The mobilize private capital lending for
had previously existed, although the volume of local government infrastructure
DCA guarantee led LGUGC
lending was less than anticipated due to adverse services and facilities and for water
to guarantee loans to the districts in the Philippines”)?
external influences. There is evidence the DCA
target sectors without the Outcome— Did the DCA guarantee
guarantee may have played a part in increasing tenors influence behavioral changes at the
DCA re-guarantee. Since
of LGUGC guaranteed loans to water districts (both LGUGC-level, and did LGUGC’s
private financing effectively experience with the DCA guarantee
with and without DCA coverage).
played no role in the target improve access to credit for entities in
Findings in support of these conclusions include: sectors before the LGUGC,
the target sectors outside of the DCA
guarantee coverage?
• LGUGC made 11 DCA guaranteed loans to its loan guarantees made Impact— Did the guarantee have a
LGUs and water districts totaling approximately outside the DCA guarantee demonstration effect that improved
access to credit for entities in the
US$28.5 million, including six LGU bond issues increased access to credit for target sectors by increased lending
and five water district loans. target sector borrowers. from the private banking sector
without use of the guarantee?
• Interviews confirm that the DCA guarantee LGUGC has also begun to
significantly enhanced the confidence of private cautiously expand its guarantee activities outside of
financial institutions in LGUGC, thereby the target sectors, and has broadened its services by
encouraging lending to the target sectors. becoming program manager of three other guarantee
• There were no significant differences in interest funds for other organizations.
rates or the collateral required between DCA
Findings in support of these conclusions include
guaranteed loans and other LGUGC guaranteed
• Interviews with private financial institutions
loans. However, the pattern and trend of tenors
repeatedly affirmed the importance of LGUGC
of all LGUGC guaranteed loans to water districts
and its perceived backing by USAID as critical to
suggest experience of private financial institutions
their decision to enter the new areas of LGU
with lending under the DCA and LGUGC
and water district financing.
guarantees played a part in the improvement of
• Interviews with LGUGC management and staff
the tenors of such loans to the 10 year DCA
indicated that experience with the DCA
permitted maximum.
guarantee of bonds/loans to LGUs prepared it
for implementation of the decision to expand
4. LGUGC GUARANTEED TARGET SECTOR LOANS
the DCA guarantee to the water district market. BY VALUE
• LGUGC has guaranteed 11 loans to the target
sector (eight bond issues/loans to LGUs and three
loans to water districts) without the protection of
the DCA guarantee, totaling over US$42.1 million
and representing 60 percent of its entire target
sector loan guarantee portfolio.
• LGUGC has extended its guarantees beyond the
target sectors by guaranteeing one loan to a
renewable energy company for a mini-hydroelectric
plant, and two loans to bulk water suppliers of water
districts. LGUGC currently serves as program
manager for three energy sector guarantee programs
of other donors/international financial institutions.
IMPACT
Conclusions Being a partial re-guarantee of a guarantee
In the long term, the impact of the DCA guarantee as a
makes assessment of the impact of the Philippines DCA
demonstration model could be significant.
guarantee difficult to quantify, and primarily subjective.
The impact of the DCA guarantee has been modest to Findings in support of these conclusions include:
date. However, the DCA guarantee was a key factor, in • Prior to the LGUGC, there was virtually no access to
combination with a number of elements, in initiating private sector financing in the target sectors.
private lending to the target sectors. The true impact • One private financial institution has made a loan to a
may be what was begun—the process of introducing water district without a guarantee, which it would not
private investment in the target sectors. The process have made without its experience with LGUGC, and
continues with the creation of the new Philippines Water is considering lending to LGUs without a guarantee.
Revolving Fund (PWRF), a joint U.S./Japan initiative to • Target sector borrowers have accessed about
coordinate and combine concessionary donor funds with US$70.6 million in private financing guaranteed by
commercial private financing for water infrastructure LGUGC (both DCA and non-DCA guaranteed loans).
projects. The PWRF, launched in October 2008, utilizes • LGUGC participated in a pilot project, which
LGUGC, a new DCA guarantee and concessionary loans presaged the PWRF.
from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to • Based on experience with the subject DCA guarantee,
attract longer-term private investment and build on the a new guarantee with LGUGC was approved by
progress made under the first DCA guarantee. USAID to serve as an integral part of the PWRF.
Experience gained with this DCA guarantee and the
• Several donor/international financial institution
existence of LGUGC, as strengthened by the monitoring
projects under development are directed toward
and technical assistance that accompanied the DCA
either urban infrastructure generally or the water
guarantee, were important factors in the formation of the
sector specifically, including a World Bank project
PWRF and the commitment to participate of private
aimed at assisting less-than-creditworthy water
financial institutions. Furthermore, the World Bank is
districts to complement the PWRF.
planning a program to complement the PWRF.
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development.
It was prepared by SEGURA/IP3 Partners LLC under SEGIR Global Business, Trade and Investment II – IQC
Indefinite Quantity Contract, Number EEM-I-00-07-00001-00 Task Order # 04, Development Credit Authority Evaluation
CONTACT INFORMATION
U.S. Agency for International Development
Office of Development Credit
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20523
http://www.USAID.gov
Keyword: DCA