Kırım tarihine baktığımız zaman, Rusya için bu bölgenin üzerinde Karadeniz’e inme ve Güney’de nüfuz sahibi olma politikalarının kilit noktası olduğunu görürüz. Bölgenin İslami karakteri ve kültür farklılığı sebebiyle Rusya bölgede tutunamamış ve bölgede işgal, sürgün, katliam, kültürel asimilasyon politikaları uygulamıştır.
2014 yılında da Kırım’ı ilhak etmiştir.
Kırım, Rusya için neden önemli? Sorusunun cevabını anlayabilmek için Kırım tarihinden 2014 ilhakına kadar olan süreci incelemek gerekir.
This document discusses posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) and the role of extra-osseous taloTarsal stabilization. It notes that PTTD is a common condition caused by excessive rearfoot motion that strains the posterior tibial tendon over many years. Conservative treatments are ineffective and can worsen the condition. The document advocates for extra-osseous taloTarsal stabilization devices like the HyProCure implant to address the underlying deformity and stabilize the talus, reducing strain on the tendon and preventing progression to more severe reconstructive surgeries.
Apley's system of orthopaedics and fractures 9th edKhai Le Phuoc
This document provides information about the contributors and preface for the 9th edition of Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures. It lists over 30 contributors who provided updates and new chapters for specialized topics. It notes how the book has expanded over editions to include new tests, classifications, imaging techniques, and basic science knowledge. However, it retains the structure first developed by Alan Apley with sections on general orthopaedics, regional orthopaedics, and fractures/injuries. The preface discusses how clinical skills and physical examinations remain important despite advances, and emphasizes that the book is intended to be useful for orthopaedic surgeons of all experience levels.
The document discusses r and K selection strategies. r strategists prioritize rapid growth and reproduction over survival and have characteristics like small size, short lifespans, early maturity, and generalism. K strategists emphasize long-term survival over rapid reproduction and tend to be large, live long lives, mature late, invest heavily in parental care, and specialize in narrow niches. Most species exhibit a mix of r and K traits along a continuum.
This document provides an overview of a master gardener training session on introductory entomology. It includes sections on basic insect anatomy, common insect orders like beetles, true bugs, flies and butterflies/moths. It discusses how insects interact with plants through herbivory, gall formation, mining and sap sucking. The document also covers insect metamorphosis and taxonomy. It introduces both pest insects and beneficial insects, emphasizing the importance of habitat and conservation biocontrol. Breakout sessions covered identifying plant damage and beneficial insects.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including estimating patterns of survival, survivorship curves, age distribution, rates of population change, and dispersal. It provides examples of how these concepts can be studied, such as using life tables to construct survivorship curves and estimate net reproductive rate. Dispersal is explored in the contexts of climate change, changing food supply, and dispersal within river systems.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the knee, including bony structures, articulations, ligaments, menisci, muscles, bursae, and neuroanatomy. Key details include a description of the femur, tibia, patella, and fibular head bones. The tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints are discussed. Major ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL are also summarized along with their functions.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of different orders of insects. It discusses their taxonomy, anatomy, feeding mechanisms, life cycles, and provides examples of common insects from each order. The major orders described include Odonata, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and others.
This document discusses posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) and the role of extra-osseous taloTarsal stabilization. It notes that PTTD is a common condition caused by excessive rearfoot motion that strains the posterior tibial tendon over many years. Conservative treatments are ineffective and can worsen the condition. The document advocates for extra-osseous taloTarsal stabilization devices like the HyProCure implant to address the underlying deformity and stabilize the talus, reducing strain on the tendon and preventing progression to more severe reconstructive surgeries.
Apley's system of orthopaedics and fractures 9th edKhai Le Phuoc
This document provides information about the contributors and preface for the 9th edition of Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures. It lists over 30 contributors who provided updates and new chapters for specialized topics. It notes how the book has expanded over editions to include new tests, classifications, imaging techniques, and basic science knowledge. However, it retains the structure first developed by Alan Apley with sections on general orthopaedics, regional orthopaedics, and fractures/injuries. The preface discusses how clinical skills and physical examinations remain important despite advances, and emphasizes that the book is intended to be useful for orthopaedic surgeons of all experience levels.
The document discusses r and K selection strategies. r strategists prioritize rapid growth and reproduction over survival and have characteristics like small size, short lifespans, early maturity, and generalism. K strategists emphasize long-term survival over rapid reproduction and tend to be large, live long lives, mature late, invest heavily in parental care, and specialize in narrow niches. Most species exhibit a mix of r and K traits along a continuum.
This document provides an overview of a master gardener training session on introductory entomology. It includes sections on basic insect anatomy, common insect orders like beetles, true bugs, flies and butterflies/moths. It discusses how insects interact with plants through herbivory, gall formation, mining and sap sucking. The document also covers insect metamorphosis and taxonomy. It introduces both pest insects and beneficial insects, emphasizing the importance of habitat and conservation biocontrol. Breakout sessions covered identifying plant damage and beneficial insects.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including estimating patterns of survival, survivorship curves, age distribution, rates of population change, and dispersal. It provides examples of how these concepts can be studied, such as using life tables to construct survivorship curves and estimate net reproductive rate. Dispersal is explored in the contexts of climate change, changing food supply, and dispersal within river systems.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the knee, including bony structures, articulations, ligaments, menisci, muscles, bursae, and neuroanatomy. Key details include a description of the femur, tibia, patella, and fibular head bones. The tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints are discussed. Major ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL are also summarized along with their functions.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of different orders of insects. It discusses their taxonomy, anatomy, feeding mechanisms, life cycles, and provides examples of common insects from each order. The major orders described include Odonata, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and others.
This document discusses various types of mimicry in the natural world including Batesian mimicry where harmless species resemble toxic ones, Müllerian mimicry where multiple toxic species resemble each other, Peckhamian mimicry where predators resemble prey, and Wasmannian mimicry where mimics resemble hosts to gain protection. It provides many examples of each type of mimicry through images and descriptions of mimicking organisms across taxa from slugs and butterflies to fish and spiders. It also discusses aposematic coloration, camouflage, and egg mimicry strategies used in nature.
This document discusses genetics and insect behavior. It begins by defining behavior and the central nervous system processes involved. Traditional genetic analyses of behavior are then described, including crossing experiments to examine heritability of traits and selection experiments to estimate heritability. Several examples of these types of experiments are provided, such as studies on hygienic behavior in honeybees and house entering behavior in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Finally, the document discusses more recent molecular genetic analyses that have identified genes involved in biological rhythms, pheromone production, detection and social behaviors in various insects.
Osteotomy around the knee in children.when and why?ROBERT ELBAUM
Osteotomy around the knee in children is sometimes needed to correct complex knee deformities that cannot be addressed through epiphysiodesis alone. Indications for osteotomy include constitutional angular deformities, secondary deformities from conditions like rickets or trauma, and rotational malalignments affecting the patella. While osteotomy can restore knee anatomy, the procedure carries risks of complications in over 60% of cases, including loss of correction, fractures, infections and vascular issues. Careful pre-operative planning is needed to determine if osteotomy is truly required and to minimize potential complications.
Insect Leg: Structure and ModificationsVikas Kashyap
This document describes the different types of modifications that insect legs can undergo. It begins by explaining the basic structure of a typical insect leg, which consists of six segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. It then outlines 15 different types of leg modifications, including walking, running, jumping, clinging, digging, grasping, swimming, pollen collecting, sound producing, sticking, clasping, sucking, antenna cleaning, wax picking, and prehensile legs. Each modification type is adapted for a specific purpose and locomotion style. Examples are provided for each leg modification type to illustrate insects that exhibit that trait.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) utilizes various pest control tactics together in a harmonious way to achieve long-term pest control. The key components of IPM include gathering initial information, correctly identifying pests, monitoring pest populations, establishing economic injury levels, record keeping, selecting least-toxic treatment strategies, and evaluating treatments. Cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical practices are among the pest management tactics used in IPM. The logic and necessity of IPM includes potential economic benefits from reduced pesticide use, environmental benefits from decreased contamination, and knowledge benefits from a better understanding of pests and their management.
Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and their relation to climate and environment. It helps understand nature and track climate change impacts. Various phenology projects worldwide monitor the timing of leafing, flowering, fruiting, bird migrations and more. In India, projects like Season Watch and Tree Calendar engage citizens in recording phenophases of trees. Understanding traditional knowledge on phenology can also offer insights. The presentation outlined phenology concepts and highlighted several global and national phenology monitoring networks and initiatives.
Forest utilization and its commercial aspectsTukaramBorkar
This document summarizes the utilization and commercial aspects of forests in India. It discusses how forests provide timber, non-timber products, and ecosystem services. It outlines the main uses of forest utilization including harvesting, transportation, processing, and distribution of forest products. Some key commercial forest products discussed are bamboo, medicinal plants, spices, tannins, dyes, edible fruits and oils. The document also notes that forest-based industries provide many jobs and forest products provide income to forest owners. Industries like rubber goods, pulp/paper, and plywood are also dependent on forests.
Integrated pest management under Indian conditionsAbhinav Vivek
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) in India. It provides background on IPM, noting it was introduced in 1967 and adopted as policy by various governments in the 1970s-1980s. IPM aims to use biological, cultural and physical controls to prevent pest damage over the long run. The document outlines various IPM strategies and tools, including cultural methods, mechanical controls, biological controls using natural enemies, and regulated or chemical methods as a last resort. It also discusses the technical and economic feasibility of IPM, as well as socioeconomic and policy barriers to its adoption in India. Overall, the document provides an overview of IPM approaches and their implementation in an Indian agricultural context.
Tree improvement | Techniques & PracticesAnand Charvin
Tree improvement relies on understanding and using variation that naturally occurs in tree populations.
This presentation aims to allow the users to learn about tree improvement and the techniques and practices.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on insect pests. It begins with definitions of climate change and its causes, including both natural factors and human activities that increase greenhouse gases. Sections then examine how rising temperatures, CO2 levels, and changes in precipitation patterns can indirectly and directly affect insect populations, ranges, development, and interactions with plants. Specifically, climate change may lead to faster insect growth, expanded ranges, altered life cycles, and increased outbreaks. The conclusion states that predicting climate change impacts is complex, as some factors may help or harm different insects, requiring further research on species' sensitivities.
Very brief mathematical introduction to the population dynamics of insects. Last part, on spatial spread is new. Joint work with W.A.C. Godoy and R.M. Coutinho.
This document discusses ants that are common household pests in California. It describes several species, including the Argentine ant, Pharaoh ant, odorous house ant, and red imported fire ant. Ants can damage structures by nesting in wood and cause other issues by tending honeydew-producing insects like aphids. Effective ant management requires a combination of exclusion, sanitation, and baiting to control food and nesting sources both indoors and outdoors.
This presentation is prepared for continuous evaluation for the subject Theories of Agricultural Resource Management -Bsc in Export Agriculture -Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Visit my Blog for more on Dentistry and Medicine :
http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Free Download e Books,PPT's and Lecture notes
Contents
Knee Joint anatomy with Diagrams
Anatomical Components of Knee
Anatomy of Patella
Innervations of the Knee
Knee Movements
Osteoarthritis in the Knee
Management of Disorders in Knee joint
The document summarizes body segmentation and external genitalia in insects. It describes how an insect's body is divided into three segments - the head, thorax, and abdomen. Each segment has distinct features - the head contains antennae, eyes, and mouthparts, the thorax contains three pairs of legs and sometimes wings, and the abdomen contains the digestive and reproductive organs. External genitalia like the ovipositor are also discussed, which can take different forms like needle-like, sword-like, or modified for stinging.
The document discusses biodiversity, its documentation, and India's efforts to conserve biodiversity through the Biological Diversity Act of 2002. It was established that biodiversity first needs repeatable documentation protocols. India formed the National Biodiversity Authority and state biodiversity boards to implement the Act through People's Biodiversity Registers that document local communities' traditional knowledge with their involvement. Proper documentation of biological resources and traditional knowledge is essential to respecting and safeguarding India's biodiversity.
- Forest growth and yield models are used to predict future timber growth and distribution based on past and present data
- There are different approaches to growth and yield modeling including stand table projection, whole stand modeling, and individual tree modeling
- Whole stand modeling relates growth and yield to stand-level variables like basal area, age, and site index while individual tree modeling simulates growth at the tree level accounting for size, competition, and site factors
This document discusses various types of mimicry in the natural world including Batesian mimicry where harmless species resemble toxic ones, Müllerian mimicry where multiple toxic species resemble each other, Peckhamian mimicry where predators resemble prey, and Wasmannian mimicry where mimics resemble hosts to gain protection. It provides many examples of each type of mimicry through images and descriptions of mimicking organisms across taxa from slugs and butterflies to fish and spiders. It also discusses aposematic coloration, camouflage, and egg mimicry strategies used in nature.
This document discusses genetics and insect behavior. It begins by defining behavior and the central nervous system processes involved. Traditional genetic analyses of behavior are then described, including crossing experiments to examine heritability of traits and selection experiments to estimate heritability. Several examples of these types of experiments are provided, such as studies on hygienic behavior in honeybees and house entering behavior in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Finally, the document discusses more recent molecular genetic analyses that have identified genes involved in biological rhythms, pheromone production, detection and social behaviors in various insects.
Osteotomy around the knee in children.when and why?ROBERT ELBAUM
Osteotomy around the knee in children is sometimes needed to correct complex knee deformities that cannot be addressed through epiphysiodesis alone. Indications for osteotomy include constitutional angular deformities, secondary deformities from conditions like rickets or trauma, and rotational malalignments affecting the patella. While osteotomy can restore knee anatomy, the procedure carries risks of complications in over 60% of cases, including loss of correction, fractures, infections and vascular issues. Careful pre-operative planning is needed to determine if osteotomy is truly required and to minimize potential complications.
Insect Leg: Structure and ModificationsVikas Kashyap
This document describes the different types of modifications that insect legs can undergo. It begins by explaining the basic structure of a typical insect leg, which consists of six segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. It then outlines 15 different types of leg modifications, including walking, running, jumping, clinging, digging, grasping, swimming, pollen collecting, sound producing, sticking, clasping, sucking, antenna cleaning, wax picking, and prehensile legs. Each modification type is adapted for a specific purpose and locomotion style. Examples are provided for each leg modification type to illustrate insects that exhibit that trait.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) utilizes various pest control tactics together in a harmonious way to achieve long-term pest control. The key components of IPM include gathering initial information, correctly identifying pests, monitoring pest populations, establishing economic injury levels, record keeping, selecting least-toxic treatment strategies, and evaluating treatments. Cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical practices are among the pest management tactics used in IPM. The logic and necessity of IPM includes potential economic benefits from reduced pesticide use, environmental benefits from decreased contamination, and knowledge benefits from a better understanding of pests and their management.
Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and their relation to climate and environment. It helps understand nature and track climate change impacts. Various phenology projects worldwide monitor the timing of leafing, flowering, fruiting, bird migrations and more. In India, projects like Season Watch and Tree Calendar engage citizens in recording phenophases of trees. Understanding traditional knowledge on phenology can also offer insights. The presentation outlined phenology concepts and highlighted several global and national phenology monitoring networks and initiatives.
Forest utilization and its commercial aspectsTukaramBorkar
This document summarizes the utilization and commercial aspects of forests in India. It discusses how forests provide timber, non-timber products, and ecosystem services. It outlines the main uses of forest utilization including harvesting, transportation, processing, and distribution of forest products. Some key commercial forest products discussed are bamboo, medicinal plants, spices, tannins, dyes, edible fruits and oils. The document also notes that forest-based industries provide many jobs and forest products provide income to forest owners. Industries like rubber goods, pulp/paper, and plywood are also dependent on forests.
Integrated pest management under Indian conditionsAbhinav Vivek
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) in India. It provides background on IPM, noting it was introduced in 1967 and adopted as policy by various governments in the 1970s-1980s. IPM aims to use biological, cultural and physical controls to prevent pest damage over the long run. The document outlines various IPM strategies and tools, including cultural methods, mechanical controls, biological controls using natural enemies, and regulated or chemical methods as a last resort. It also discusses the technical and economic feasibility of IPM, as well as socioeconomic and policy barriers to its adoption in India. Overall, the document provides an overview of IPM approaches and their implementation in an Indian agricultural context.
Tree improvement | Techniques & PracticesAnand Charvin
Tree improvement relies on understanding and using variation that naturally occurs in tree populations.
This presentation aims to allow the users to learn about tree improvement and the techniques and practices.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on insect pests. It begins with definitions of climate change and its causes, including both natural factors and human activities that increase greenhouse gases. Sections then examine how rising temperatures, CO2 levels, and changes in precipitation patterns can indirectly and directly affect insect populations, ranges, development, and interactions with plants. Specifically, climate change may lead to faster insect growth, expanded ranges, altered life cycles, and increased outbreaks. The conclusion states that predicting climate change impacts is complex, as some factors may help or harm different insects, requiring further research on species' sensitivities.
Very brief mathematical introduction to the population dynamics of insects. Last part, on spatial spread is new. Joint work with W.A.C. Godoy and R.M. Coutinho.
This document discusses ants that are common household pests in California. It describes several species, including the Argentine ant, Pharaoh ant, odorous house ant, and red imported fire ant. Ants can damage structures by nesting in wood and cause other issues by tending honeydew-producing insects like aphids. Effective ant management requires a combination of exclusion, sanitation, and baiting to control food and nesting sources both indoors and outdoors.
This presentation is prepared for continuous evaluation for the subject Theories of Agricultural Resource Management -Bsc in Export Agriculture -Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Visit my Blog for more on Dentistry and Medicine :
http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Free Download e Books,PPT's and Lecture notes
Contents
Knee Joint anatomy with Diagrams
Anatomical Components of Knee
Anatomy of Patella
Innervations of the Knee
Knee Movements
Osteoarthritis in the Knee
Management of Disorders in Knee joint
The document summarizes body segmentation and external genitalia in insects. It describes how an insect's body is divided into three segments - the head, thorax, and abdomen. Each segment has distinct features - the head contains antennae, eyes, and mouthparts, the thorax contains three pairs of legs and sometimes wings, and the abdomen contains the digestive and reproductive organs. External genitalia like the ovipositor are also discussed, which can take different forms like needle-like, sword-like, or modified for stinging.
The document discusses biodiversity, its documentation, and India's efforts to conserve biodiversity through the Biological Diversity Act of 2002. It was established that biodiversity first needs repeatable documentation protocols. India formed the National Biodiversity Authority and state biodiversity boards to implement the Act through People's Biodiversity Registers that document local communities' traditional knowledge with their involvement. Proper documentation of biological resources and traditional knowledge is essential to respecting and safeguarding India's biodiversity.
- Forest growth and yield models are used to predict future timber growth and distribution based on past and present data
- There are different approaches to growth and yield modeling including stand table projection, whole stand modeling, and individual tree modeling
- Whole stand modeling relates growth and yield to stand-level variables like basal area, age, and site index while individual tree modeling simulates growth at the tree level accounting for size, competition, and site factors
2. • Kırım tarihine baktığımız zaman, Rusya için bu bölgenin üzerinde
Karadeniz’e inme ve Güney’de nüfuz sahibi olma politikalarının kilit
noktası olduğunu görürüz. Bölgenin İslami karakteri ve kültür farklılığı
sebebiyle Rusya bölgede tutunamamış ve bölgede işgal, sürgün,
katliam, kültürel asimilasyon politikaları uygulamıştır.
• 2014 yılında da Kırım’ı ilhak etmiştir.
• Kırım, Rusya için neden önemli? Sorusunun cevabını anlayabilmek için
Kırım tarihinden 2014 ilhakına kadar olan süreci incelemek gerekir.
3. • Kırım, Güney Ukrayna’da
bir yarım ada. Karadenize
doğru uzanıyor. Doğuda
Rusya'ya dokunuyor.
22bin km2 alana sahip.
5. Kırım Hanlığı/Hanlık
Dönemi
• Kırım’ın 1475’te Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminde
fethedilmesinden sonra Osmanlı
İmparatorluğunun Doğu Avrupa’daki gelişmeleri
kontrol etmesi sağlanmıştır. Kırım Osmanlı
hâkimiyeti altındayken, 1784 yılında Rusya
tarafından işgal edilmiştir.
6. Çarlık Dönemi Kırım
• 1784 Şubatı’nın başlarında, Kırım işgalinden hemen sonra Rusya, burayı idari,
coğrafi ve demografik açıdan Rusya İmparatorluğu’na bağlamayı amaçlayarak
yerel bir yönetim oluşturmuştur. Bu hükümeti kurmaktaki amaç, Rusya’nın
Karadeniz'den sıcak denizlere inmesini sağlamaktı.
• Bu sebeple Kırım, uzak bir idari varlık olarak bırakılmak yerine, geçmişte asla Kırım
devletinin parçası olmamış Rus çoğunluğuna sahip bölgelerle birleştirildi. “Kırım”
sözcüğü kullanmaktan kaçınıldı; oluşturulan yeni idari birim Taurida oblast olarak
adlandırıldı. Taurida oblast, sadece Kırım’ı değil kuzeyindeki bozkırı ve Taman
bölgesini de içeriyordu. Hedeflenen sonuç, Kırım yarımadasının corpus separatum
olan kimliğini kaybetmesi ve yeni idari birimde Tatar nüfusunun etkisinin
azaltılmasıydı.
• Taurida oblast (Tavrida Guberniyası): Rus İmparatorluğunun yönetim
bölümlerinden (guberniya) biri.
• Corpus Separatum: Bağlantısız bölge, yani siyasi açıdan bir yerin egemenliğinde
olmayan topraklar.
7. • Bir buçuk asır boyunca, Tatarlara yeni idari görevler verilmedi ve
sürekli göç nedeniyle sayıları hızla düştü. Topraklarına el koyma,
sürgün etme ve başka yerden Slav toplulukları getirme, dinî ve
kültürel baskılar gibi sistematik politikalar yoluyla Tatar nüfusu, hem
sayı hem de oran olarak azaldı.
8. SSCB Dönemi Kırım
• Ekim 1907’deki Bolşevik Devrimi’nin yarattığı kargaşayı fırsat
bilen Kırımlı Tatar milliyetçiler, kurulacak ilk milli kurultay
için seçim yaptılar. Milli meclis ilk olarak Aralık 1917’de
toplandı ve 26 Aralık 1917 itibariyle Kırım Ahali
Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşunu ilan eden bir anayasayı kabul
etti. Aynı gün, Numan Çelebi Cihan liderliğinde ilk Kırım
Tatar hükümeti kuruldu ve bu hükümet kısa süre içinde
Kırım’ın büyük bir kısmını kontrol altına almayı başarsa da,
Rus Karadeniz donanmasının ana üssü olan Sivastopol’da
bulunan Bolşevik güçleri, silah kuvvetiyle Kırım Milli
Hükümeti’ni, Bolşevik bir hükümetle değiştirdi. İzleyen
süreçte, Numan Çelebi Cihan’ın tutuklandığı ve diğer
binlerce kurbanla idam edildiği bir dönem yaşandı.
9. • Bolşevikler, Kırım’da kontrolü kalıcı olarak sağladıktan sonra, gizli
Bolşevik polis kuruluşu Chekha, Sovyetlerin tüm muhaliflerini
temizleme işlemini uygulamaya koydu; Kasım 1920’den1921 yazına
kadar olan altı aylık dönemde 60,000 kişi öldü.
• Burjuva milliyetçiler ve sınıf düşmanları olmakla suçlanan Tatarlar,
Bolşevik karşıtı Ruslar yanında hedef alındı. 60,000 Tatarın da içinde
bulunduğu 100,000 kişilik bir Kırımlı grubu ise, 1921-1922 kıtlığı
sırasında hayatını kaybetti.
• Bu müdahaleler sonucunda Tatarlar direniş göstermeye başladılar ve
Yeşil Kuvvetler adı altında Bolşevikleri ile çatışmalara girdiler. Bu
direnişin sonucunda da Tatarlara milli özerklik ve hükümette yer alma
sözü verildi.
10. • 18 Ekim 1921’de Kırım Özerk Sovyet Sosyalist
Cumhuriyeti (ÖSSC) kuruldu, eski Milli Fırka
üyesi pek çok Tatar milliyetçisi hükümete kabul
edildi.
• Veli İbrahim liderliğindeki kısa dönem, daha
sonradan sürgündeki birçok Tatar tarafından
altın çağ olarak adlandırılacaktı.
• Fakat izlediği bu politikalar sebebiyle burjuva
milliyetçiliği ile suçlandı ve 1928’de tutuklanıp
idam edildi.
• Ölümünün ardından izlediği bütün politikalar
iptal edildi ve hükümet kademesinde çalışan
tüm tatarlar görevden alındı.
• Veli İbrahim hükümetinin bitişini şiddetli bir
baskı ve devlet terörü dönemi izledi.
• 1933 ve 1939 Stalinist temizlik hareketi
sırasında, din adamları da dâhil olmak üzere,
Tatar entelijansiyasının neredeyse tamamı idam
edildi ya da çalışma kamplarında öldü.
11. 1944
• 1944’de gelindiğinde Nazilere yardım etmekle suçlanan Tatarlara,
Sovyet birliği terörü başladı. Oysa ki aynı zamanda 50 bin Kırım
Tatar erkeği, Hitler Almanyasına karşı cephede Sovyetler Birliği
adına savaşıyordu.17-18 Mayıs gecesi başlayan operasyon boyunca
Tatarlar, Kızıl Ordu birlikleri tarafından uyandırıldılar, hazırlanmaları
için 15-20 dakika verildi ve yanlarına sadece taşıyabilecekleri kadar
eşya almaları söylendi. Tren istasyonlarına getirilip, sığır
kamyonlarına dolduruldular. Ağzına kadar dolu araçlar, dışarıdan
mühürlenerek 3-4 haftalık Orta Asya, özellikle Özbekistan, Urallar
veya Sibirya yolculuğuna gönderildi. Su, yiyecek ve tıbbi malzeme
verilmedi; yol boyunca yaklaşık sekiz bin Tatar, açlık, susuzluk ya da
halsizlikten öldü. Yolculuğun sonu, çilenin bittiği anlamına
gelmiyordu. Çoğu Tatar’ın gönderildiği, Urallar’daki Sverdlovsk
bölgesindeki toplama kampları, en basit gereksinimlerden
yoksundu, yaşam koşulları perişandı ve iş çok ağırdı. Sonuç olarak,
sürgünden birkaç yıl sonra, 60,000’den fazlası çocuk olmak üzere,
Tatarların %46’sı (112,180) ölmüştü.
12. • Sürgünden birkaç gün sonra Rus yetkililer Kırımın Arabat
köyünün unutulmuş olduğunu fark ettiler. Trenler çoktan
yola çıkmış olduğundan dolayı köy halkını bir gemiye
doldurup sonra da o gemiyi karadeniz açıklarında
batırdılar.
• 1986'da Sovyetler Birliği Yüksek Sovyeti, sürgüne ve çeşitli
baskılara maruz kalan bütün toplulukların haklarını
kısıtlayan bütün hükümleri ortadan kaldırılarak, bu
halklara haklarının ve itibarlarının iade edildiğini ve bütün
bunların devlet garantisi altına alındığını açıklayan
deklarasyonu yayınladı. Ancak Kırım Tatarlarının toplu
dönüş çabaları hala bürokratik engellere takılıyordu.
• 1987 yılında Kırım Tatarları, vatana dönüşlerinin
engellenmesine karşı Kızılmeydan'da yaptıkları
gösterilerle dünya gündemine oturdu. 1989'dan itibaren
bürokratik engellere, polis baskısına ve ağır maddi
koşullara rağmen sürgün yerlerinden Kırım'a topluca
dönüşler başlattılar. Bu süreç sonunda 250 binin üzerinde
Kırım Tatarı vatanına dönebildi.
13. İlhakın Nedenleri
• Ukrayna’daki olaylar, 2013 yılında Viktor
Yanukoviç’in AB ile ortaklık anlaşmasının
imzalanmaktan vazgeçmesiyle başlamıştır. Bu
anlaşmanın sadece ekonomik olmayıp, politik
yönü de bulunmakta ve Ukrayna’nın AB
değerlerini benimsemesine katkı sağlayacak olması
nedeniyle önem taşımaktaydı.
14. AB neden Rusya’yı
rahatsız ediyor?
• 2004 yılında AB, Baltık ülkelerini
üye kabul edip, Rusya sınırına
kadar gelmesi ve bunun yanında
NATO'nun da doğuya doğru
genişlemesi Rusya’da rahatsızlık
yarattı. 2014’te gerçekleşen ilhak
ile Rusya’nın bir amacı da
Karadeniz’deki Rus deniz gücünü
kalıcı kılmak ve Ukrayna’nın
NATO’ya katılımını engellemektir.
15. Kırım’ın Önemi
• Kırım’ın Karadeniz'de bulunmasından kaynaklanan
jeopolitik önemi vardır. Bu bölge, Avrupa ile Asya
arasındaki enerji kaynakları transferinin bölgesel kavşağı
durumundadır.
• Rusya’nın Karadeniz donanması Kırım’daki Sivastopol
limanında üslenmektedir. Sovyetler Birliği dağılınca
Karadeniz donanması önce Rusya ve Ukrayna tarafından
ortaklaşa kullanılmış, 1997’de iki ülke arasında yapılan
anlaşmayla donanma Rusya ile Ukrayna arasında
paylaşılmış ve Rusya kendi donanmasını Ukrayna
karasularında bulundurmanın kirasını ödemeye
başlamıştır. Kırım’ın Rusya’ya bağlanması ile kira
anlaşması da ortadan kalkmıştır. Ayrıca Rus deniz gücü
açısından, Kırım’ın coğrafi konumu Karadeniz'de
hâkimiyet kurulmasında son derece önemlidir.
16. • Kiev’deki siyasi kriz
aşılmaya çalışılırken, 27
Şubat’ta Rusya’nın
beklenmedik bir şekilde
Kırım yarımadasına özel
kuvvetlerini çıkarması
ve burada kontrolü ele
geçirmesi, durumu
ülke-içi bir krizden
bölgesel ve uluslararası
bir soruna
dönüştürmüştür
17. • Rusya’nın askeri müdahalesi
koşullarında kurulan yeni
Kırım hükümeti, Kırım’ın
geleceğini bir halk oylaması
ile belirleme kararını almış ve
bu kararını çok kısa bir
sürede uygulamaya
koymuştur. Egemen devlet
olmak” ya da “Rusya’ya
katılmak” şeklinde iki
seçeneğin oylamaya
sunulduğu referandum
sonucunda yüzde 83’lük
katılımın sağlandığı ve yüzde
97 oranında “Rusya’ya
katılma” oyunun çıktığı ilan
edilmiştir.
18. • Ukrayna sınırları içerisinde
yer alan Kırım ile ilgili
Ukrayna anayasasının 134-
137. maddeleri arasında;
Kırım’ın özerk bir
cumhuriyet olduğu
özellikle belirtilerek,
Kırım’ın Ukrayna’nın bir
parçası olduğu ve Ukrayna
anayasasında belirtilen
sınırlar dâhilinde bir
özerkliğe sahip olduğu
vurgulanmıştır.
• Bu referandumun,
Ukrayna ve Kırım Özerk
Cumhuriyeti’nin
anayasalarına aykırı
olduğu ifade edilmiştir
19. Kaynakça
• AĞIR Osman, BAHARÇİÇEK Abdülkadir, KIRIM’IN RUSYA
FEDERASYONU’NA BAĞLANMASININ RUSYA’YA KOMŞU ÜLKELERE
OLASI ETKİLERİ, AKADEMİK BAKIŞ DERGİSİ, Sayı: 52 Kasım – Aralık
2015
• KİREÇCİ M. Akif, TEZCAN Selim, Kırım’ın Kısa Tarihi, Hoca Ahmet
Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi inceleme-araştırma dizisi
; yayın no: 24
• GÜRSELER Ceren, KIRIM’IN “SELF-DETERMİNASYONU” NASIL
YORUMLANABİLİR?, Journal of Black Sea Studies . 2014, Issue 43,
p87-115. 29p.
• ÖZÇELİK Sezai, II. SOĞUK SAVAŞ VE KIRIM’DAKİ JEO-STRATEJİK
GAMBİT: RUSYA’NIN STRATEJİK DERİNLİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA KIRIM’IN
İŞGALİ VE KIRIM TATARLARI, Black Sea-Caucasus Region: Risks and
Opportunities, 57-72
• SARIKAYA Gül, RUSYA’NIN KIRIM’I İLHAKINDAN SONRA KIRIM TATAR
MİLLİ MECLİSİ VE KIRIM TATAR TÜRKLERİNE YÖNELİK BASKILAR,
Karadeniz Araştırmaları Merkezi, XIV/55 - Güz 2017 - s.85-100