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PAPER TITLE HERE 5
Paper Title Here
Your Name
POL 201 – American National Government
Ashford University
Instructor's Name
Month Day, Year
Paper Title Here
This is where the introduction for your paper should begin.
You should indent the first paragraph and include a hook to
draw your reader in and make the topic interesting. Your
introduction should also include an overview of the main points
you will discuss in your paper and conclude with a concise
thesis statement of 25 words or less that clearly summarizes
what your paper is about. Please be sure to not refer to the
paper in your paper. For example, “In this paper, I will
discuss…” is not appropriate for formal writing. Also, your
paper should not use words such as I, we, or you. For more
suggestions, please read about thesis statements on our Ashford
Writing Center website: Thesis Statements. Your introduction
should be at least ½ a page in length.
Historical and Constitutional Background
Your paper should include the four main headings as outlined in
this template. It is vital, in order to fully meet the expectations
for this paper, that you support your arguments utilizing
scholarly sources. Be sure to summarize, paraphrase, and
include in-text citations. You must properly cite all additional
resources with in-text APA formatted citations and an APA
reference list in order to avoid plagiarism. No more than 10%
of your paper should be direct quotations. Each heading/topic
should be a a minimum of 1 to 1.5 pages in length. It is
important to include transitions and more deeply reflect and
expand on the material from each week. Be sure to review the
WayPoint feedback provided by your instructor from your Week
2 and Week 3 Assignments and the feedback from the Ashford
Writing Center from your Week 4 assignment. Integrate the
feedback into your revisions as you expand your analysis of
each section for your final paper.
Checks and Balances
Your second section should focus on the checks and balances
that are involved within the policy you have selected.
Public Policy, Elections, and Media
The third section of your final paper should focus on how the
policy relates to public policy, elections, and is portrayed by the
media. Each paragraph of your assignment should be clear and
easy to follow. Ashford has several valuable resources to help
you write a strong paragraph, such as How to Write a Good
Paragraph page and the Integrating Research tutorial.
Voting and the Election Process
The fourth section of your paper should focus on how the policy
is impacted by voting and the election process. In addition to
being well-written, each paragraph should include an in-text
citation for all information summarized, paraphrased, or quoted
from outside sources. The Ashford Writing Center provides
many resources to help you follow correct citation style
(primarily APA) and gives lessons and examples of how to
paraphrase and cite sources. The Introduction to APA page is a
good place to start.
Conclusion
Your paper should conclude with a review of your main points
and a review of your thesis. The conclusion should not
introduce any points that have not already been addressed in the
main body of the paper. This is an opportunity to solidify your
ideas for the reader and leave a lasting impression.
Remember to start your references on a new page. Space down
until References is as the top of the final page of your paper.
References
References
Your paper must utilize at least eight scholarly resources in
addition to the textbook. A minimum of six of the resources
must be peer-reviewed scholarly sources from the Ashford
University Library. The following are commonly used
references. Please fill in the required information, and if you
need more help, see the Formatting Your References List page.
References are listed in alphabetical order.
Ashford Textbook (Online edition): *
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book
(edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved
from from URL
Example:
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and
life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):**
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s
homepage URL
**When including a URL for an online journal, you must search
for the journal’s home page and include this in your reference
entry. You may not include the URL found through your
university library as readers will not have access to this library.
Examples:
Churchill, S. D., & Mruk, C. J. (2014). Practicing what we
preach in humanistic and positive psychology. American
Psychologist, 69(1), 90-92. doi:10.1037/a0034868
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad
retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32.
Retrieved from
http://www.trinitydc.edu/education/files/2010/09/Women_in_hi
gher_
Ed_Trinity_Transistions_10_08.pdf
Online Magazine:*
Author, A. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title.
Magazine Title. Retrieved from URL
Example:
Walk, V. (2013, April 29). Can this woman fix Europe? Time.
Retrieved from
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,213969.html
YouTube Video:*
Author, A. [Screen name]. (Year, Month, Day). Title of video
[Video file]. Retrieved from URL
Example:
Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost
girl caught on video tape 14
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
Web Page:*
Author, A. (Year, Month, Date Published). Article title.
Retrieved from URL
Example—Corporate web page:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008).
Police and detectives. Retrieved from
http://bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf
Example—Article or section within web page with no author:
Presentation tools. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://web2014.discoveryeducation.com/web20tools-
presentation.cfm
*Please delete the notes in this document before submitting
your assignment.
Employment-at-Will in the United States
What often surprises Europeans who visit U.S. workplaces or
study U.S. employment and labor law is the fact that the worker
in the U.S.—compared to France, Germany, and Italy—lacks
many of the protections from layoffs and firings that can be
found in Western Europe. Indeed, the U.S. concept of
employment-at-will, whereby either an employee or employer
can terminate the working relationship at any time for virtually
any reason, is unique to U.S. employment law, and has deep and
lasting ramifications upon how the employer-employee
relationship evolves and develops.
The concept of employment-at-will emerged as a defense
against involuntary servitude—in other words, preventing
someone from being forced to work against his or her will. This
gives U.S. workers maximum flexibility to choose their
workplaces, chart their career paths, and pursue better and more
lucrative job opportunities when they arise. However,
employment-at-will also carries severe downsides for the
employee. There are few, if any, protections for workers from
being let go during an economic downturn, posing significant
risks for workers in economic sectors that are extraordinarily
cyclical, such as manufacturing. In addition, the absence of any
incentive for employers to keep workers during economic
downturns has probably led to an increased trend toward
outsourcing, downsizing, and streamlining operations. Finally,
the employment-at-will relationship also leaves the employer-
employee relationship in a constant state of uncertainty. An
employee hired today may leave next year, next month, or next
week. Because of that, it is difficult for employers to
predictably manage and forecast their workforce.
Supporters argue that U.S. companies are more flexible and
nimble than their European counterparts because they can hire
and fire depending upon cyclical economic cycles. An argument
can be made that the symmetry of employment-at-will, which
grants equal rights to employers and employees to terminate the
working relationship, presents an equilibrium of power that may
not exist in Europe, where employees may hold stronger rights
than corporations. However you stand on this issue, one thing is
certain; employment-at-will is a very strong underlying force in
U.S. employment law, and has been consistently upheld in the
courts.
Combating Employment Discrimination
Employment discrimination is another major theme in business
law. The employment-at-will legal concept does not allow an
employer to terminate the U.S. worker for just any reason.
Arbitrary and capricious firings based upon race, religion,
gender, sexual orientation, or disability, are prohibited.
Employees can—and have—successfully sued employers for
firing based on those discriminatory criteria.
However, it is not easy to prove discrimination in the
workplace. Proving the intent of an employer in an alleged
discriminatory firing of an employee is extraordinarily difficult.
Many worker discrimination suits are settled prior to litigation,
and when cases do go to litigation the plaintiffs' success rate is
fairly low. Workers seeking to bring a suit on discriminatory
grounds need to have a plethora of evidence, and must be able
to document that discrimination in a way that is persuasive and
compelling.
Context
Why Intellectual Property Matters
Intellectual property rights issues are a growing concern in the
global marketplace. Differing cultural interpretations of the
concept of intellectual property have caused conflict between
organizations in different nations. There is an increase in
international litigation concerning intellectual property rights
infringement. Primarily, lawsuits are being brought by
multinational corporations based in the United States and
Western European nations against organizations in developing
nations such as China, India, and Vietnam. Indeed, violations of
intellectual property rights have become a critical and
debilitating sticking point between Washington and Beijing. In
the U.S., intellectual property rights protect the economic and
intellectual investment that entrepreneurs make in a product or
service, and without these protections the marketplace would
grind to a halt.
SHOW LESS
The copying of Microsoft software in China is the most
egregious example of infringement upon intellectual property
rights, but the problem goes far beyond that. From those who
copy the latest hit CDs to manufacturers producing fake Louis
Vuitton handbags, and even the nearly identical creation of
automobiles copied from General Motors cars in China, one
thing is certain: each example inextricably leads to an important
conversation about what rights are important, how they should
be protected in an international context, and what powers
governments should have to enforce intellectual property rights.
The focus of this assessment is necessarily upon the United
States, where intellectual property is considered a cornerstone
of the business environment. The federal government and state
and federal courts have crafted a vast array of resources and
protections for entrepreneurs regarding their ideas, products,
and services. The proliferation of small businesses and the
dominance of Silicon Valley in the high-tech field are all
testament to the protections that have been afforded
businesspeople who are seeking to create new ideas or to further
innovative technologies. It is also important to consider the
ramifications for businesses that seek to do business overseas,
where intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as
stringently enforced as they are in more developed nations.
Read the Assessment 3 Context document for important
information related to the following additional topics:
· Employment-at-Will in the United States.
· Combating Employment Discrimination.
Question to consider
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider
the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a
work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the
business community.
· Should the law allow debtors to avoid payment of their debts
if those debts cause the debtors to lose their homes or suffer
other extreme hardships?
· Should a business be able to erase its obligations to workers if
those obligations would cause the business to be unable to pay
dividends to its shareholders?
· Should a student ever be able to obtain forgiveness of her
obligation to pay tuition?
· Should a parent ever be able to obtain forgiveness of his
obligation to pay child support?Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in
completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For
additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and
Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your
courseroom.Capella Resources
Click the links provided to view the following resources:
· Assessment 3 Context.Capella Multimedia
Click the links provided below to view the following
multimedia pieces:
· Analyzing a Case Law | Transcript.
. Throughout this course, you will be required to submit case
law analysis papers. This multimedia presentation points out
key areas of a case law. Use this presentation to help you
complete your case analyses. Refer to this media as often as you
need to.
· Business Law Foundational Concepts | Transcript.
. This media piece offers interactive flashcards that you can use
to learn (or review) foundational terms and concepts in business
law. Refer to this study aid often and as needed.
· Labor Law Timeline.Library Resources
The following e-books, articles, and videos from the Capella
University Library are linked directly in this course:
· DuBoff, L. D. (2004). The law (in plain English) for small
business. Naperville, IL: Sphinx Publishing.
· Grimsley, K. S., & Riewerts, P. K. (2010, July). Does your
business have intellectual property to protect? CPA Practice
Management Forum, 6(7), 12–15.
· Your Business on MSNBC. (2011, January 1). What happens
when someone steals your business idea? [News report]. NBC
Universal Media, LLC.
· NBC Nightly News. (2011, March 7). States tangle with
teacher tenure [News report]. NBC Universal Media, LLC.
· NBC Nightly News. (2012, January 11). Supreme Court rejects
job bias suit against church [News report]. NBC Universal
Media, LLC.
· NBC Nightly News. (2011, June 20). Supreme Court rules for
Wal-Mart in class-action bias case [News report]. NBC
Universal Media, LLC.Course Library Guide
A Capella University library guide has been created specifically
for your use in this course. You are encouraged to refer to the
resources in the BUS-FP3021– Fundamentals of Business Law
Library Guide to help direct your research. Pay particular
attention to the Capella University Library Legal Research
Library Guide linked within.Internet Resources
Access the following resources by clicking the links provided.
Please note that URLs change frequently. Permissions for the
following links have been either granted or deemed appropriate
for educational use at the time of course publication.
· Nolo. (2013). Nolo law for all. Retrieved from
http://www.nolo.com
. This resource provides helpful background on a range of legal
issues. You may find the Free Legal Information section of the
site particularly helpful.
Your assessments throughout this course will be case law
analysis papers based on real-world court decisions you will
choose and research independently. The following suggested
resources provide helpful methods of locating relevant cases:
· FindLaw. (2013). US Supreme Court opinions. Retrieved from
www.findlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html
. FindLaw.com is one of the best resources for case law in the
topic area of intellectual property.
· Cornell University Law School – Legal Information Institute
(LII). (n.d.). Supreme Court: Most recent decisions. Retrieved
from www.law.cornell.edu/supct/
· Nolo. (2011). US Supreme Court center. Retrieved from
http://supreme.nolo.com
· Oyez, Inc. (2011). U.S. Supreme Court media –
Cases. Retrieved from http://www.oyez.org/cases
The following government agencies are a good place to search
for up-to-date information about employment law:
· U.S. Government Accountability Office. (n.d.). GAO.
Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov
. You may find useful reports about the state of creditor-debtor
issues on this Web site.
· U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA).Retrieved from
http://www.osha.gov
. This Web site is highly recommended and has critical
information about workplace health and safety.
· U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Bureau of Labor
Statistics.Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov
. This Web site provides relevant and up-to-date employee data
in the United States.
· U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). United States Department of
Labor. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov
. This Web site should be considered an essential resource for
this course.Bookstore Resources
The resources listed below are relevant to the topics and
assessments in this course and are not required. Unless noted
otherwise, these materials are available for purchase from
the Capella University Bookstore. When searching the
bookstore, be sure to look for the Course ID with the specific –
FP (FlexPath) course designation.
· Miller, R. L., & Cross, F. B. (2018). The legal environment of
business: Text and cases (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.
Assesement instructions
For this assessment, you will first select an actual business-
related legal case, pertaining to the topic of intellectual
property, based on briefly conducting associated research.
Based on that, you will then select an organization that you
believe would be impacted by that legal case. Having completed
both of these tasks, you should assume you're a senior manager
in the organization you selected, and that you were asked to
perform an analysis of the legal case and to write an executive
briefing for the executive team of that same organization. Your
executive briefing should include a summary of the case, as
well as an evaluation of how the case impacts the organization.
The purpose of this format is two-fold:
1. To give you the opportunity to research and investigate a real
court decision.
2. To challenge you to think about the business implications of
the case, and specifically how the case will impact an actual
organization.
In your case law analysis you must be able to navigate the
court's decision, and summarize and evaluate it. You may
choose any business-related court case, either state or federal,
as the basis for your case law executive briefing, as long as the
case is applicable to the assessment topic. You are expected to
conduct your own independent research to locate and evaluate
the applicability of cases. A few appropriate case law websites
are recommended for you in the Resources, but you are not
limited to using cases from these sites.
For this assessment, use credible legal research databases and
online resources, research federal and state court cases, and
select any business-related case that has been decided by a state
court, a federal court, or the United States Supreme Court. Then
select an organization (potentially the organization for which
you work) that you believe the selected case might impact.
Write an executive briefing that addresses the following:
Research federal and state court cases pertaining to the topic
of intellectual property. Select one court case and write an
analysis that addresses the following:
1. Articulate the context and relevance of law in a business
environment:
. Identify the parties who are before the court.
. Provide a brief background and context associated with the
case. Summarize the facts in no more than 2–3 paragraphs.
. Identify the specific disagreement between the parties.
. Explain the ruling of the court and its business relevance in no
more than 1–2 paragraphs. Was there a dissenting opinion? If
so, explain why some of the judges or justices disagreed with
the majority in the decision.
· Evaluate the business impact of the case:
. Summarize your analysis of how the case will impact
businesses in general, including both positive and negative
impacts.
. Indicate the organization you selected as potentially impacted
by the case and why you selected that organization.
. Explain how the case will impact the specific organization you
selected, such that the executive team will understand the
implications of the legal decision.
Based on your executive audience, your executive briefing
should be no more than two pages, and should be well organized
and written in clear, succinct language. Follow APA rules for
attributing sources that support your analysis and conclusions.
Academic Integrity and APA Formatting
As a reminder related to using APA rules to ensure academic
honesty:
1. When using a direct quote (using exact or nearly exact
wording), you must enclose the quoted wording in quotation
marks, immediately followed by an in-text citation. The source
must then be listed in your references page.
2. When paraphrasing (using your own words to describe a non-
original idea), the paraphrased idea must be immediately
followed by an in-text citation and the source must be listed in
your references page.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Jaden Thomas
POL201: American National Government
Professor Eirich
July 29th, 2019
The Civil Rights Act; A Way of Promoting Democracy
Saying that America has not witnessed growth in its political,
legislative, and administration system would be a lie. No other
area has recorded more change than the legislation. To be more
precise, the nation has grown extensively in terms of civil
rights. As dated in history, the United States, for a long time,
was a very publicly discriminatory country, primarily in the
southern states. African Americans and other minorities, were
discriminated against based on their race, color, religion, sex,
and national origin. However, the U.S. national government has
gone beyond measure to put an end to this discrimination, with
the desire/goal of promoting equality across the country. The
enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has played a crucial
role in reducing the Act of discrimination in the nation.
Whether it may be at a public school, a movie theatre, or a
restaurant. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had a significant
effect on America and its people. Furthermore, by examining
and analyzing the constitutional and historical bases, U.S.
government's check and balances implications on law
enforcement, and the political, electoral and media coverage of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964,I am inclined to argue that the
Civil Rights Act is crucial; in terms of promoting a society that
is free of discrimination.
President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Right Act to outlaw
discrimination in America; discrimination based on sex, origin,
color, religion, and race. Before the bill was signed, African
Americans experienced extreme social injustice, enduring
adverse effects of racism and discrimination, especially in the
southern states. African Americans could not eat in certain parts
of restaurants, couldn't drink from the same water fountain, and
attend the same school as whites, and more (Jenkins & Peck,
2013). Even then, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress lacked
the power to prevent social and economic discrimination, also
following multiple civil right cases. The power that Congress
had during this time to enforce the Civil Right Act was weak.
Eventually, that power that Congress lacked was asserted by the
official and final passing of the policy in 1964. By examining
the civil rights act, it will be possible to associate the different
changes that have taken place in the U.S. as far as civil rights
are concerned.
Historical and Constitutional Background
After the American Civil War (1865), and after 4 million slaves
had gained their freedom; Congress passed Civil Rights Laws
ensuring constitutional rights for African Americans. In 1961,
the then-President John F. Kennedy began to form a campaign
to have equal rights for all Americans regardless of race and
color. Unfortunately, he was assassinated before he could see
the fruits of his campaign (Peretti, 2016). President Lyndon B.
Johnson came in as the next President and picked up where
president Kennedy had left off. Johnson pushed and had the
Civil Rights Act though under resistance, enforced across the
entire nation. Martin Luther, one of the nation's most celebrated
civil rights activists, equated the Civil Rights Act as the second
emancipation (Tushnet, 2015).
The biggest beneficiaries of the Act were African Americans.
After slavery was abolished in the U.S., African Americans
found it extremely difficult to find employment, as well as to be
treated as freedmen with equal rights as White. Even after being
granted their freedom after slavery, African Americans were
continuously discriminated upon and treated as though they
were less than the average White man. Segregation laws, such
as Jim Crow Laws or Black codes, profoundly affected them as
well as jeopardized their equality. These segregation laws were
known as Jim Crow Laws and or Black Codes were not allowed
to vote. African Americans were not allowed to vote, couldn't
marry someone of a different race, and couldn't attend the same
school as whites. However, through the Civil Rights Act of
1964, African Americans were granted equal rights; the law was
on their side just as it was for white Americans. They were able
to obtain jobs, and schools allowed for white and black children
to interact.
The Civil Rights Act as well led to the passing of the Voting
Rights Act of 1965; which aimed to overcome legal barriers at
the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from
exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (History.com Editors,
2009). Following, the 14th Amendment was also put forth
enchanting the Civil Rights Act. Ratified in 1968, the 14th
Amendment not only granted citizenship to all persons born or
naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—, but
it also guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws"
(History.com Editors, 2009).
Although the 14th and 15th Amendment were put forth to ensure
and protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and
other minorities. As stated earlier, they were never genuinely
enforced in southern states. The above statement can be
evidenced by prolonged segregation and discrimination in the
Southern States as compared to the other areas in the U.S. In the
Southern States of America, African Americans were constantly
belittled, harassed and even killed just because of the color of
their skin. This extreme discrimation and violence occurred
both before and after the enactment of the Civil Rights Act.
Making matters worse, the harassment as well came from law
enforcers and others who had the responsibility of enforcing the
laws and its requirements. It is because of the above, the slow
and non-compliance of the demands of the Act, that checks and
balances systems had to take action.
Checks and Balances
In the course of time, the U.S. government established the
checks and balance systems to ensure that political power is not
concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups. One of the
systems that were put in place was the law enforcement agency.
The law enforcement agency that consists of police officers and
court officials are mandated by the law to ensure that laws are
not broken and if they are broken, they are mandated to arrest
and ensure that lawbreakers are punished for their crimes. After
passing the Act in 1964, President Johnson signed an order that
gave the A.G. powers to coordinate government agencies in law
enforcement (Brown et al., 2005). The President, in short,
instituted a check and balance system.
The Attorney-general was under strict order to ensure
compliance of the Act demands, and he was to do so by
coordinating the various agencies of the government. To ensure
that there is no abuse of power, the three arms of the
government are autonomous but are answerable to each other.
Through the above balance, the government has been able to
reduce the likelihood that civil rights are trampled upon by any
of the three arms of the government that are charged with the
responsibility of protecting the American people.
Another way through which balances and checks happen is
through a judicial review process. The judicial review process is
a way in which people or institutions can challenge the
decisions or lawfulness of decisions of local governments and
even the national government. Judicial review processes ensure
that those in power do not abuse their power. A controversial
judicial review process that cemented the Act was the upholding
of the constitutionality of the Act through the Heart of Atlanta
Motel v. the U.S. case. The Supreme Court dismissed the plea
of the petitioner that his fifth and thirteenth constitutional
amendment rights were being violated.
Public Policy, Elections, and Media
The Civil Rights Act and public policy
The Act up for discussion was an act that was meant to protect
all Americans and people residing in America by ensuring that
their rights are not violated. There have been various
amendments to the Act as well as the introduction of new acts
to protect the civil rights of people in America. An example of a
law that came to complement the civil rights act was the LGBT
Employment Antidiscrimination Law passed and campaigned for
by President Obama. The law strictly banned the discrimination
of people based on their sexual preferences. The law as well
prohibited the discrimination of the LGBT community in their
places of work (Kristen & Nahmias, 2018). The banning of the
discrimination of the LGBT has furthered the advocacy for civil
rights in the U.S.
The Act itself is a public policy or can be claimed to set the
ground or foundation for social law because it makes the
interaction of people more accessible and better. The civil
rights act and its amendments continue making Americans
united. In the past the nation was primarily divided into two;
white Americans and black Americans. In the recent past,
reports of black Americans and white Americans uniting for a
common cause have become common. The above is an
indication that the nation is slowly doing with what was
polarizing it, racial discrimination.
The Civil Rights Act and elections
For a long time, Americans voted based on the race however
during the elections that saw Obama become the President, that
narrative was thrown out; a majority of Americans did not vote
based on their race. The above is an indication that the civil
rights act is achieving its goal as public policy; Americans are
becoming more and more united due to their civil rights being
honored and protected. Also, the Act guaranteed voting for all
Americans; constitutional amendments and civil rights
legislation disregards discrimination and guarantees voting
(Stern, 1995). In the last elections, Hillary Clinton put the
agenda of civil rights in her manifesto, and this helped her in
getting the votes that she did in the election. As much as she did
not win the presidential seat, Clinton put the agenda of civil
rights in the mouth of the people and through that many
Americans have been able to push for their rights and stand
against the abuse of civil rights.
The Act and the media
The media and what they report have significantly been
impactful in the push for the protection of civil rights. It is
ubiquitous for media houses to give a blackout to politicians
who seem to want or campaign for the breaking of civil rights
laws. Also, media houses have been advocating for a united
America; a nation where civil rights are not trampled upon. For
example, the media portrays the civil Act of 1965 as a source of
national change as it promoted democracy by putting an end to
racial segregation.
Voting and the Election Process
Other than doing away with the segregation rules and laws and
outlawing discrimination in the U.S., the other most significant
impact of the Act was felt on the election process. The Act up
for discussion made it possible for African Americans to vote.
The Act emphasized on putting an end to discrimination against
blacks' access to the ballot. Since the passage of the Act up for
discussion, Marginalized Americans have used it to challenge
harassment and discrimination based on anything.
The Act up for discussion advocated for the rights of all
American citizens regardless of color, race, or origin. The Act
aimed to provide equal treatment and opportunities to All
Americans, including giving them the right to vote. In reference
to the 15th Amendment, the voting rights Act Signed into law
by President Johnston intended to solve legal challenges that
prevented the blacks from participating in elections as
safeguarded by the 15th Amendment (Millhiser, 2017).
Conclusion
The Act up for discussion was the most effective legislation
Congress enacted, and this can be evidenced by the fact it has
helped to depolarize the nation as well as unite the country. The
Civil Rights changed the United States both socially and
politically. This legislation containedextensive measures to
combat racial segregation. From the segregated South, those
whoadvocated for the Act transformed American history by
creating a democratic nation withequality under the law. The
fact that all laws are under checks and balances ensures that the
laws are for the people and that laws protect the people. The
Civil Rights Act and its amendments have checks and balances
that ensure that the rights of people are protected and that those
in power do not overstep their boundaries or do not abuse their
power.
Therefore, The Act is significant to the U.S. Constitution as
iteconomically equalized the Whites and the African Americans
in the U.S. The above is evidenced by the fact that the Act has
put to an end to segregation while at the same time has
strengthened the nation's democracy. In conclusion, the Act up
for discussion has been crucial to the American people in terms
of promoting a society that is free of discrimination.
References
Brown, K., Royer, S., Waterhouse, J., & Ridge, S. (2005).
Virtual workforces and the shifting frontier of control. The
Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(3), 310-325. Retrieved from
EbscoHost database.
Jenkins, J. A., & Peck, J. (2013). Building toward major policy
change: Congressional action on civil rights, 1941-1950. Law
and History Review, 31(1), 139-198. Retrieved from EbscoHost
database.
Kristen, E., & Nahmias, D. (2018). The Writing on the Wall:
The Future of LGBT Employment Antidiscrimination Law in the
Age of Trump. Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law,
39(1), 89. Retrieved from EbscoHost database.
Millhiser, I. (2017). Federalism in a Time of Autocracy. Yale
Law & Policy Review, 35(2), 521–538.
Peretti, B. W. (2016). Paul H. Santa Cruz. Making JFK Matter:
Popular Memory and the Thirty-Fifth President.
Stern, M. (1995). Party alignments and civil rights: Then and
now. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25(3), 413.
Tushnet, M. (2015). Civil Rights Policy.
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
Paper Title:
No. of Pages: 0
Paper Style: APA Paper Type: N/A
Taken English? Yes English as Second Language? No
Feedback Areas: General, N/A
Paper Goals: This assignment touches base on the governmental
impact of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964.
Proofing Summary:
Hello,
I’m Porter, your writing tutor for the Writing Center. I have
reviewed your submission and have provided some
suggestions which may help you revise your assignment. Please
feel free to contact us through a 24/7 live writing
session with any follow-up questions or for any clarification.
Below, you will find a revision plan along with margin
comments within your paper. Note that I have not proofread the
draft for minor errors, but rather, focused on larger concerns
such as idea development. For a complete look at grammar
and punctuation, please use Grammarly:
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/grammarly
You have done a nice job of researching the Act and how it is
still relevant today!
For your revisions, I suggest focusing on:
1. Thesis: Remember, including a thesis statement is vital to
strengthening your paper. A thesis statement should be
placed as the last one or two sentences of your introduction
paragraph. It is meant to provide a clear guideline of what
your paper will cover and should include the main points of
your essay.
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/writing-a-thesis
2. Paragraph development: You may want to make your
paragraphs more concise and focused since they seem to have
more background information than needed to support your
thesis. Try looking for areas where you go off-topic or have
already explained your point.
3. Academic Voice: Pay special attention to your choice of
words when writing for an academic purpose. Avoid using
clichés and language that is too conversational. Try to use
language that is specific, precise, and more formal. This does
not mean using long words, just words that are more polished.
For more information and guidance on how to do this,
please see this resource:
http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/academic-voice
4. Grammar, Punctuation, Spelling: Before submitting this
assignment, I suggest that you proofread and edit your paper
more closely. I suggest reading it aloud to yourself to catch all
the little errors, and then running your paper through
Grammarly. Grammarly is a free proofreading and editing tool
available to all university students. Grammarly flags
mistakes and helps you make sure your writing is clear and
mistake-free.
Good luck in the course!
page 1 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
Be sure to edit the template to reflect your own information.
page 2 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
Consider developing a clear thesis
statement to add to the end of your
introductory paragraph. The thesis
statement should clearly state the
purpose, argument or points that will
be made in the paper.
You may want to guide the audience
using effective wording to state the
purpose of this essay without
statements like “this paper” or “I will
discuss.” This also establishes
academic tone.
page 3 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
The only italics in your paper
should be for larger works'
titles or in direct quotations.
Some of the information in your
paper seems to have been
obtained from a source, yet you
have not cited a source. You must
provide an in-text citation any time
that you summarize, paraphrase,
or directly quote another person’s
words or ideas. For help on when
and how to do this, refer to this guide:
http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/citing-within-your-paper
It is unclear what your intended
meaning is in this sentence.
Make sure you address the
subject specifically so your
reader understands what you
are referencing.
page 4 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
If you are skimming and you notice
paragraphs that are one to four lines, there is
a good chance those paragraphs could use
some topic development.
It is helpful to add a variety to your
paper. Where you have multiple
single-subject sentences, see if you
can combine them into compound
sentences. This will help with flow.
page 5 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
You may want to make your
paragraphs more concise and focused
since they seem to have more
background information than needed
to support your thesis. Try looking for
areas where you go off-topic or have
already explained your point.
page 6 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
You may want to consider omitting
words which seem extraneous or
thinking of different ways to say the
same idea.
Be sure you are capitalizing
proper nouns.
You may consider reviewing the rules
for semicolons. A semicolon is used to
separate two closely related
independent clauses, provided they
are not already joined by a
coordinating conjunction. They can
also be used in place of commas to
separate items in a list, when the
elements of that list contain commas.
page 7 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
page 8 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
Before submitting this assignment, I
suggest that you proofread and edit
your paper more closely. I suggest
reading it aloud to yourself to catch all
the little errors, and then running your
paper through Grammarly. Grammarly
is a free proofreading and editing tool
available to all university students.
Grammarly flags mistakes and helps
you make sure your writing is clear
and mistake-free.
page 9 / 10
Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
Be sure your References use DOI
numbers/journal names instead of
proxy URLs.
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
page 10 / 10
http://www.tcpdf.org
I wanted to give you some advice on your writing assignments,
specifically your assignments in Weeks 2, 3, and 5 of the
course. Here are some tips I can offer:
1. Pick a specific law about which to write, not a general area of
policy.
Some of you were wondering if writing about immigration
policy or drug policy or gun control would work for your final
paper. The problem with that approach is that you cannot adhere
to the four prompts of the final paper if you write about a policy
area generally and not about a specific policy.
So, for those that want to write about immigration policy, pick a
specific federal law on immigration (e.g. the Immigration and
Nationality Act).
For those that want to write about drug policy, pick a specific
federal drug law (e.g. the Controlled Substances Act).
For those that want to write about gun policy, pick a specific
federal gun law (e.g. the Gun Control Act of 1968).
And so on...and so on...
2. You must choose an actual federal law and not a proposed
law (bill) or a state law.
The law about which you want to write should be a law that has
been enacted, not a proposed law that is not/has not ever been
formally entered into law. If you have questions, please email
me.
Also, don't write about state laws. This is a course on America's
national government, so I encourage you to focus on a specific
federal law. Again, if you have questions, email me.
3. Stick to the paper prompts.
Keep in mind that you MUST address the four main prompts in
the writing assignments.
To remind, these are:
a) To describe the historical and Constitutional basis of
American government’s structure (e.g. federalism) and how this
relates to your policy.
For this prompt, you should consider the following:
--- How does the specific law relate to America's history in this
area?
--- Has the federal government always been responsible for this
area?
--- Does the law change the federal government's
responsibilities in this area and, if so, how?
--- What are the resulting responsibilities of state governments
as a result of the law?
--- Finally, has any federal court(s) upheld/reversed any
provisions of the law?
b) To explain how the policy is involved within the process of
checks and balances
--- How do the president, Congress, and federal courts work to
implement the law? Also, how do the other branches limit the
powers of each other in relation to the law?
---This is NOT a section to write about federal and state
relations (that's better suited to Section 1). Again, checks and
balances talks about how the Congress, the administration, and
the federal courts work to implement and enforce the law.
c) To describe how the policy relates to public policy and
elections and how the policy is portrayed by the media
--- Have Democrats or Republicans made any specific claims
about the law as to how they would enforce the law or change
the law; if so, what were they (look at the parties' platforms for
more information)?
--- Were the parties successful?
--- Also, what are the general perceptions of the law in the
media? On social media?
d) To explain how the policy impacts voting and the election
process
--- Some laws will have greater impact in this area than others,
but you could address if the law has been referenced in any
presidential, congressional, or other election campaign?
--- Did President Trump or Secretary Clinton, for example,
specifically address the law in their campaigns?
--- Was the law referenced in any polls leading up to this year's
midterm election? If so, what was the public's view of the law
before and after the election? Do the numbers differ from 2016
at all?
4. Research help
While you are compiling sources for your Week 2 annotated
bibliography (and the other written assignments), you may find
that the Ashford library can, at times, be limited in its specific
options.
To this end, I would like to recommend this website:
https://scholar.google.com
This website allows for a more targeted search of sources
(which you can then check against the Ashford library).
So, for example, you could search "Affordable Care Act" AND
"Checks and Balances" and find a number of sources that might
be more directly relevant in a common search tool (like
Ashford's library).
I hope this information is helpful to you. Please reach out if you
have any questions.
Best always,
Kevin
Outline
• Introduction
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the civil Right Act on July
2, 1964 to outlaw
discrimination based on color, race, origin, sex and religion.
Before the bill was signed,
African Americans experienced extreme social injustice,
enduring negative effects of
racism and discrimination, especially in the southern states.
African Americans could not
eat in certain parts of restaurants, couldn't drink from the same
water fountain, attend the
same school as whites, and more. Even then, the Supreme Court
ruled that Congress
lacked the power to interdict social and economic
discrimination, even following multiple
civil right cases. The power that Congress had during this time
to enforce the Civil Right
Act was weak. Eventually, that power that Congress lacked was
asserted by the official
and final passing of the policy in 1964.
Thesis Statement
This Act is significant to the U.S. Constitution as it
economically equalized the Whites
and the African Americans in the U.S., putting an end to
segregation while strengthening
U.S. democracy.
The Historical and Constitutional Background: After the Civil
War (1865), and
after 4 million slaves had gained their freedom; Congress
passed Civil Rights
Laws ensuring constitutional rights for African Americans.
These laws were
granted under the 14th and 15th amendments. Although the 14th
and 15hth
amendment were put forth to ensure the constitutional rights for
African
Americans, they were never truly enforced in specific states,
primarily the
southern states
The Fourteenth Amendment: It addresses many citizenship
aspects including citizen rights. The Civil rights Act of 1965
- 1 -
1
2
3
1. civil Right Act
Civil Rights Act [Kevin
Eirich]
2. 1964.
So, why should the reader
continue? You haven't really
introduced the paper to
follow. The reader could
simply stop here and move on
to something else because
you've given them no
indication of what is to come
or what you
evidence/discussion you will
present in support of your
thesis. [Kevin Eirich]
3. This Act is significant to
the U.S. Constitution as it
economically equalized the
Whites
and the African Americans
in the U.S., putting an end
to segregation while
strengthening U.S.
democracy.
This is an opinion; this is not
a thesis statement. Your
thesis should fully address
your topic and provide
content for each of the four
elements below.
For example, "Through
examining the historical and
Constitutional basis for the
law, how the government's
checks and balances
structure impacts
enforcement of the law, and
the political, electoral, and
media coverage of the law, I
will argue that the Civil Rights
Act is an essential piece of
legislation as America works
to promote an equal,
discrimination-free society for
its people." [Kevin Eirich]
followed the fourteenth amendment of the US constitution
which stated that no state should deny citizens their
constitutional rights.
The Fifteenth amendment: It gave all citizens the right to vote
by stating that no state shall deny citizens their voting rights
due to discrimination.
Civil Rights Act and the Process of checks and balances
Law Enforcement: the Act is a law that the executive branch
must enforce to
have meaning and power. After passing the act in 1964,
President Lyndon
Johnston signed an executive order that would give the attorney
general
powers to coordinate government agencies in law enforcement.
Judicial Review Process: The Supreme Court largely upheld the
constitutionality of this Act through the case Heart of Atlanta
Motel v. the
US. Like any law the Congress passes, the Act is affected by
other
branches which define checks and balances.
The Civil Rights Act and public policy
Constitutional amendment: Constitutional amendments and civil
rights legislation disregards discrimination and guarantees
voting.
National Transformation: the media portrays the civil Act of
1965 as
a source of national change as it promoted democracy by putting
an end to racial segregation.
Impact of the Civil Rights on voting: The act emphasized on
putting an end to
discrimination against blacks’ access to the ballot. Since the
passage of this act,
Marginalized Americans have used it to challenge harassment
and discrimination
based on color, origin, race, religion, and gender.
Voting Rights: Civil Rights Act of 1965 advocated for the rights
of all
- 2 -
1
2
3
1. discrimination.
Jaden, This is great context
on two of the Reconstruction
amendments, but I don't read
much about the Civil Rights
Act. [Kevin Eirich]
2. the Act is a law that the
executive branch must
enforce to have meaning
and power. After passing
the act in 1964, President
Lyndon Johnston signed an
executive order that would
give the attorney general
powers to coordinate
government agencies in law
enforcement.
Judicial Review Process:
The Supreme Court largely
upheld the
constitutionality of this Act
through the case Heart of
Atlanta Motel v. the
US. Like any law the
Congress passes, the Act is
affected by other
branches which define
checks and balances.
Keep in mind that checks and
balances refers to how
Congress, the president (and
the administration), and the
courts work to implement and
enforce the law.
How do the administration,
the courts, and Congress
work to enforce the law?
You may find that the Justice
Department's Division of Civil
Rights may be a useful jump
point for this section. [Kevin
Eirich]
3. Constitutional
amendments and civil
rights legislation
disregards discrimination
and guarantees voting.
National Transformation:
the media portrays the civil
Act of 1965 as a source of
national change as it
promoted democracy by
putting
an end to racial
segregation.
Pretty limited section with no
sourcing. [Kevin Eirich]
American citizens regardless of color, race, or origin. It aimed
to
provide equal treatment and opportunities to All Americans,
including giving them the right to vote.
The 15th Amendment: The voting rights Act of 1965 Signed
into law
by President Lyndon Johnston intended to solve legal challenges
that prevented the blacks from participating in elections as
safeguarded by the 15th amendment.
Conclusion
The Civil rights Act of 1964 was the most effective legislation
the Congress enacted. It
Changed the United States both socially and politically. This
legislation contained
extensive measures to combat racial segregation. From the
segregated South, those who
advocated for the Act transformed American history by creating
a democratic nation with
equality under the law. Therefore, The Act is significant to the
U.S. Constitution as it
economically equalized the Whites and the African Americans
in the U.S., putting an end
to segregation while strengthening the U.S. democracy.
- 3 -
1
2
1. voting rights Act of 1965
Different law.
You should instead focus on
the parties' and candidates'
positions on
improving/expanding civil
rights. [Kevin Eirich]
2. was the most effective
legislation the Congress
enacted.
Do you have any
evidence/sources that you
could present to support this
claim? [Kevin Eirich]
References
Eskridge Jr, W. N. (1991). Reneging on History--Playing the
Court/Congress/President
Civil Rights Game. Calif. L. Rev., 79, 613. 613-683.
Stewart, J. (n.d.). Chapter 5:The Senate and Civil Rights. 145-
162.
- 4 -
1
1. References
Six sources were required.
Also, these sources are not in
APA format. [Kevin Eirich]
Week Two Annotated Bibliography Worksheet
Reminders: Each of the four sources here, will need to be peer-
reviewed scholarly
sources obtained through the AU Library Databases. Before
you begin, be sure
you have critically read ALL of the instructions and that you
have watched the video
tutorial for creating an APA formatted Annotated Bibliog
HYPERLINK
"https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6
1b5-8152-4f8e-948b-
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ry.html"r HYPERLINK
"https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6
1b5-8152-4f8e-948b-
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ry.html"aphy and
reviewed the M HYPERLINK
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1b5-8152-4f8e-948b-
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ry.html"o HYPERLINK
"https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6
1b5-8152-4f8e-948b-
e162fd937c2f/1/Annotated%20Bibliography%20Tutorial.zip/sto
ry.html"del APA formatted
Annotated Bibliography example .
A. Topic: The Civil Rights Act of 1964
1. Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, the
Civil Rights
Act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex,
and national origin. The
Civil Rights Act of 1964 is significant to the U.S. Constitution
as it ended segreagtion in
public places, as well as employment discrimination based on
the elements of one's
race, color, religion, sex, and or national origin. The act gave
the national governement
the power to cease racial discrimination in employment, voting
and public places.
B. Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action
on Civil
Rights, 1941-1950:
1. Jenkins, J. A., & Peck, J. (2013). Building toward major
policy change:
Congressional action on civil rights, 1941-1950. Law and
History Review, 31(1), 139-
198. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.1017/S0738248012000181
2. In “Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional
Action on Civil
Rights, 1941-1950”, Jenkins and Peck (2013) expand on the
landmark that the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and the effect that the civil rights policy had
on the constitution. This
- 1 -
1
1. Law and History Review,
Italicize book, journal,
magazine, and newspaper
titles [Kevin Eirich]
source is important and would be beneficial to my paper as
Jenkins and Peck touch
base on what lead up to the official civil rights policy, as well
as what was occurring in
the states that executed the policy. Jenkins and Peck also touch
on the struggles that
black Americans faced during this landmark of change. I believe
This source will aid me
to support my argument that the civil rights policy began to
expand and began to grow
and push forward the effort for equality, specifically for black
Americans. The Civil
Rights Act of 1964 was an engine started to a lot of reformation
that occurred moving
forward. For example, the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This
source will support my
argument that the Civil Rights Act reformed U.S. and the
Constitution.
C. Federalism in a Time of Autocracy:
1. Millhiser, I. (2017). Federalism in a Time of Autocracy. Yale
Law & Policy
Review, 35(2), 521–538. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=12610
0189&site=eds-
live&scope=site
2. Millhiser (2017) breaks down the three different branches of
government
from the 1960s to the present. Millhiser uses historical court
cases and events to
showcase how many states largely ignored the 14th Amendment.
This article will be a
great source to use in my final paper as it breaks down cases
like Brown v. Board of
Education and Jim Crow Laws in southern states and how it
took Congress to step in, to
break these cases and laws down. This article will support the
argument that states can
take advantage of their power and how laws are not strictly
enforced unless enforced by
the National Government. Not only that, Millhiser showcases
how in fact, each branch
can take advantage of their power.
- 2 -
1
2
3
1. Civil Rights Act reformed
U.S. and the Constitution.
How did the Civil Rights Act
reform the Constitution?
[Kevin Eirich]
2. Yale Law & Policy
Review,
Italicize [Kevin Eirich]
3. Millhiser (2017) breaks
down the three different
branches of government
from the 1960s to the
present. Millhiser uses
historical court cases and
events to
showcase how many states
largely ignored the 14th
Amendment. This article
will be a
great source to use in my
final paper as it breaks
down cases like Brown v.
Board of
Education and Jim Crow
Laws in southern states
and how it took Congress
to step in, to break these
cases and laws down. This
article will support the
argument that states can
take advantage of their
power and how laws are not
strictly enforced unless
enforced by the National
Government. Not only that,
Millhiser showcases how in
fact, each branch
can take advantage of their
power.
I think this is a fine source,
but it should be focused on
checks and balances, not on
federalism.
Federalism is a focus of
section 1. [Kevin Eirich]
D. Party alignments and civil rights: Then and now:
1. Stern, M. (1995). Party alignments and civil rights: Then and
now.
Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25(3), 413. Retrieved from
https://search-
proquest-com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/docview/215686851?
accountid=32521
2. In this article, Stern (1995) examines the political positions
on the Civil
Rights Act and its effect on elections on the Republican and
Democratic perspective as
well as how it impacted votes during elections during the 1950s
through the 1990s. This
source is significant to my final paper because it examines the
presidential votes
through a specific time span and how civil rights impacted each
political party. With the
use of this source, I am able to evaluate how civil rights
impacted and or affect
presidential campaigns and elections. with this article I will be
able to support the
argument on how over the years, civil rights reform grew and
had a major impact on
presidential elections and campaigns.
E. The Writing on the Wall:The Future of LGBT
EmploymentAntidiscrimination Law
in the Age of Trump
1. Kristen, E., & Nahmias, D. (2018). The Writing on the Wall:
The Future of
LGBT Employment Antidiscrimination Law in the Age of
Trump. Berkeley
Journal of Employment & Labor Law, 39(1), 89. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edb&AN=136145171&site=eds-
live&scope=site
2. Kristen and Nahmias (2018) focus on the LGBT. In this
article, Kristen and
- 3 -
1
2
3
1. Presidential Studies
Quarterly,
Italicize. [Kevin Eirich]
2. (1995)
This article is almost 25 years
old. Do you have more
recent views of the parties'
positions on civil rights or on
the Civil Rights Act? [Kevin
Eirich]
3. Berkeley Journal of
Employment & Labor Law,
Italicize [Kevin Eirich]
Nahmias focus on how during President Obama’s presidency,
federal agencies
expanded and protected the rights of those of the LGBT
community, especially in the
workplace. Whereas while under the presidency of Trump, those
rights to the LGBT
community are as quoted "under attack". With this article I will
be able to evaluate our
two most recent Presidents and their impact on the policy of
civil rights and how it may
have impacted their votes and or term in office. This source is
extremely beneficial as it
is up-to-date. With this source I will also be able to support the
argument that although
the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, still today many are
fighting for their civil rights
and equality.
Annotated Bibliography Example: This is an example of how
your annotations
should look on the Week 2 Annotated Bibliography Worksheet
once completed. Please
note this is an actual source, but NOT one applicable for your
final research paper.
Source:
Brown, K., Royer, S., Waterhouse, J., & Ridge, S. (2005).
Virtual workforces and the
shifting frontier of control. The Journal of Industrial Relations,
47(3), 310-325.
Retrieved from EbscoHost database.
Paragraph:
The political process has a significant impact on virtual
workforces. Brown,
Royer, Waterhouse, and Ridge (2005) studied how organizations
innovate and create
new technology to allow remote employees to communicate
virtually. This has changed
a great deal since 2005, but the important aspect of rethinking
how employees and
managers do business and manage assignments within the
virtual workplace is
discussed. As online education continues to evolve, more
changes will be necessary
- 4 -
1
1. LGBT community,
Please keep in mind that
sexual orientation is not a
protected class under the
Civil Rights Act.
If you want to write about
LGBTQ issues, the Civil
Rights Act is not going to offer
much support. [Kevin Eirich]
within online colleges and universities to keep up with the
changing technology and to
restructure their workforce to meet the needs of students. These
changes can result in
new organizational structures that lead to the need for less
hierarchy within an
organization (Brown, Royer, Waterhouse, & Ridge, 2005).
- 5 -
[no notes on this page]

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  • 1. Running head: PAPER TITLE HERE 1 PAPER TITLE HERE 5 Paper Title Here Your Name POL 201 – American National Government Ashford University Instructor's Name Month Day, Year Paper Title Here This is where the introduction for your paper should begin. You should indent the first paragraph and include a hook to draw your reader in and make the topic interesting. Your introduction should also include an overview of the main points you will discuss in your paper and conclude with a concise thesis statement of 25 words or less that clearly summarizes what your paper is about. Please be sure to not refer to the paper in your paper. For example, “In this paper, I will discuss…” is not appropriate for formal writing. Also, your paper should not use words such as I, we, or you. For more suggestions, please read about thesis statements on our Ashford Writing Center website: Thesis Statements. Your introduction should be at least ½ a page in length. Historical and Constitutional Background Your paper should include the four main headings as outlined in this template. It is vital, in order to fully meet the expectations for this paper, that you support your arguments utilizing scholarly sources. Be sure to summarize, paraphrase, and include in-text citations. You must properly cite all additional resources with in-text APA formatted citations and an APA
  • 2. reference list in order to avoid plagiarism. No more than 10% of your paper should be direct quotations. Each heading/topic should be a a minimum of 1 to 1.5 pages in length. It is important to include transitions and more deeply reflect and expand on the material from each week. Be sure to review the WayPoint feedback provided by your instructor from your Week 2 and Week 3 Assignments and the feedback from the Ashford Writing Center from your Week 4 assignment. Integrate the feedback into your revisions as you expand your analysis of each section for your final paper. Checks and Balances Your second section should focus on the checks and balances that are involved within the policy you have selected. Public Policy, Elections, and Media The third section of your final paper should focus on how the policy relates to public policy, elections, and is portrayed by the media. Each paragraph of your assignment should be clear and easy to follow. Ashford has several valuable resources to help you write a strong paragraph, such as How to Write a Good Paragraph page and the Integrating Research tutorial. Voting and the Election Process The fourth section of your paper should focus on how the policy is impacted by voting and the election process. In addition to being well-written, each paragraph should include an in-text citation for all information summarized, paraphrased, or quoted from outside sources. The Ashford Writing Center provides many resources to help you follow correct citation style (primarily APA) and gives lessons and examples of how to paraphrase and cite sources. The Introduction to APA page is a good place to start. Conclusion Your paper should conclude with a review of your main points and a review of your thesis. The conclusion should not introduce any points that have not already been addressed in the main body of the paper. This is an opportunity to solidify your ideas for the reader and leave a lasting impression.
  • 3. Remember to start your references on a new page. Space down until References is as the top of the final page of your paper. References References Your paper must utilize at least eight scholarly resources in addition to the textbook. A minimum of six of the resources must be peer-reviewed scholarly sources from the Ashford University Library. The following are commonly used references. Please fill in the required information, and if you need more help, see the Formatting Your References List page. References are listed in alphabetical order. Ashford Textbook (Online edition): * Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from from URL Example: Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4 Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):** Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s homepage URL **When including a URL for an online journal, you must search for the journal’s home page and include this in your reference entry. You may not include the URL found through your university library as readers will not have access to this library. Examples: Churchill, S. D., & Mruk, C. J. (2014). Practicing what we preach in humanistic and positive psychology. American Psychologist, 69(1), 90-92. doi:10.1037/a0034868 Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad
  • 4. retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retrieved from http://www.trinitydc.edu/education/files/2010/09/Women_in_hi gher_ Ed_Trinity_Transistions_10_08.pdf Online Magazine:* Author, A. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title. Magazine Title. Retrieved from URL Example: Walk, V. (2013, April 29). Can this woman fix Europe? Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,213969.html YouTube Video:* Author, A. [Screen name]. (Year, Month, Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL Example: Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on video tape 14 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848 Web Page:* Author, A. (Year, Month, Date Published). Article title. Retrieved from URL Example—Corporate web page: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). Police and detectives. Retrieved from http://bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf Example—Article or section within web page with no author: Presentation tools. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://web2014.discoveryeducation.com/web20tools- presentation.cfm
  • 5. *Please delete the notes in this document before submitting your assignment. Employment-at-Will in the United States What often surprises Europeans who visit U.S. workplaces or study U.S. employment and labor law is the fact that the worker in the U.S.—compared to France, Germany, and Italy—lacks many of the protections from layoffs and firings that can be found in Western Europe. Indeed, the U.S. concept of employment-at-will, whereby either an employee or employer can terminate the working relationship at any time for virtually any reason, is unique to U.S. employment law, and has deep and lasting ramifications upon how the employer-employee relationship evolves and develops. The concept of employment-at-will emerged as a defense against involuntary servitude—in other words, preventing someone from being forced to work against his or her will. This gives U.S. workers maximum flexibility to choose their workplaces, chart their career paths, and pursue better and more lucrative job opportunities when they arise. However, employment-at-will also carries severe downsides for the employee. There are few, if any, protections for workers from being let go during an economic downturn, posing significant risks for workers in economic sectors that are extraordinarily cyclical, such as manufacturing. In addition, the absence of any incentive for employers to keep workers during economic downturns has probably led to an increased trend toward outsourcing, downsizing, and streamlining operations. Finally, the employment-at-will relationship also leaves the employer- employee relationship in a constant state of uncertainty. An employee hired today may leave next year, next month, or next week. Because of that, it is difficult for employers to predictably manage and forecast their workforce. Supporters argue that U.S. companies are more flexible and nimble than their European counterparts because they can hire and fire depending upon cyclical economic cycles. An argument
  • 6. can be made that the symmetry of employment-at-will, which grants equal rights to employers and employees to terminate the working relationship, presents an equilibrium of power that may not exist in Europe, where employees may hold stronger rights than corporations. However you stand on this issue, one thing is certain; employment-at-will is a very strong underlying force in U.S. employment law, and has been consistently upheld in the courts. Combating Employment Discrimination Employment discrimination is another major theme in business law. The employment-at-will legal concept does not allow an employer to terminate the U.S. worker for just any reason. Arbitrary and capricious firings based upon race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability, are prohibited. Employees can—and have—successfully sued employers for firing based on those discriminatory criteria. However, it is not easy to prove discrimination in the workplace. Proving the intent of an employer in an alleged discriminatory firing of an employee is extraordinarily difficult. Many worker discrimination suits are settled prior to litigation, and when cases do go to litigation the plaintiffs' success rate is fairly low. Workers seeking to bring a suit on discriminatory grounds need to have a plethora of evidence, and must be able to document that discrimination in a way that is persuasive and compelling. Context Why Intellectual Property Matters Intellectual property rights issues are a growing concern in the global marketplace. Differing cultural interpretations of the concept of intellectual property have caused conflict between organizations in different nations. There is an increase in international litigation concerning intellectual property rights infringement. Primarily, lawsuits are being brought by multinational corporations based in the United States and
  • 7. Western European nations against organizations in developing nations such as China, India, and Vietnam. Indeed, violations of intellectual property rights have become a critical and debilitating sticking point between Washington and Beijing. In the U.S., intellectual property rights protect the economic and intellectual investment that entrepreneurs make in a product or service, and without these protections the marketplace would grind to a halt. SHOW LESS The copying of Microsoft software in China is the most egregious example of infringement upon intellectual property rights, but the problem goes far beyond that. From those who copy the latest hit CDs to manufacturers producing fake Louis Vuitton handbags, and even the nearly identical creation of automobiles copied from General Motors cars in China, one thing is certain: each example inextricably leads to an important conversation about what rights are important, how they should be protected in an international context, and what powers governments should have to enforce intellectual property rights. The focus of this assessment is necessarily upon the United States, where intellectual property is considered a cornerstone of the business environment. The federal government and state and federal courts have crafted a vast array of resources and protections for entrepreneurs regarding their ideas, products, and services. The proliferation of small businesses and the dominance of Silicon Valley in the high-tech field are all testament to the protections that have been afforded businesspeople who are seeking to create new ideas or to further innovative technologies. It is also important to consider the ramifications for businesses that seek to do business overseas, where intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as stringently enforced as they are in more developed nations. Read the Assessment 3 Context document for important information related to the following additional topics: · Employment-at-Will in the United States. · Combating Employment Discrimination.
  • 8. Question to consider To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community. · Should the law allow debtors to avoid payment of their debts if those debts cause the debtors to lose their homes or suffer other extreme hardships? · Should a business be able to erase its obligations to workers if those obligations would cause the business to be unable to pay dividends to its shareholders? · Should a student ever be able to obtain forgiveness of her obligation to pay tuition? · Should a parent ever be able to obtain forgiveness of his obligation to pay child support?Suggested Resources The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.Capella Resources Click the links provided to view the following resources: · Assessment 3 Context.Capella Multimedia Click the links provided below to view the following multimedia pieces: · Analyzing a Case Law | Transcript. . Throughout this course, you will be required to submit case law analysis papers. This multimedia presentation points out key areas of a case law. Use this presentation to help you complete your case analyses. Refer to this media as often as you need to. · Business Law Foundational Concepts | Transcript. . This media piece offers interactive flashcards that you can use to learn (or review) foundational terms and concepts in business law. Refer to this study aid often and as needed. · Labor Law Timeline.Library Resources The following e-books, articles, and videos from the Capella
  • 9. University Library are linked directly in this course: · DuBoff, L. D. (2004). The law (in plain English) for small business. Naperville, IL: Sphinx Publishing. · Grimsley, K. S., & Riewerts, P. K. (2010, July). Does your business have intellectual property to protect? CPA Practice Management Forum, 6(7), 12–15. · Your Business on MSNBC. (2011, January 1). What happens when someone steals your business idea? [News report]. NBC Universal Media, LLC. · NBC Nightly News. (2011, March 7). States tangle with teacher tenure [News report]. NBC Universal Media, LLC. · NBC Nightly News. (2012, January 11). Supreme Court rejects job bias suit against church [News report]. NBC Universal Media, LLC. · NBC Nightly News. (2011, June 20). Supreme Court rules for Wal-Mart in class-action bias case [News report]. NBC Universal Media, LLC.Course Library Guide A Capella University library guide has been created specifically for your use in this course. You are encouraged to refer to the resources in the BUS-FP3021– Fundamentals of Business Law Library Guide to help direct your research. Pay particular attention to the Capella University Library Legal Research Library Guide linked within.Internet Resources Access the following resources by clicking the links provided. Please note that URLs change frequently. Permissions for the following links have been either granted or deemed appropriate for educational use at the time of course publication. · Nolo. (2013). Nolo law for all. Retrieved from http://www.nolo.com . This resource provides helpful background on a range of legal issues. You may find the Free Legal Information section of the site particularly helpful. Your assessments throughout this course will be case law analysis papers based on real-world court decisions you will choose and research independently. The following suggested resources provide helpful methods of locating relevant cases:
  • 10. · FindLaw. (2013). US Supreme Court opinions. Retrieved from www.findlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html . FindLaw.com is one of the best resources for case law in the topic area of intellectual property. · Cornell University Law School – Legal Information Institute (LII). (n.d.). Supreme Court: Most recent decisions. Retrieved from www.law.cornell.edu/supct/ · Nolo. (2011). US Supreme Court center. Retrieved from http://supreme.nolo.com · Oyez, Inc. (2011). U.S. Supreme Court media – Cases. Retrieved from http://www.oyez.org/cases The following government agencies are a good place to search for up-to-date information about employment law: · U.S. Government Accountability Office. (n.d.). GAO. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov . You may find useful reports about the state of creditor-debtor issues on this Web site. · U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov . This Web site is highly recommended and has critical information about workplace health and safety. · U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Bureau of Labor Statistics.Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov . This Web site provides relevant and up-to-date employee data in the United States. · U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). United States Department of Labor. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov . This Web site should be considered an essential resource for this course.Bookstore Resources The resources listed below are relevant to the topics and assessments in this course and are not required. Unless noted otherwise, these materials are available for purchase from the Capella University Bookstore. When searching the bookstore, be sure to look for the Course ID with the specific – FP (FlexPath) course designation.
  • 11. · Miller, R. L., & Cross, F. B. (2018). The legal environment of business: Text and cases (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage. Assesement instructions For this assessment, you will first select an actual business- related legal case, pertaining to the topic of intellectual property, based on briefly conducting associated research. Based on that, you will then select an organization that you believe would be impacted by that legal case. Having completed both of these tasks, you should assume you're a senior manager in the organization you selected, and that you were asked to perform an analysis of the legal case and to write an executive briefing for the executive team of that same organization. Your executive briefing should include a summary of the case, as well as an evaluation of how the case impacts the organization. The purpose of this format is two-fold: 1. To give you the opportunity to research and investigate a real court decision. 2. To challenge you to think about the business implications of the case, and specifically how the case will impact an actual organization. In your case law analysis you must be able to navigate the court's decision, and summarize and evaluate it. You may choose any business-related court case, either state or federal, as the basis for your case law executive briefing, as long as the case is applicable to the assessment topic. You are expected to conduct your own independent research to locate and evaluate the applicability of cases. A few appropriate case law websites are recommended for you in the Resources, but you are not limited to using cases from these sites. For this assessment, use credible legal research databases and online resources, research federal and state court cases, and select any business-related case that has been decided by a state court, a federal court, or the United States Supreme Court. Then select an organization (potentially the organization for which you work) that you believe the selected case might impact. Write an executive briefing that addresses the following:
  • 12. Research federal and state court cases pertaining to the topic of intellectual property. Select one court case and write an analysis that addresses the following: 1. Articulate the context and relevance of law in a business environment: . Identify the parties who are before the court. . Provide a brief background and context associated with the case. Summarize the facts in no more than 2–3 paragraphs. . Identify the specific disagreement between the parties. . Explain the ruling of the court and its business relevance in no more than 1–2 paragraphs. Was there a dissenting opinion? If so, explain why some of the judges or justices disagreed with the majority in the decision. · Evaluate the business impact of the case: . Summarize your analysis of how the case will impact businesses in general, including both positive and negative impacts. . Indicate the organization you selected as potentially impacted by the case and why you selected that organization. . Explain how the case will impact the specific organization you selected, such that the executive team will understand the implications of the legal decision. Based on your executive audience, your executive briefing should be no more than two pages, and should be well organized and written in clear, succinct language. Follow APA rules for attributing sources that support your analysis and conclusions. Academic Integrity and APA Formatting As a reminder related to using APA rules to ensure academic honesty: 1. When using a direct quote (using exact or nearly exact wording), you must enclose the quoted wording in quotation marks, immediately followed by an in-text citation. The source must then be listed in your references page. 2. When paraphrasing (using your own words to describe a non- original idea), the paraphrased idea must be immediately followed by an in-text citation and the source must be listed in
  • 13. your references page. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Jaden Thomas POL201: American National Government Professor Eirich July 29th, 2019 The Civil Rights Act; A Way of Promoting Democracy Saying that America has not witnessed growth in its political, legislative, and administration system would be a lie. No other area has recorded more change than the legislation. To be more precise, the nation has grown extensively in terms of civil rights. As dated in history, the United States, for a long time, was a very publicly discriminatory country, primarily in the southern states. African Americans and other minorities, were discriminated against based on their race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. However, the U.S. national government has gone beyond measure to put an end to this discrimination, with the desire/goal of promoting equality across the country. The enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has played a crucial role in reducing the Act of discrimination in the nation. Whether it may be at a public school, a movie theatre, or a
  • 14. restaurant. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had a significant effect on America and its people. Furthermore, by examining and analyzing the constitutional and historical bases, U.S. government's check and balances implications on law enforcement, and the political, electoral and media coverage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,I am inclined to argue that the Civil Rights Act is crucial; in terms of promoting a society that is free of discrimination. President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Right Act to outlaw discrimination in America; discrimination based on sex, origin, color, religion, and race. Before the bill was signed, African Americans experienced extreme social injustice, enduring adverse effects of racism and discrimination, especially in the southern states. African Americans could not eat in certain parts of restaurants, couldn't drink from the same water fountain, and attend the same school as whites, and more (Jenkins & Peck, 2013). Even then, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress lacked the power to prevent social and economic discrimination, also following multiple civil right cases. The power that Congress had during this time to enforce the Civil Right Act was weak. Eventually, that power that Congress lacked was asserted by the official and final passing of the policy in 1964. By examining the civil rights act, it will be possible to associate the different changes that have taken place in the U.S. as far as civil rights are concerned. Historical and Constitutional Background After the American Civil War (1865), and after 4 million slaves had gained their freedom; Congress passed Civil Rights Laws ensuring constitutional rights for African Americans. In 1961, the then-President John F. Kennedy began to form a campaign to have equal rights for all Americans regardless of race and color. Unfortunately, he was assassinated before he could see the fruits of his campaign (Peretti, 2016). President Lyndon B. Johnson came in as the next President and picked up where president Kennedy had left off. Johnson pushed and had the
  • 15. Civil Rights Act though under resistance, enforced across the entire nation. Martin Luther, one of the nation's most celebrated civil rights activists, equated the Civil Rights Act as the second emancipation (Tushnet, 2015). The biggest beneficiaries of the Act were African Americans. After slavery was abolished in the U.S., African Americans found it extremely difficult to find employment, as well as to be treated as freedmen with equal rights as White. Even after being granted their freedom after slavery, African Americans were continuously discriminated upon and treated as though they were less than the average White man. Segregation laws, such as Jim Crow Laws or Black codes, profoundly affected them as well as jeopardized their equality. These segregation laws were known as Jim Crow Laws and or Black Codes were not allowed to vote. African Americans were not allowed to vote, couldn't marry someone of a different race, and couldn't attend the same school as whites. However, through the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans were granted equal rights; the law was on their side just as it was for white Americans. They were able to obtain jobs, and schools allowed for white and black children to interact. The Civil Rights Act as well led to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965; which aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (History.com Editors, 2009). Following, the 14th Amendment was also put forth enchanting the Civil Rights Act. Ratified in 1968, the 14th Amendment not only granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—, but it also guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws" (History.com Editors, 2009). Although the 14th and 15th Amendment were put forth to ensure and protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minorities. As stated earlier, they were never genuinely enforced in southern states. The above statement can be
  • 16. evidenced by prolonged segregation and discrimination in the Southern States as compared to the other areas in the U.S. In the Southern States of America, African Americans were constantly belittled, harassed and even killed just because of the color of their skin. This extreme discrimation and violence occurred both before and after the enactment of the Civil Rights Act. Making matters worse, the harassment as well came from law enforcers and others who had the responsibility of enforcing the laws and its requirements. It is because of the above, the slow and non-compliance of the demands of the Act, that checks and balances systems had to take action. Checks and Balances In the course of time, the U.S. government established the checks and balance systems to ensure that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups. One of the systems that were put in place was the law enforcement agency. The law enforcement agency that consists of police officers and court officials are mandated by the law to ensure that laws are not broken and if they are broken, they are mandated to arrest and ensure that lawbreakers are punished for their crimes. After passing the Act in 1964, President Johnson signed an order that gave the A.G. powers to coordinate government agencies in law enforcement (Brown et al., 2005). The President, in short, instituted a check and balance system. The Attorney-general was under strict order to ensure compliance of the Act demands, and he was to do so by coordinating the various agencies of the government. To ensure that there is no abuse of power, the three arms of the government are autonomous but are answerable to each other. Through the above balance, the government has been able to reduce the likelihood that civil rights are trampled upon by any of the three arms of the government that are charged with the responsibility of protecting the American people. Another way through which balances and checks happen is through a judicial review process. The judicial review process is a way in which people or institutions can challenge the
  • 17. decisions or lawfulness of decisions of local governments and even the national government. Judicial review processes ensure that those in power do not abuse their power. A controversial judicial review process that cemented the Act was the upholding of the constitutionality of the Act through the Heart of Atlanta Motel v. the U.S. case. The Supreme Court dismissed the plea of the petitioner that his fifth and thirteenth constitutional amendment rights were being violated. Public Policy, Elections, and Media The Civil Rights Act and public policy The Act up for discussion was an act that was meant to protect all Americans and people residing in America by ensuring that their rights are not violated. There have been various amendments to the Act as well as the introduction of new acts to protect the civil rights of people in America. An example of a law that came to complement the civil rights act was the LGBT Employment Antidiscrimination Law passed and campaigned for by President Obama. The law strictly banned the discrimination of people based on their sexual preferences. The law as well prohibited the discrimination of the LGBT community in their places of work (Kristen & Nahmias, 2018). The banning of the discrimination of the LGBT has furthered the advocacy for civil rights in the U.S. The Act itself is a public policy or can be claimed to set the ground or foundation for social law because it makes the interaction of people more accessible and better. The civil rights act and its amendments continue making Americans united. In the past the nation was primarily divided into two; white Americans and black Americans. In the recent past, reports of black Americans and white Americans uniting for a common cause have become common. The above is an indication that the nation is slowly doing with what was polarizing it, racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act and elections
  • 18. For a long time, Americans voted based on the race however during the elections that saw Obama become the President, that narrative was thrown out; a majority of Americans did not vote based on their race. The above is an indication that the civil rights act is achieving its goal as public policy; Americans are becoming more and more united due to their civil rights being honored and protected. Also, the Act guaranteed voting for all Americans; constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation disregards discrimination and guarantees voting (Stern, 1995). In the last elections, Hillary Clinton put the agenda of civil rights in her manifesto, and this helped her in getting the votes that she did in the election. As much as she did not win the presidential seat, Clinton put the agenda of civil rights in the mouth of the people and through that many Americans have been able to push for their rights and stand against the abuse of civil rights. The Act and the media The media and what they report have significantly been impactful in the push for the protection of civil rights. It is ubiquitous for media houses to give a blackout to politicians who seem to want or campaign for the breaking of civil rights laws. Also, media houses have been advocating for a united America; a nation where civil rights are not trampled upon. For example, the media portrays the civil Act of 1965 as a source of national change as it promoted democracy by putting an end to racial segregation. Voting and the Election Process Other than doing away with the segregation rules and laws and outlawing discrimination in the U.S., the other most significant impact of the Act was felt on the election process. The Act up for discussion made it possible for African Americans to vote. The Act emphasized on putting an end to discrimination against blacks' access to the ballot. Since the passage of the Act up for discussion, Marginalized Americans have used it to challenge harassment and discrimination based on anything.
  • 19. The Act up for discussion advocated for the rights of all American citizens regardless of color, race, or origin. The Act aimed to provide equal treatment and opportunities to All Americans, including giving them the right to vote. In reference to the 15th Amendment, the voting rights Act Signed into law by President Johnston intended to solve legal challenges that prevented the blacks from participating in elections as safeguarded by the 15th Amendment (Millhiser, 2017). Conclusion The Act up for discussion was the most effective legislation Congress enacted, and this can be evidenced by the fact it has helped to depolarize the nation as well as unite the country. The Civil Rights changed the United States both socially and politically. This legislation containedextensive measures to combat racial segregation. From the segregated South, those whoadvocated for the Act transformed American history by creating a democratic nation withequality under the law. The fact that all laws are under checks and balances ensures that the laws are for the people and that laws protect the people. The Civil Rights Act and its amendments have checks and balances that ensure that the rights of people are protected and that those in power do not overstep their boundaries or do not abuse their power. Therefore, The Act is significant to the U.S. Constitution as iteconomically equalized the Whites and the African Americans in the U.S. The above is evidenced by the fact that the Act has put to an end to segregation while at the same time has strengthened the nation's democracy. In conclusion, the Act up for discussion has been crucial to the American people in terms of promoting a society that is free of discrimination. References Brown, K., Royer, S., Waterhouse, J., & Ridge, S. (2005). Virtual workforces and the shifting frontier of control. The Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(3), 310-325. Retrieved from EbscoHost database.
  • 20. Jenkins, J. A., & Peck, J. (2013). Building toward major policy change: Congressional action on civil rights, 1941-1950. Law and History Review, 31(1), 139-198. Retrieved from EbscoHost database. Kristen, E., & Nahmias, D. (2018). The Writing on the Wall: The Future of LGBT Employment Antidiscrimination Law in the Age of Trump. Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, 39(1), 89. Retrieved from EbscoHost database. Millhiser, I. (2017). Federalism in a Time of Autocracy. Yale Law & Policy Review, 35(2), 521–538. Peretti, B. W. (2016). Paul H. Santa Cruz. Making JFK Matter: Popular Memory and the Thirty-Fifth President. Stern, M. (1995). Party alignments and civil rights: Then and now. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25(3), 413. Tushnet, M. (2015). Civil Rights Policy. Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 Paper Title: No. of Pages: 0 Paper Style: APA Paper Type: N/A Taken English? Yes English as Second Language? No Feedback Areas: General, N/A Paper Goals: This assignment touches base on the governmental impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
  • 21. Proofing Summary: Hello, I’m Porter, your writing tutor for the Writing Center. I have reviewed your submission and have provided some suggestions which may help you revise your assignment. Please feel free to contact us through a 24/7 live writing session with any follow-up questions or for any clarification. Below, you will find a revision plan along with margin comments within your paper. Note that I have not proofread the draft for minor errors, but rather, focused on larger concerns such as idea development. For a complete look at grammar and punctuation, please use Grammarly: https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/grammarly You have done a nice job of researching the Act and how it is still relevant today! For your revisions, I suggest focusing on: 1. Thesis: Remember, including a thesis statement is vital to strengthening your paper. A thesis statement should be placed as the last one or two sentences of your introduction paragraph. It is meant to provide a clear guideline of what your paper will cover and should include the main points of your essay.
  • 22. https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/writing-a-thesis 2. Paragraph development: You may want to make your paragraphs more concise and focused since they seem to have more background information than needed to support your thesis. Try looking for areas where you go off-topic or have already explained your point. 3. Academic Voice: Pay special attention to your choice of words when writing for an academic purpose. Avoid using clichés and language that is too conversational. Try to use language that is specific, precise, and more formal. This does not mean using long words, just words that are more polished. For more information and guidance on how to do this, please see this resource: http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/academic-voice 4. Grammar, Punctuation, Spelling: Before submitting this assignment, I suggest that you proofread and edit your paper more closely. I suggest reading it aloud to yourself to catch all the little errors, and then running your paper through Grammarly. Grammarly is a free proofreading and editing tool available to all university students. Grammarly flags mistakes and helps you make sure your writing is clear and mistake-free. Good luck in the course!
  • 23. page 1 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 Be sure to edit the template to reflect your own information. page 2 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 Consider developing a clear thesis statement to add to the end of your introductory paragraph. The thesis statement should clearly state the purpose, argument or points that will be made in the paper. You may want to guide the audience using effective wording to state the purpose of this essay without statements like “this paper” or “I will
  • 24. discuss.” This also establishes academic tone. page 3 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 The only italics in your paper should be for larger works' titles or in direct quotations. Some of the information in your paper seems to have been obtained from a source, yet you have not cited a source. You must provide an in-text citation any time that you summarize, paraphrase, or directly quote another person’s words or ideas. For help on when and how to do this, refer to this guide:
  • 25. http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/citing-within-your-paper It is unclear what your intended meaning is in this sentence. Make sure you address the subject specifically so your reader understands what you are referencing. page 4 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 If you are skimming and you notice paragraphs that are one to four lines, there is a good chance those paragraphs could use some topic development. It is helpful to add a variety to your paper. Where you have multiple single-subject sentences, see if you can combine them into compound
  • 26. sentences. This will help with flow. page 5 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 You may want to make your paragraphs more concise and focused since they seem to have more background information than needed to support your thesis. Try looking for areas where you go off-topic or have already explained your point. page 6 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 You may want to consider omitting words which seem extraneous or thinking of different ways to say the
  • 27. same idea. Be sure you are capitalizing proper nouns. You may consider reviewing the rules for semicolons. A semicolon is used to separate two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. They can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, when the elements of that list contain commas. page 7 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 page 8 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019
  • 28. Before submitting this assignment, I suggest that you proofread and edit your paper more closely. I suggest reading it aloud to yourself to catch all the little errors, and then running your paper through Grammarly. Grammarly is a free proofreading and editing tool available to all university students. Grammarly flags mistakes and helps you make sure your writing is clear and mistake-free. page 9 / 10 Proofed Paper: ntp655759 - Fri Jul 26 15:39:12 EDT 2019 Be sure your References use DOI numbers/journal names instead of proxy URLs.
  • 29. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) page 10 / 10 http://www.tcpdf.org I wanted to give you some advice on your writing assignments, specifically your assignments in Weeks 2, 3, and 5 of the course. Here are some tips I can offer: 1. Pick a specific law about which to write, not a general area of policy. Some of you were wondering if writing about immigration policy or drug policy or gun control would work for your final paper. The problem with that approach is that you cannot adhere to the four prompts of the final paper if you write about a policy area generally and not about a specific policy. So, for those that want to write about immigration policy, pick a specific federal law on immigration (e.g. the Immigration and Nationality Act). For those that want to write about drug policy, pick a specific federal drug law (e.g. the Controlled Substances Act). For those that want to write about gun policy, pick a specific federal gun law (e.g. the Gun Control Act of 1968). And so on...and so on... 2. You must choose an actual federal law and not a proposed law (bill) or a state law. The law about which you want to write should be a law that has been enacted, not a proposed law that is not/has not ever been formally entered into law. If you have questions, please email me. Also, don't write about state laws. This is a course on America's national government, so I encourage you to focus on a specific federal law. Again, if you have questions, email me. 3. Stick to the paper prompts. Keep in mind that you MUST address the four main prompts in
  • 30. the writing assignments. To remind, these are: a) To describe the historical and Constitutional basis of American government’s structure (e.g. federalism) and how this relates to your policy. For this prompt, you should consider the following: --- How does the specific law relate to America's history in this area? --- Has the federal government always been responsible for this area? --- Does the law change the federal government's responsibilities in this area and, if so, how? --- What are the resulting responsibilities of state governments as a result of the law? --- Finally, has any federal court(s) upheld/reversed any provisions of the law? b) To explain how the policy is involved within the process of checks and balances --- How do the president, Congress, and federal courts work to implement the law? Also, how do the other branches limit the powers of each other in relation to the law? ---This is NOT a section to write about federal and state relations (that's better suited to Section 1). Again, checks and balances talks about how the Congress, the administration, and the federal courts work to implement and enforce the law. c) To describe how the policy relates to public policy and elections and how the policy is portrayed by the media --- Have Democrats or Republicans made any specific claims about the law as to how they would enforce the law or change
  • 31. the law; if so, what were they (look at the parties' platforms for more information)? --- Were the parties successful? --- Also, what are the general perceptions of the law in the media? On social media? d) To explain how the policy impacts voting and the election process --- Some laws will have greater impact in this area than others, but you could address if the law has been referenced in any presidential, congressional, or other election campaign? --- Did President Trump or Secretary Clinton, for example, specifically address the law in their campaigns? --- Was the law referenced in any polls leading up to this year's midterm election? If so, what was the public's view of the law before and after the election? Do the numbers differ from 2016 at all? 4. Research help While you are compiling sources for your Week 2 annotated bibliography (and the other written assignments), you may find that the Ashford library can, at times, be limited in its specific options. To this end, I would like to recommend this website: https://scholar.google.com This website allows for a more targeted search of sources (which you can then check against the Ashford library). So, for example, you could search "Affordable Care Act" AND "Checks and Balances" and find a number of sources that might be more directly relevant in a common search tool (like Ashford's library).
  • 32. I hope this information is helpful to you. Please reach out if you have any questions. Best always, Kevin Outline • Introduction President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the civil Right Act on July 2, 1964 to outlaw discrimination based on color, race, origin, sex and religion. Before the bill was signed, African Americans experienced extreme social injustice, enduring negative effects of racism and discrimination, especially in the southern states. African Americans could not eat in certain parts of restaurants, couldn't drink from the same water fountain, attend the same school as whites, and more. Even then, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress lacked the power to interdict social and economic discrimination, even following multiple civil right cases. The power that Congress had during this time to enforce the Civil Right
  • 33. Act was weak. Eventually, that power that Congress lacked was asserted by the official and final passing of the policy in 1964. Thesis Statement This Act is significant to the U.S. Constitution as it economically equalized the Whites and the African Americans in the U.S., putting an end to segregation while strengthening U.S. democracy. The Historical and Constitutional Background: After the Civil War (1865), and after 4 million slaves had gained their freedom; Congress passed Civil Rights Laws ensuring constitutional rights for African Americans. These laws were granted under the 14th and 15th amendments. Although the 14th and 15hth amendment were put forth to ensure the constitutional rights for African Americans, they were never truly enforced in specific states, primarily the southern states
  • 34. The Fourteenth Amendment: It addresses many citizenship aspects including citizen rights. The Civil rights Act of 1965 - 1 - 1 2 3 1. civil Right Act Civil Rights Act [Kevin Eirich] 2. 1964. So, why should the reader continue? You haven't really introduced the paper to follow. The reader could simply stop here and move on to something else because you've given them no indication of what is to come
  • 35. or what you evidence/discussion you will present in support of your thesis. [Kevin Eirich] 3. This Act is significant to the U.S. Constitution as it economically equalized the Whites and the African Americans in the U.S., putting an end to segregation while strengthening U.S. democracy. This is an opinion; this is not a thesis statement. Your thesis should fully address your topic and provide content for each of the four
  • 36. elements below. For example, "Through examining the historical and Constitutional basis for the law, how the government's checks and balances structure impacts enforcement of the law, and the political, electoral, and media coverage of the law, I will argue that the Civil Rights Act is an essential piece of legislation as America works to promote an equal, discrimination-free society for its people." [Kevin Eirich] followed the fourteenth amendment of the US constitution
  • 37. which stated that no state should deny citizens their constitutional rights. The Fifteenth amendment: It gave all citizens the right to vote by stating that no state shall deny citizens their voting rights due to discrimination. Civil Rights Act and the Process of checks and balances Law Enforcement: the Act is a law that the executive branch must enforce to have meaning and power. After passing the act in 1964, President Lyndon Johnston signed an executive order that would give the attorney general powers to coordinate government agencies in law enforcement. Judicial Review Process: The Supreme Court largely upheld the constitutionality of this Act through the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. the US. Like any law the Congress passes, the Act is affected by other branches which define checks and balances. The Civil Rights Act and public policy Constitutional amendment: Constitutional amendments and civil
  • 38. rights legislation disregards discrimination and guarantees voting. National Transformation: the media portrays the civil Act of 1965 as a source of national change as it promoted democracy by putting an end to racial segregation. Impact of the Civil Rights on voting: The act emphasized on putting an end to discrimination against blacks’ access to the ballot. Since the passage of this act, Marginalized Americans have used it to challenge harassment and discrimination based on color, origin, race, religion, and gender. Voting Rights: Civil Rights Act of 1965 advocated for the rights of all - 2 - 1 2 3 1. discrimination. Jaden, This is great context
  • 39. on two of the Reconstruction amendments, but I don't read much about the Civil Rights Act. [Kevin Eirich] 2. the Act is a law that the executive branch must enforce to have meaning and power. After passing the act in 1964, President Lyndon Johnston signed an executive order that would give the attorney general powers to coordinate government agencies in law enforcement. Judicial Review Process: The Supreme Court largely upheld the
  • 40. constitutionality of this Act through the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. the US. Like any law the Congress passes, the Act is affected by other branches which define checks and balances. Keep in mind that checks and balances refers to how Congress, the president (and the administration), and the courts work to implement and enforce the law. How do the administration, the courts, and Congress work to enforce the law? You may find that the Justice
  • 41. Department's Division of Civil Rights may be a useful jump point for this section. [Kevin Eirich] 3. Constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation disregards discrimination and guarantees voting. National Transformation: the media portrays the civil Act of 1965 as a source of national change as it promoted democracy by putting an end to racial segregation. Pretty limited section with no
  • 42. sourcing. [Kevin Eirich] American citizens regardless of color, race, or origin. It aimed to provide equal treatment and opportunities to All Americans, including giving them the right to vote. The 15th Amendment: The voting rights Act of 1965 Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnston intended to solve legal challenges that prevented the blacks from participating in elections as safeguarded by the 15th amendment. Conclusion The Civil rights Act of 1964 was the most effective legislation the Congress enacted. It Changed the United States both socially and politically. This legislation contained extensive measures to combat racial segregation. From the segregated South, those who advocated for the Act transformed American history by creating a democratic nation with equality under the law. Therefore, The Act is significant to the
  • 43. U.S. Constitution as it economically equalized the Whites and the African Americans in the U.S., putting an end to segregation while strengthening the U.S. democracy. - 3 - 1 2 1. voting rights Act of 1965 Different law. You should instead focus on the parties' and candidates' positions on improving/expanding civil rights. [Kevin Eirich] 2. was the most effective legislation the Congress enacted. Do you have any evidence/sources that you
  • 44. could present to support this claim? [Kevin Eirich] References Eskridge Jr, W. N. (1991). Reneging on History--Playing the Court/Congress/President Civil Rights Game. Calif. L. Rev., 79, 613. 613-683. Stewart, J. (n.d.). Chapter 5:The Senate and Civil Rights. 145- 162. - 4 - 1 1. References Six sources were required. Also, these sources are not in APA format. [Kevin Eirich] Week Two Annotated Bibliography Worksheet Reminders: Each of the four sources here, will need to be peer- reviewed scholarly
  • 45. sources obtained through the AU Library Databases. Before you begin, be sure you have critically read ALL of the instructions and that you have watched the video tutorial for creating an APA formatted Annotated Bibliog HYPERLINK "https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6 1b5-8152-4f8e-948b- e162fd937c2f/1/Annotated%20Bibliography%20Tutorial.zip/sto ry.html"r HYPERLINK "https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6 1b5-8152-4f8e-948b- e162fd937c2f/1/Annotated%20Bibliography%20Tutorial.zip/sto ry.html"aphy and reviewed the M HYPERLINK "https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6 1b5-8152-4f8e-948b- e162fd937c2f/1/Annotated%20Bibliography%20Tutorial.zip/sto ry.html"o HYPERLINK "https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/d1ed6 1b5-8152-4f8e-948b- e162fd937c2f/1/Annotated%20Bibliography%20Tutorial.zip/sto ry.html"del APA formatted Annotated Bibliography example . A. Topic: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 1. Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is significant to the U.S. Constitution as it ended segreagtion in
  • 46. public places, as well as employment discrimination based on the elements of one's race, color, religion, sex, and or national origin. The act gave the national governement the power to cease racial discrimination in employment, voting and public places. B. Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941-1950: 1. Jenkins, J. A., & Peck, J. (2013). Building toward major policy change: Congressional action on civil rights, 1941-1950. Law and History Review, 31(1), 139- 198. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy- library.ashford.edu/10.1017/S0738248012000181 2. In “Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941-1950”, Jenkins and Peck (2013) expand on the landmark that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the effect that the civil rights policy had on the constitution. This - 1 - 1 1. Law and History Review,
  • 47. Italicize book, journal, magazine, and newspaper titles [Kevin Eirich] source is important and would be beneficial to my paper as Jenkins and Peck touch base on what lead up to the official civil rights policy, as well as what was occurring in the states that executed the policy. Jenkins and Peck also touch on the struggles that black Americans faced during this landmark of change. I believe This source will aid me to support my argument that the civil rights policy began to expand and began to grow and push forward the effort for equality, specifically for black Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was an engine started to a lot of reformation that occurred moving forward. For example, the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This source will support my argument that the Civil Rights Act reformed U.S. and the Constitution.
  • 48. C. Federalism in a Time of Autocracy: 1. Millhiser, I. (2017). Federalism in a Time of Autocracy. Yale Law & Policy Review, 35(2), 521–538. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy- library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=12610 0189&site=eds- live&scope=site 2. Millhiser (2017) breaks down the three different branches of government from the 1960s to the present. Millhiser uses historical court cases and events to showcase how many states largely ignored the 14th Amendment. This article will be a great source to use in my final paper as it breaks down cases like Brown v. Board of Education and Jim Crow Laws in southern states and how it took Congress to step in, to break these cases and laws down. This article will support the argument that states can take advantage of their power and how laws are not strictly enforced unless enforced by the National Government. Not only that, Millhiser showcases how in fact, each branch
  • 49. can take advantage of their power. - 2 - 1 2 3 1. Civil Rights Act reformed U.S. and the Constitution. How did the Civil Rights Act reform the Constitution? [Kevin Eirich] 2. Yale Law & Policy Review, Italicize [Kevin Eirich] 3. Millhiser (2017) breaks down the three different branches of government from the 1960s to the present. Millhiser uses
  • 50. historical court cases and events to showcase how many states largely ignored the 14th Amendment. This article will be a great source to use in my final paper as it breaks down cases like Brown v. Board of Education and Jim Crow Laws in southern states and how it took Congress to step in, to break these cases and laws down. This article will support the argument that states can take advantage of their
  • 51. power and how laws are not strictly enforced unless enforced by the National Government. Not only that, Millhiser showcases how in fact, each branch can take advantage of their power. I think this is a fine source, but it should be focused on checks and balances, not on federalism. Federalism is a focus of section 1. [Kevin Eirich] D. Party alignments and civil rights: Then and now: 1. Stern, M. (1995). Party alignments and civil rights: Then and now.
  • 52. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25(3), 413. Retrieved from https://search- proquest-com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/docview/215686851? accountid=32521 2. In this article, Stern (1995) examines the political positions on the Civil Rights Act and its effect on elections on the Republican and Democratic perspective as well as how it impacted votes during elections during the 1950s through the 1990s. This source is significant to my final paper because it examines the presidential votes through a specific time span and how civil rights impacted each political party. With the use of this source, I am able to evaluate how civil rights impacted and or affect presidential campaigns and elections. with this article I will be able to support the argument on how over the years, civil rights reform grew and had a major impact on presidential elections and campaigns. E. The Writing on the Wall:The Future of LGBT EmploymentAntidiscrimination Law
  • 53. in the Age of Trump 1. Kristen, E., & Nahmias, D. (2018). The Writing on the Wall: The Future of LGBT Employment Antidiscrimination Law in the Age of Trump. Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, 39(1), 89. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy- library.ashford.edu/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=136145171&site=eds- live&scope=site 2. Kristen and Nahmias (2018) focus on the LGBT. In this article, Kristen and - 3 - 1 2 3 1. Presidential Studies Quarterly, Italicize. [Kevin Eirich] 2. (1995) This article is almost 25 years
  • 54. old. Do you have more recent views of the parties' positions on civil rights or on the Civil Rights Act? [Kevin Eirich] 3. Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, Italicize [Kevin Eirich] Nahmias focus on how during President Obama’s presidency, federal agencies expanded and protected the rights of those of the LGBT community, especially in the workplace. Whereas while under the presidency of Trump, those rights to the LGBT community are as quoted "under attack". With this article I will be able to evaluate our two most recent Presidents and their impact on the policy of civil rights and how it may have impacted their votes and or term in office. This source is extremely beneficial as it
  • 55. is up-to-date. With this source I will also be able to support the argument that although the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, still today many are fighting for their civil rights and equality. Annotated Bibliography Example: This is an example of how your annotations should look on the Week 2 Annotated Bibliography Worksheet once completed. Please note this is an actual source, but NOT one applicable for your final research paper. Source: Brown, K., Royer, S., Waterhouse, J., & Ridge, S. (2005). Virtual workforces and the shifting frontier of control. The Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(3), 310-325. Retrieved from EbscoHost database. Paragraph: The political process has a significant impact on virtual workforces. Brown, Royer, Waterhouse, and Ridge (2005) studied how organizations innovate and create new technology to allow remote employees to communicate virtually. This has changed
  • 56. a great deal since 2005, but the important aspect of rethinking how employees and managers do business and manage assignments within the virtual workplace is discussed. As online education continues to evolve, more changes will be necessary - 4 - 1 1. LGBT community, Please keep in mind that sexual orientation is not a protected class under the Civil Rights Act. If you want to write about LGBTQ issues, the Civil Rights Act is not going to offer much support. [Kevin Eirich] within online colleges and universities to keep up with the changing technology and to
  • 57. restructure their workforce to meet the needs of students. These changes can result in new organizational structures that lead to the need for less hierarchy within an organization (Brown, Royer, Waterhouse, & Ridge, 2005). - 5 - [no notes on this page]