Running Head: APA 1
Surname 4
Subject
Name
Professor
Date
Question 1
There are three contributions that the author (Savage, 2001 page 101) believes that Egypt should use the study about early complex societies which are significant in the progress of success in development of social welfare in the ancient Egypt. One of the contributions is growth on the appreciation of understanding in the meaning of Predynastic culture which caters for appreciation of growth in the social and economic nature. The second contribution is on the development of chronological distinction that refines different complexity understanding and appreciation. The third contribution is on the emphasis of social and political positive advancements that are responsible for complex societies and welfare development in Egypt. The gradual development caters for appreciation of the three achievements and trends that are able to create complex integration and development of different policies that has ensured successful and gradual development of a competent society in Egypt.
Question 2
Savage argues that the proto-kings of the Ancient Egypt were economically motivated. The rulers were motivated by the urge to expand their influence in the Upper Egypt in a more economical that political policy. The desire to control inter-polity conflicts led to the urge to control trade. The Canaanite materials were located at Delta sites of Maadi which are significant archaeological sites as well as Minshat Omar. The upper part of Egypt recorded unique characteristics of Predynastic periods which mixed the nature with the existence of Canaanite materials. The trade colony held its hand at the unique stations of Tell Ma’ ahaz and Taur Ikbeinah locations. The efforts by the kings to extend their territories and rule came with the urge to monopolize trade and the routes followed by the traders through to Asia (Savage, 2001, page 112). The creation of the larger polity led to increased cataracts in the south of Mediterranean. The Egyptian trading colonies extended to the Negev region where most of the trading activities were associated with the trade advancements. The desire to control the northern led to exertion of control through the trading routes. The establishment of Northern Egyptian colonies and pro-kings’ territories is associated with the growth of the Dynasties and the economic establishments that were based on trading and trade as a whole.
Question 3
Hierakonpolis was characterized by the existence of special archaeological materials such as the series of tombs that were revealed by Abydos which can be connected to the changing conditions at the dynasties in Egypt. The Badarian settlements were some of the archaeological sites that were present in the upper region of Hierakonpolis. Through the Nagada II and Nagada III, there was huge impacts and influence that led to political controls of Hierakonpolis. Later, the Hierakonpolis polity was absorbed by the Abydos region. T.
Here is a potential essay analyzing how the red convertible represents brotherhood in the short story "The Red Convertible":
The red convertible in Louise Erdrich's short story "The Red Convertible" serves as a symbol of the brotherhood between Henry and Lyman. At the beginning of the story, the convertible represents the joy, freedom, and optimism the brothers share. However, as the story progresses and the brothers experience the horrors of the Vietnam War, the convertible comes to take on new symbolic meanings related to their deteriorating relationship.
In the early scenes when the brothers are driving around in the convertible back home in the States, the red car symbolizes their youth, adventure, and unbreakable
Egypt is located in northern Africa along the Nile River valley. The ancient Egyptian civilization flourished here due to the fertile soil provided by annual flooding of the Nile. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with pharaohs and nobles at the top ruling over priests, skilled workers, and farmers. Farming and irrigation systems developed along the Nile allowed Egyptians to produce surplus crops, supporting large cities and advancement in other areas. Egyptian religion was polytheistic and involved mummification of the dead and judgment of the soul in the afterlife.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoans and Mycenaeans to the rise of Alexander the Great. It covers early Aegean cultures like the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the development of city-states and Greek mythology. Major topics include the Persian Wars, the Golden Age of Athens under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that resulted in Sparta's victory. The document contains 10 sections and provides a table of contents to guide the reader through the various topics in ancient Greek history.
Egyptian civilization developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River, which provided reliable annual flooding and fertile soil. This allowed Egypt to develop strong agricultural capabilities. Egypt was also protected geographically, making invasion difficult. Around 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under a single ruler, further strengthening Egyptian civilization. Key periods included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Egyptian civilization made major contributions, including developing hieroglyphic writing, advancing astronomy and medicine, and discovering mathematical concepts like the 360-degree circle.
First civilizations of africa and asiaryandavidcox
This document provides a summary of Chapter 2 from a World History textbook. It covers the early civilizations that emerged in Africa and Asia between 3200 BC and 500 BC. The chapter is divided into 5 sections that discuss the ancient kingdoms of the Nile River Valley, Egyptian civilization, the city-states of ancient Sumer, the rise of empires in Mesopotamia through invaders and trade, and the roots of Judaism. Key topics covered include the importance of geography in influencing civilizations, religious beliefs and social structures in Egypt and Sumer, technological and cultural advances made, and the spread of ideas through conquest and migration.
1. The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from 3500 BCE to 100 BCE, covering major periods and developments.
2. It describes the rise and fall of early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations on Crete and the mainland, followed by the emergence of city-states and the polis system.
3. The height of Greek classical culture is examined, including the conflicts with Persia, growth of Athenian democracy and arts, and flourishing of philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
National Geographic Society (NGS) was founded in 1888 and has evolved considerably over 128 years to adapt to changing environments and audiences. Its organizational structure and mission have changed over time to remain financially aligned, such as creating a new e-commerce VP position. While NGS's unique content and leadership led to past success, new digital developments have revealed cultural and structural deficiencies like a lack of coordination between groups. Examining NGS's current structure using frameworks indicates weaknesses that prove detrimental when applying various tests.
The document discusses how environmental factors influenced the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. Specifically, it analyzes how the flooding patterns and geography of the Nile river valley contributed to Egyptians developing centralized governance, urbanization, and constructing monumental pyramid structures during the Old Kingdom. While the Nile's floods enabled agriculture and unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the irregular flooding also necessitated coordination between communities and establishment of bureaucracy to manage resources. Over time, this bureaucratic system expanded and perpetuated itself, though later architectural styles of pyramids and tombs had more to do with cultural traditions than the environment. A comparison is also drawn to the slower urbanization of Iron Age Europe, which lacked similar geographical pressures or incentives for large
Here is a potential essay analyzing how the red convertible represents brotherhood in the short story "The Red Convertible":
The red convertible in Louise Erdrich's short story "The Red Convertible" serves as a symbol of the brotherhood between Henry and Lyman. At the beginning of the story, the convertible represents the joy, freedom, and optimism the brothers share. However, as the story progresses and the brothers experience the horrors of the Vietnam War, the convertible comes to take on new symbolic meanings related to their deteriorating relationship.
In the early scenes when the brothers are driving around in the convertible back home in the States, the red car symbolizes their youth, adventure, and unbreakable
Egypt is located in northern Africa along the Nile River valley. The ancient Egyptian civilization flourished here due to the fertile soil provided by annual flooding of the Nile. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with pharaohs and nobles at the top ruling over priests, skilled workers, and farmers. Farming and irrigation systems developed along the Nile allowed Egyptians to produce surplus crops, supporting large cities and advancement in other areas. Egyptian religion was polytheistic and involved mummification of the dead and judgment of the soul in the afterlife.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoans and Mycenaeans to the rise of Alexander the Great. It covers early Aegean cultures like the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the development of city-states and Greek mythology. Major topics include the Persian Wars, the Golden Age of Athens under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that resulted in Sparta's victory. The document contains 10 sections and provides a table of contents to guide the reader through the various topics in ancient Greek history.
Egyptian civilization developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River, which provided reliable annual flooding and fertile soil. This allowed Egypt to develop strong agricultural capabilities. Egypt was also protected geographically, making invasion difficult. Around 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under a single ruler, further strengthening Egyptian civilization. Key periods included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Egyptian civilization made major contributions, including developing hieroglyphic writing, advancing astronomy and medicine, and discovering mathematical concepts like the 360-degree circle.
First civilizations of africa and asiaryandavidcox
This document provides a summary of Chapter 2 from a World History textbook. It covers the early civilizations that emerged in Africa and Asia between 3200 BC and 500 BC. The chapter is divided into 5 sections that discuss the ancient kingdoms of the Nile River Valley, Egyptian civilization, the city-states of ancient Sumer, the rise of empires in Mesopotamia through invaders and trade, and the roots of Judaism. Key topics covered include the importance of geography in influencing civilizations, religious beliefs and social structures in Egypt and Sumer, technological and cultural advances made, and the spread of ideas through conquest and migration.
1. The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from 3500 BCE to 100 BCE, covering major periods and developments.
2. It describes the rise and fall of early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations on Crete and the mainland, followed by the emergence of city-states and the polis system.
3. The height of Greek classical culture is examined, including the conflicts with Persia, growth of Athenian democracy and arts, and flourishing of philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
National Geographic Society (NGS) was founded in 1888 and has evolved considerably over 128 years to adapt to changing environments and audiences. Its organizational structure and mission have changed over time to remain financially aligned, such as creating a new e-commerce VP position. While NGS's unique content and leadership led to past success, new digital developments have revealed cultural and structural deficiencies like a lack of coordination between groups. Examining NGS's current structure using frameworks indicates weaknesses that prove detrimental when applying various tests.
The document discusses how environmental factors influenced the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. Specifically, it analyzes how the flooding patterns and geography of the Nile river valley contributed to Egyptians developing centralized governance, urbanization, and constructing monumental pyramid structures during the Old Kingdom. While the Nile's floods enabled agriculture and unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the irregular flooding also necessitated coordination between communities and establishment of bureaucracy to manage resources. Over time, this bureaucratic system expanded and perpetuated itself, though later architectural styles of pyramids and tombs had more to do with cultural traditions than the environment. A comparison is also drawn to the slower urbanization of Iron Age Europe, which lacked similar geographical pressures or incentives for large
Through this theme, students will learn about the nature of power held by the pharaohs in Ancient Egypt from the Archaic, Old, and Middle Kingdoms to the New Kingdom. They will investigate changes and continuities over time in pharaonic power, as well as major aspects of culture during these periods. The syllabus aims to provide an understanding of the rise and decline of the pharaohs throughout Egyptian history.
Running head THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL1THE ANCIENT EGYPT .docxtodd521
Running head: THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 1
THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 5
The Ancient Egypt Cultural
Jessica Andino
West Coast University
In every community or region in the world there exist a unique historical record that helps that particular community or region to get an understanding of their early life, religion belief context, traditional ways of life and the overall concept of the culture. It is through history that human being understands how to overcome challenges as well as predict the like shortcoming/ risks associated with particular human activities. Therefore history is the core pillar that fosters the development, acquiring of knowledge and improvement of creative thinking. This article gives a brief and precise account of ancient Egypt, primarily focusing on the cultural factors such as artistic, cultural values, religion, distribution of roles and acculturation.
The history of ancient Egypt has eight main periods which includes the Old Kingdom as the earliest era, followed by the first intermediate period, the middle kingdom, second intermediate, new kingdom, third intermediate, late period and finally the Ptolemaic period (Lichtheim, 2019). In every period the ruling was under a king given the title 'Pharaoh', and each of these kings had supreme kingship office authority with a spiritual aspect of divinity as the god Horus. Still, under the divinity and culture realm, ancient Egypt had a regular and stable way of carrying forward their activities promoting holiness according to their region and upholding moral behaviour in their daily life. Throughout its history, ancient Egyptians used imagery symbols and sculptures to promote cultural morals, kingship royalty, religious/cultural beliefs as well as maintaining the legacy of their ancestors.
The ancient culture is dominated with collectivism aspect in different factors of the society. For example, the entire community hard a universal perspective about kingship in which Pharaoh is highly respected and viewed as a god with a divine spiritual responsibility for every Egyptian (Minkov et al., 2017). The culture also demonstrates collectivism in ethical responsibility since every Egyptian considers himself or herself as a co-worker with the gods. A good example that shows their collectivism includes the belief that they should celebrate and give thanks to the gods. The Egyptian had a collective perspective of their homeland as a source for their salvations in every activity they undertook.
The cultural of the ancient Egyptian also has a powerful artistic and innovation skills, especially in architectural works. They are the one responsible for inventing construction equipment such as the ramp and the lever, which were mainly used during the construction of the pyramids and temples (Laboury, 2017). They also had excellent skills in painting and development of sculptures such as the Narmer Palette royal monuments, Ptah sculpture and other sculpture that demonstr.
The document discusses the sociopolitical evolution of early civilizations and the development of democracy. It describes how the rise of early civilizations like Mesopotamia contributed to developments in writing, trade, and new political systems. In Greece, tensions grew between social classes and city-states, leading to oligarchic and tyrannical rule before citizens collectively established the first democratic governments. This marked the beginnings of democratization and the spread of democratic values in ancient societies.
Chapter 1 Before HistoryPre-human hominids are universally de.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 1: Before History
Pre-human hominids are universally deemed as the ancestors of the human race. Their occurrence is dated to be four to five million years ago, while the human race itself emerged nearly too hundred thousand years ago. Over the years, it has been keenly noted that humans share specific DNA composition with other primates. It is only a slight difference in the genetic makeup and body chemistry that makes humans have more intelligence than these other species, making them more adaptable to their environment and therefore give them a greater ability to control the natural world. This intelligence has seen the humans have greater potential for advanced and sophisticated social-cultural abilities that other species cannot measure up to. These unique and advanced abilities possessed by humans include well devised tools, technologies cooperation and communication skills.
The Paleolithic society, which is commonly known as the Old Stone Age is the longest era in the history of the human race on the planet. It is majorly characterized with hunting and gathering. It existed long before ancient agriculture emerged, and therefore it lived on looking for edible stuff from the wild life, both edible fruits and animal, hence their hunting and gathering lifestyle. Theirs was a completely liberal life, as there was nobody’s possession ever. No wealth, no private property. One very outstanding characteristic of this early man is the ability to communicate. There was a well-structured and powerful language that enabled them to communicate very important messages. For this reason, it was possible to pass information and knowledge to the next generation. The new generations would thus improve the knowledge and as it accumulated over the years, humans were able to give a good take on the various aspect of life they live. One common link between generation and creativity is the early cave paintings. This ability to communicate abstractly is the major skill that humans have banked on in realizing their present control over the natural world.
The Neolithic or the New Stone Age era proceeded the Paleolithic. It marks the transition from the hunting and gathering lifestyle of the Old Stone Age into a more civilized agricultural society. Human in this era lived in distinct communities which domesticated animals and grew crops. This is cited to have been taking place at around 9000 B.C.E. They lived together and their population grew over time. Unlike in the Old Stone Age, there was the aspect of ownership of property, hence personal wealth. The ownership of land was the major one, and it dictated the owner’s economic and political power. There were hierarchies of authority in aspects such as religion and government, a clear indication of an organized and civilized society. Just like the Old Stone Age, the New Stone Age gave interest in fertility as an important feature of their religion.
Later, within a period of four thousand years, the agricul ...
The document provides an overview of a unit on the rise of democracy. It discusses how Greece's physical geography of isolated city-states led to the development of the first democratic societies. The poor soil forced Greeks to colonize the Mediterranean coast and engage in trade, establishing a mercantile economy. This economy led to the rise of a middle class that grew more powerful than kings and demanded equal political power, establishing the concept of citizenship and democracy in Greek city-states. The unit will examine the rise and fall of ancient Greek and Roman democracies and subsequent developments through modern democratic revolutions.
GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.pptGlobalization in history i.docxhanneloremccaffery
GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.ppt
Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?
Manfred B. Steger, Globalization, chap. 2
Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”
Our focus: Understanding globalization through the foods we eat
World cuisine/Culinary culture
Tues. 2/6 Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)
Thurs. 2/8 Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)
Chap. 2 Recitation on Wed. Feb. 14
Response paper due Tues. Feb. 13 at 10:00 pm
Chap. 1 Recitation: “Globalization: a contested concept”
Steger’s theory of globalization: Global-local nexus
Beijing Olympics 2008 in East Asian context
North Korean Mass Games and Third Worldism in Guyana 1980-92
Global-local nexus
Global
International
"West"
Local
National
“Rest”
Tools for analysis
Globalization is defined by the links between dichotomies
Binaries (global/local) are not exclusive but work together
Global-Local Nexus is a Horizontal relationship, not Vertical
Globalization is multi-dimensional
“Parable of the elephant”
Globality (social condition) is uneven
Global imaginary (consciousness of ourselves and others) is product of our existence & participation on the global stage
Electronic devices OFF
Chap 2 Globalization in history
Is globalization a new phenomenon?
“Where do we begin?”
Post-1989? Some scholars limit globalization to post-1989 to focus on the recent quantum leap in the pace of change.
19th century? Other scholars look to the Industrial Revolution and other developments in the 19th c.
16th century? Others look to 16th c. and the emergence of modernity, when trade routes first connected Eurasia, Africa, and America.
Prehistory? Finally, a few say these processes have been unfolding for thousands of years.
“Parable of the elephant”: each perspective contains important insights.
Globalization unfolds over time
There are deep, historical roots for the current increase in economic & social interdependence and rise in the global imaginary.
New technologies stand upon earlier innovations from earlier centuries.
Globalization unfolds over time
The dynamic (or direction) of globalization processes changes over time
Clickers ON
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the pre-historic period?
Divergence
Convergence
Homogenous
Civilized
Steger
“Perhaps the best way to characterize the dynamic of this earliest phase of globalization would be to call it ‘the great divergence’—people and social connections stemming from a single origin but moving and diversifying greatly over time and space.” (p. 24)
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the contemporary period?
Dive ...
Political & Economic Development Of Bronze Age Civilization Of Minoan .pdfuplevelway
The Minoan civilization, which flourished on the island of Crete during the Bronze Age (circa 2600 BCE to 1100 BCE), is known for its advanced political and economic developments. The Minoans were innovative in various aspects of governance, trade, and economic organization. Here is an overview of the political and economic development of the Bronze Age Minoan civilization:
Political Development:
Political Organization:
The political organization of the Minoan civilization is often characterized as a loose, decentralized system. Unlike contemporary civilizations in the Near East, there is no clear evidence of large palatial centers dominating the landscape.
The absence of monumental fortifications in Minoan cities suggests a relatively peaceful coexistence and a lack of significant military threats. The focus on sea trade and maritime activities might have influenced their approach to defense and governance.
Palaces:
Minoan palaces were central to political and administrative functions. The most famous of these is the Palace of Knossos, known for its intricate layout and architectural complexity. These palaces served as administrative centers, economic hubs, and potentially as residences for rulers.
Administrative System:
The exact nature of Minoan governance remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. It is likely that decision-making was not concentrated in the hands of a single monarch but involved a network of elites and officials.
The Linear A script, used for record-keeping, has not been deciphered, limiting our understanding of Minoan administrative texts.
Maritime Influence:
The Minoans were skilled seafarers, and their maritime activities played a significant role in their political and economic influence. They established trade connections with Egypt, the Cycladic islands, mainland Greece, Anatolia, and other regions, contributing to their prosperity.
Religious Influence:
Religion and religious practices were likely intertwined with political authority. Minoan religious rituals, as depicted in frescoes and archaeological findings, may have played a role in legitimizing political power.
Economic Development:
Trade and Commerce:
The Minoans were major participants in maritime trade. Their control over key trade routes allowed them to engage in the exchange of goods such as pottery, textiles, metals, and agricultural products.
The presence of Minoan artifacts in various regions suggests a wide-ranging trade network, with Crete serving as a hub for both local and international commerce.
Agriculture:
Agriculture was a significant component of the Minoan economy. The fertile soil of Crete supported the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, olives, and grapes
Essays Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer .docxjenkinsmandie
Essays
: Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer any
SIX (6)
of the following questions.
1.)
What conditions led to the rise of the Uruk? How was Uruk society organized and what kinds of structures were they famous for building? Where did the Uruk found colonies and what was the reason for the Uruk taking this action?
2.)
Historians and archaeologists have different systems that they use to date different civilizations. Where did historians and archaeologists get the system that they use to date the Egyptians? How does this chronological system divide up and make sense of Egyptian history?
3.)
What are the differences between and relative advantages of cuneiform and hieroglyphics as systems of writing? Who are the most famous users of each system and what kinds of information do these early writing systems preserve?
4.)
Following the Bronze Age collapse, Neo-Assyria and Neo-Babylonia arose to unite the Ancient Near East. What are some of the factors which enable them to build bigger and stronger empires than their predecessors?
5.)
Egypt is most famous for building pyramids, but for most of their history, underground tombs were their most common form of grand architecture. What is the shared purpose of both structures and how does this reflect a major concern in Egyptian culture? What factors caused the Egyptians to switch from pyramid-building to tomb-building and what are some of the advantages that the Egyptians sought to gain from this transition?
6.)
The
Enuma Elish
is the Babylonian creation myth. What kinds of changes do scholars note between the story as told in the
Enuma Elish
and earlier stories about creation that we know were told in Mesopotamia? Why were these changes made and what is the historical context of the world in which the
Enuma Elish
in its current form was composed, approximately 1800-1700 BCE?
7.)
The Battle of Kadesh is the first battle for which we have detailed information and the Treaty of Kadesh, some 12 years later, is the first surviving international agreement between two empires. Describe the following three elements of the treaty and explain what purpose each would serve: 1) mutually exclusive borders, 2) defensive alliance, 3) extradition
8.)
In the years after about 900, we see that there is an explosion of activity in the Ancient Near East. What factors contributed to this resurgence of activity? What were the two dominant powers which dominated the region imperially down until the 6
th
Century BCE and what power ultimately ended this period of competition?
9.)
What is the earliest Indian civilization, where were they primarily located, and what are some of their key characteristics? Under what name does this group of people seem to have entered Indian cultural memory?
10.)
There is a long-standing scholarly dispute about the so-called Aryan migration/invasion into India. Briefly describe the cases that scholars make for an Aryan/Indo-European migration or invasion a.
Running head 2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS FUNDING THE RAILROADS 1 .docxtoddr4
The document discusses two alternatives for funding the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the 19th century: 1) having the government abstain from funding and relying solely on private investment, or 2) having the government fund only one or two railroad lines to bid on and build based on public demand. While private funding alone would have built the railroad eventually, it would have taken much longer. Alternative 2 is presented as superior because it would satisfy public need for the railroad more quickly while also reducing the risk of companies misusing public funds.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1
Title of Paper (up to 12 words)
Your Name, Including Middle Initial
School
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 2
Abstract
A concise summary of each section of your paper, using up to 250 words. Note that you do not
indent the first line.
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 3
Title of Paper
Your first paragraph (or two) should be an introduction to the broad topic of your paper.
Many people write the introduction after writing the rest of the paper! Information in your
introduction should provide a foundation for the hypotheses of your experiment. In your
introduction, your goal is to convince readers that your research topic is (a) interesting and (b)
important. You may choose to begin your paper with a story, quotation, or relevant statistics
about your topic. You can think of your paper as a story about your dependent variable.
You generally will present broad background information about the topic in the first
paragraph of so. You will include at least two sections in the body of your paper. You will
summarize relevant information from prior research studies in the first section, which we refer to
as the “literature review” portion of a paper. You will present your detailed research proposal in
the second section (details are provided below). Some overall formatting rules to keep in mind
are: (a) use Times New Roman font, size 12; and (b) double-space the entire paper.
Information about the Literature-review Section
Content. In the first section of your paper, you should provide a literature review of prior
research and theory that relates to your experiment. The information you present should be from
diverse sources (e.g., journal articles, book chapters, web sites). Make sure it is clear to the
reader how information is related to your experimental hypotheses or procedure. So, if you are
using their method, then talk about their method; if they found similar results, talk about their
results; if they operationally defined their DV like you want to, then talk about that, etc. To make
this section of your paper effective, you should explicitly relate information from various sources
to each other and to your proposed research. After you discuss past research, you should make it
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 4
clear how your study is the next logical one, that your study improves upon past studies, that
your study fills obvious holes left by the others.
Citation of sources. You should cite references throughout the body of your paper.
There are two ways to cite a source. The authors can be listed in the sentence, with the year in
parentheses: “The Davis (2001) web site presents information about American Psychological
Association (APA) style rules.” Alternatively, the citation can be entirely in parentheses: “The
web site presents information about American Psychological Association (A.
Running Head YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMYOUTH IN TH.docxtoddr4
Running Head: YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 2
Introduction
Biblical point of view relies on the scriptures of God. The bible is a Christian holy book that gives the moral compass for what Christians engage in, whether in action or utterances. Through modern technologies and other methods, the secularized view of the criminal justice system in America has been influenced by the biblical concept.
Gaps and Omissions
Comprehending juvenile criminal justice, according to the biblical worldview, is to understand the leading cause of crime and human iniquities. Sin is a component of a biblical worldview. All crimes are treated as a sin, but not all sins are viewed as crimes. The juvenile criminal justice system would not exist if there were no crimes (Laurence, 2012). According to sinful human nature, crime always exists; hence the juvenile criminal justice system should be established to help in curbing crime.
The literature is mainly focused on the need to have a separate criminal justice system for juveniles but does not justify the punishment that juveniles ought to receive for crimes they commit. The literature gives detailed views on the topic, but it fails to conclusively articulate what should be done to reprimand crimes committed by youth. The bible is the book of Deuteronomy chapter 16:19 “do not pervert justice or show partiality ...” God is expecting impartiality those who serve distributive justice regardless of age, social status, or gender.
The biblical aim of justice is restoration, as illustrated in the stories such as Jacob and Esau. Human beings are equal in the eyes of the lord, meaning that justice has to be severed equally, although the literature focuses on separate justice for juveniles and adults. God created all human beings with equal value, but the literature seems to favor and try to treat juveniles who have committed similar crimes with adults differently. The literature does not mention that committing crimes against other people is committing a crime against God’s greatest creation.
Biblical Integration
Today youth are facing various risks of being involved in many forms of crimes that end up exposing them to the criminal justice system. Therefore, Christian adults are called upon to guide and bring significant transformation in the lives of the youth. Christians are called upon by God to exhibit unconditional love for juveniles. The church should advocate for fairness and justice for the young. Although some youth have a criminal record, the juvenile justice system's main goal should be to rehabilitate them. These youth can learn and grow from their mistakes. For Christians to create a just society, they should always restore a convicted offender back to society so that they can be integrat.
Running head TITLE1TITLE2Research QuestionHow doe.docxtoddr4
Hello! How can I help you today?
Patron: Hi, I'm working on a research paper about prayer in public schools. Can you recommend some good scholarly sources to help me understand how the courts have weighed factors regarding the legality of prayer in American public schools?
Running Head VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT1VULNERABILITY ASSESSMEN.docxtoddr4
Running Head: VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 1
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 2
Jane Q. Student
(Submission Date)
CJMS 630 90XX
Seminar in Security Management (2XXX)
Vulnerability Assessment: Era Church, City, State
Site Selection and Rationale
This vulnerability assessment was conducted at Era Church (“Era”), 429 State Street, City, State 90909, on the dates of September 25 - 28, 2017, and was followed up with subsequent interviews of relevant church personnel. The site was chosen for multiple reasons including the potential for a violent incident such as a mass shooting, and the potential for fraud or other financial crime. A vulnerability is defined as “weakness[ ] or gap[ ] in a security program that can be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access to an asset” (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). Threats are events or persons, such as a natural disaster, fire, criminal act, or terrorist incident, that can exploit a vulnerability (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). A vulnerability assessment “evaluates all opportunities that may be exploited by a threat” and through a detailed process identifies areas where vulnerabilities can be mitigated to lower the risk (DiMarino, 2017). Risk is defined as “the potential for loss, damage or destruction of an asset as a result of a threat exploiting a vulnerability” (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). The vulnerability assessment at Era Church covers multiple areas to include physical, operational, technological, and financial vulnerabilities. While Era has taken measures to mitigate vulnerabilities, there are some recommendations in each area that could further mitigate risk.
Religion is a contentious and polarizing topic in the United States, which makes churches prime targets for groups or individuals who want to make a statement. Perhaps the most infamous church shooting in recent memory is when white supremacist Dylann Roof shot and killed nine African-American church members of Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, SC, on June 17, 2015 (Blinder & Sack, 2017). Roof brought a .45-caliber semiautomatic handgun into the church in a waist pouch, and attended the Bible study for approximately 40 minutes before he shot and killed the members using seven magazines and over 70 rounds (Blinder & Sack, 2017). This incident is just one of many violent incidents at places of worship. There is no sure-fire way to completely avoid incidents such as this shooting, but there are steps that can be taken to help minimize or avoid a large-scale incident.
In addition to the threat of violence, churches are also prime targets for fraud, both from internal and external threats. For instance, the Center for the Study of Global Christianity reports that in 2014 churches lost an estimated $39 billion to internal financial fraud (Thomason, 2016). Theft and embezzlement of church funds are two significant risks faced by faith-based institutions. (Thomason, 2016). In addition to an ins.
Running head STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 1 Starbuc.docxtoddr4
Running head: STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 1
Starbucks’ Strategy
Your Name
Course Name; Number
Dr. Laura Jones
University Name
Date Submitted
STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 2
Starbucks’ Strategy
Place the title of the paper on the first line. Tab to the .5-inch mark to begin your
introductory paragraph. To develop an introduction, begin with some interesting facts about the
topic and then narrow the focus to the specific topics for discussion. This could include an
overview of the company. An overview could include, but not limited to the products or services
the company offers, the company size, customers, and the countries in which the company
operates. Include relevant information about the CEO. Include in-text citations to support the
information you present in the paper. An example of an in-text citation that you place at the end
of the information you paraphrased is (Boone, 2012). The introduction should include a thesis
statement and succinctly describe the order in which you organize the body of the paper. Please
provide in-text citations for the information you provide.
Elements of Starbucks’ Organizational Culture
Chapter 3 provides a discussion on different types of organizational cultures. Clearly
discuss the organizational culture for this company. Be sure to identify the specific type of
organizational culture. Provide in-text citations for the information presented in the paper.
Another approach to using in-text citation is to include the citation at the beginning of the
sentence as follows: According to Boone (2012), then present the information. Please note the
above heading is bold and the major words begin with capital letters.
Suggest some key elements of the company’s organizational culture that contribute to its
success in a global economy. Review the elements discussed at the two levels of a corporate
culture shown in Exhibit 3.6. Clearly link those key elements to the global success of the
company.
STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 3
Consider Exhibit 4.4: Key factors in the International Environment, in making the link.
Provide in-text citations for the information presented in the paper. If there are two authors for
the source you are using, an example of the in-text citation that comes at the end of the
information you paraphrased is as follows: (Boone & Kurtz 2012).
Suggest as many key elements of the company’s organizational culture you believe
contribute to its success in a global economy. Clearly discuss the ways in which each element
contributes to the success.
Management’s Role in the Organizational Culture
Indicate the management role with creating and sustaining the organizational culture.
Exhibit 1.7 lists ten managerial roles and activities involve in management. Clearly link activities
within the management’s role to relevant aspects of creating and sustaining the organizational
culture. Provide in-text .
Running head SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE1Title of Your Rese.docxtoddr4
Running head: SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE
1
Title of Your Research Study
Author(s) First, Middle Initial (if applicable) and Last Name(s) in Starting with the
Individual who Made the Biggest Contribution (not alphabetical)
Institutional Affiliation(s)
Author Note
The author note is typically used in manuscripts that will be submitted for publication. The author note may provide additional information regarding the affiliations of the authors. It is also used to acknowledge those who contributed to the study, but not at the level of authorship. Lastly, the author note typically includes contact information for at least one author (see APA guide p. 24, section 2.03 & sample paper on p. 41.)
Remember to format the author note using block format (no indents, left or right justification).
Abstract
The abstract is a brief (usually 100-150 words) summary of your experiment. What was your question? What did you do? What did you find? What is your conclusion/interpretation? Try taking the lead sentence or two (but not word-for-word) from your introduction, results and discussion and integrate them into your abstract. Additionally, add a sentence or two describing your procedure, especially if it differs from those typically used to study the phenomenon.
The abstract is page two. Nothing goes on this page except the abstract. Center the word "Abstract" on the page and format in bold-face type. Do not put the title of your paper on this page. Begin typing the abstract on the line directly below the heading.
Notice that the abstract is not indented, and is written in block format. It is also double-spaced. Typically, the abstract is one paragraph in length.
Keywords: type a few words (or phrases) that would be useful if someone was searching for a study similar to this one. For example, if you studied reaction time in a card sorting task your key words might be “card sorting,” “response time” and decision making. (Note: the word “keyword” is italicized and indented.)
Title
On the third page, you typically begin your introduction. Notice that the word "INTRODUCTION" does not appear at the top of the page as many of the other headings do. The title used is the same one that appears on the cover page.
The first paragraph should contain a description of the phenomena that you are studying. Make a general statement about the phenomenon and how it is typically measured. Also, talk about how one might manipulate or influence the outcome (i.e, what variables could potentially influence the results).
Subsequent research should describe previous research that examined the phenomena. These studies serve to provide the rationale for your study. What did the researchers do? What did they find? What did they conclude?
Do this for each study cited. Typically, one or more paragraphs are necessary to explain each study. Try to make the transition smooth from one paragraph to the next. Use transition words (see SIGNAL WORDS hand.
Running Head: THEMATIC OUTLINE 1
Thematic Outline
Your Name
Institution
Exploring Research
Professor
Date
THEMATIC OUTLINE 2
Abstract
This thematic outline is designed to…………….
*Don’t forget to put your Keywords: List just a few keywords.
THEMATIC OUTLINE 3
Article
Theme
1.
A
2.
A, B
3.
D
4.
B
5.
A, D
6.
A, C
7.
B, C
8.
A, B, C
9.
A, B, C, D
10
B, C
THEMATIC OUTLINE 4
Theme
Articles Cited
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
THEMATIC OUTLINE 5
References
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
Research Paper
Your Name
Institution
Exploring Research
Professor
Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Abstract
Do not indent the first line of the Abstract Paragraph. Follow the guidelines in the Sample APA Formatted Abstract t.
· Keywords: Don’t forget to include the Keywords at the bottom of the Abstract.
RESEARCH PAPER 3
RESEARCH PAPER 4
.
Running head: TOPIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
TOPIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3
Topic Research Proposal
Insert the Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course
Date
Section 1: Topic/Central Idea
The key emphasis or the central idea lies on persuasion of people to participate in tree planting exercise in the United States. Tree planting has been emphasized by many governmental and non-governmental organizations in the United States and even outside the country. Planting of tress has many benefits both to the human beings and the environment. The general purpose is to persuade and motivate people to take part during the tree planting day in the United States. The specific purpose is to ensure that people are aware about the importance of tree planting. The central idea is to ensure that people are aware with the benefits which come with tree planting.
Section 2: Annotated Bibliography
· Nguyen, Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., & Greenfield, E. (2014). Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental pollution, 193, 119-129.
This particular presents unbiased information regarding tree planting. The authors found out that tress had some positive effect on quality of air. The data from the targeted individuals was taken. In this particular manner, biases were removed. The article was published in 2010 therefore it is up to date. The data was collected using various instruments of data collection. The researchers conducted various scientific studies and the data was obtained from the field. The data was therefore collected from primary sources. This particular article highlights the importance of tress. It will therefore be useful in my speech since it contains valuable information.
· Pincetl, S. (2010). Implementing municipal tree planting: Los Angeles million-tree initiative. Environmental management, 45(2), 227-238.
The key message in this particular revolves around implementation of Municipal tree planting policy in Los Angeles. (Pincetl, 2010) examined the initiative which was aimed at planting about a million tress in Los Angeles. The article is not biased because it involved conducting empirical study. The author is well conversant with the tree planting initiatives. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The article is up to date on the issues of tree planting. The purpose of this article is to keep the reader well informed on the tree planting initiatives. This information will be useful in my speech because it outlines an example of an initiative of tree planting.
Section 3: Talking with the audience
There are various considerations I will need to make with regard to my topic and evidence to connect with my audience. I will demonstrate to them and table evidence of benefits of tree planting. I will also.
Running Head: VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 1
VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 3
Virtual Organization
Institution
Professor
Course
Date
Virtual organizations refer to organizations whose employees are geographically spread and connect through phone, internet or email (Hebert, 2017). The concept of a virtual organization utilizes technology from a management perspective in which employees engage in different tasks to achieve the organization’s objectives. There are various benefits associated with virtual organizations. First, the owner of the business incurs lower overhead costs because a virtual organization needs no office space, furniture or paying for utilities (Shamsuzzoha & Helo, 2017). For example, an online education business only needs tutors and students. Secondly, employees are more satisfied due to the comfort of working from their own houses, for instance, tutors in a virtual institution can lecture students at the comfort of their homes. Lastly, the owner of the business can expand the business without having to worry about moving the many employees to a larger office.
However, a virtual organization is prone to many risks that hinder its effectiveness in terms of achieving its objectives. One of the risks is lack of cohesiveness in the organization. This is brought by the fact that the employees are spread and thus difficult to call for an emergency meeting in case an urgent need arises (Wohlers & Hertel, 2017). Secondly, there is a risk to reputation for customers may not perceive a virtual organization as a real company. Lastly, lack of social interaction discourages teamwork. Despite all these, there are various opportunities associated with virtual organizations such as the opportunity to reach the vast majority of the customers as well as an opportunity to change the strategy used by the business easily and for less cost.
References
Hebert, J. L. (2017). The Identification of Leadership Competencies within a Global Virtual Organization (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
Shamsuzzoha, A., & Helo, P. (2017). Virtual supply chain–event handling and risks management in collaborative networks. International Journal of Advanced Logistics, 6(1), 1-13.
Wohlers, C., & Hertel, G. (2017). Choosing where to work at work–towards a theoretical model of benefits and risks of activity-based flexible offices. Ergonomics, 60(4), 467-486.
Friend discussion 1 ( noura)
When independent firms join together and create a network, it is called a virtual organization. Firms with different characters joined temporarily to construct services or products. Virtual organization represent a different organizational form but cannot be considered as a firm's attribute (Cunha & Putnik, 2006). Firms in this type of organization.
Running Head: THE MARKETING PLAN 1
5
Natasha McClarin
October 6, 2018:
INTRODUCTION
Women on the Go is a start-up company that has over many years targeted women who cannot do clothing purchasing. The target is because there are women out there who do not know how to purchase their clothing and accessories. Therefore, assistance will be given by women on the go since that is the main aim of the company. This specific service will be aimed at rich customer who simply do not have much knowledge of the clothing industry and time to visit clothing stores in town. Despite all of these, such kind of people they have social obligation that they are supposed to meet, therefore Women on the go is there for me.
The business model for women on the go is the franchise business model, here the company has reach agreement with other clothing manufacturing companies that we will sell products to women on their behalf. It will be done in a percentage of the invoicing or sometimes a fixed fee depending on the particular agreement. The product line of the company will be women right casual, semi-formal look and gym wear and accessories.
Mission: Traditional, ethnic products creating sustainable employment for craftsmen and
artisans in rural India.
Target Segment: Focusing on women who are in need of dressing assistance for social occasions and are willing to have an organization which can style up their quotient.
Life Style: Affluent women who are rich of upper middle class or who are on business and corporate class.
Age group: 23 years and above
Geography: Anyone with any color, culture or Origin.
Geographical Places: Metros, tier 2 & tier 3 cities.
Product line: Dedication to dress women in formal and semi-formal look, right casual look, teamed with right accessories.
Tag line: Women on the go dresses you up.
Below is a market Research
1. Our company has decided to follow a mixed strategy here by combining both deductive and an inductive approach, using ethnographic research and a case study method.
We have decided that we will study the target section that the company has indicated above by initiating online programs where we will be able to know how many women want to up their dressing style quotient, idea to convert women to be buying our services, this will definitely create an idea in their mind that image and personal branding will make them in profession and person life.
2. We will also conduct online surveys of the targeted group in association with the lead up market brands like Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci and Louis Vuitton. With no doubt is that they will support us since they will be sure to be our future suppliers.
3. We conduct ground discussions with our own sales teams which is down on the market floor of leading garment accessories and shoe brands.
4. We will also have a promotion strategy, where we will be able to sit in promotions with a woman working in.
Running head TITLE OF ESSAY1TITLE OF ESSAY 2Title .docxtoddr4
Running head: TITLE OF ESSAY
1
TITLE OF ESSAY
2
Title of Essay
Author’s Name
University of the Cumberlands
Abstract
Abstracts are research tools that can help you readers determine if the scope of your article/essay will help them in their own research. In APA, abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and provide an evaluative summary of the essay to follow. The personal opinion of the author is strictly prohibited in abstracts. Unlike a body paragraph, the first line of an abstract is not tabbed-in. For many student essays, especially in lower-numbers courses, an abstract will not be required; still, it is good to practice this skill.
Title of Essay
In APA style, the introduction of the essay should begin here, followed by the body paragraphs. APA is typically a more formal style than most students are accustomed to using in a writing course. For the purposes of this course, the level of formality should be based on the assignment. For example: APA asks that students always write in third person (avoiding words such as I, me, we, our(s), you, your(s), etc). Certain rhetorical modes, however, don’t cater well to third person (narrative and reflection writing are two such examples). In these situations, first person (I, me, we, our(s)) may be, and should be employed; second person (you, your(s)) should be avoided in all academic writing unless an essay is specifically designed to relay instructions (there are few assignments that will employ second person).
Like any essay, students should make sure their essays are formatted with one inch margins, with their text exclusively in Times New Roman 12-point font, and students should double space their lines. This document can be downloaded and used as a template wherein students may simply replace names, titles, dates, and so on with their own information.
The final page of this document will demonstrate a References page. If a student uses information from any source, that source must be identified within the text and listed on a References page. These citations should be listed in alphabetical order and, opposite to the way a normal paragraph works, the first line should be flush left and each following line should be tabbed in. Though there is really no substitute for a good APA Style Manual, students can refer to a citation generator such as www.citationmachine.net to ensure proper formatting. Any further questions should be directed to the instructor of the course.
References
Badley, G. (2009). A place from where to speak: The university and academic freedom. British
Journal of Educational Studies, 57(2), 146-163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8527.2009.00429.x
Baumanns, M., Biedenkopf, K., Cole, J. R., Kerrey, B., & Lee, B. (2009). The future of
universities and the fate of free inquiry and academic freedom: Question and answer
session. Social Research, 76(3), 867-886. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Berthoff, A. E. (2009). Learning the uses of chaos. In S. M.
Running head Project Type Unit 5 Individual Project3Ty.docxtoddr4
Running head: Project Type: Unit 5 Individual Project 3
Type your Name Here
MGMT412 – Project Management
Date of Submission
Unit 5 Individual Project
Introduction
Provide a brief introduction (2-3 sentences) for the purposes of previewing what will be covered. Remember to always indent the first line of a paragraph (use the tab key). The margins, font size, spacing, and font type (italics or plain) are set in APA format. Please do not change the names of the headings and subheadings, and do not change the font or style of font.
(Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Time Required to Complete Jobs
Mike was hired as a project manager to install hardwood floors for the company Awesome Floor and Tile. They will be installing new flooring into a local office building. Mike comes up with the list of work and estimates the time. A list of activities and their optimistic completion time, the most likely completion time, and the pessimistic completion time (all in days) are estimated in the table.
Activities
OT
MT
PT
Activity 1
2
3
4
Activity 2
3
6
9
Activity 3
4
8
12
Activity 4
6
8
10
Activity 5
8
10
12
Activity 6
10
14
18
Activity 7
4
6
8
Activity 2 starts immediately after Activity 1.
Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 start concurrently after Activity 2.
Activity 6 does not start until after Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 are completed.
The carpet installation project is complete after Activity 7 is completed.
Determine and Explain Key Calculations
Determine and explain the expected completion time and the variance for each activity. Determine and explain the total project completion time and the critical path for the project. Determine and explain Early Start (ES), Early Finish (EF), Late Start (LS), and slack for each activity. What is the probability that this project will be finished in 40 days or less?
This should be 1-2 paragraphs in length. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Benefits of Using Project Management Techniques
Define how to gather the project requirements. Analyze whether there are any potential changes that could impact overall project schedule and project finishing times. Explain the best methods for managing the change requests and what kind of process this project should involve. Analyze implications of changes in project scheduling. How do changes impact the calculations and the critical path? Evaluate applications of project management techniques in terms of the firm's business operational goals and requirements.
This should be 2-3 paragraphs in length. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Conclusion
Add some concluding remarks in a sentence or two.
This should be 1-2 sentences. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
References
NOTE: The reference list starts on a new page after your conclusion.
(Edit these references, add additional ones you used and delete the references you did not use.)
eBook - AIU Course.
Rubric: Writing Assignment Rubric
Criteria Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
Criterion 1 -
Topic
selection &
approval
(20 pts)
Proposed topic submitted on time and
covered one of the assigned issues:
description of a current issue, its solution, its
economic implications, or impact on
ecosystems.
(20-18 pts)
Proposed topic submitted on time but weak coverage of
the assigned issues: description of a current issue, its
solution, its economic implications, or impact on
ecosystems.
(17-14 pts)
Proposed topic submitted late and/or and weak
coverage of the assigned issues: description of a
current issue, its solution, its economic
implications, or impact on ecosystems.
(13-0 pts)
Criterion 2 -
Scientific
Content and
Synthesis
(100 pts)
Facts, organization, and conclusions follow
a clear, logical sequence that supports the
thesis statement. Citations of scholarly
references support scientific content.
Accurate scientific information. No text has
been copied verbatim without proper source
recognition. Outstanding treatment of
applicable course outcome.
(100-90 pts)
Nearly all directions followed. Although the writing is
essentially well organized, the audience analysis, the
statement of purpose, or the handling of the content is
flawed. Occasional vague wording hinders precise
communication. Contains one to two science content
errors. One to two statements (or significant phrases)
have been copied verbatim without proper source
recognition. Superior treatment of applicable course
outcome.
(89-70 pts)
Unsatisfactory or incorrect content. Many content
errors; content is largely unsupported generalities.
Points are inadequately developed; few specifics.
Poorly organized; difficult to follow. Substantial
text (e.g., more than six statements or significant
phrases) has been copied verbatim without proper
source recognition. Significant overdependence on
one to two references. Did not satisfy applicable
course outcome.
(69-0 pts)
Criterion 3 -
Scholarly
APA
References (40
pts)
All references were in APA-style and were
properly cited using in-text and reference
listings. Used 6 or more references. Many
different, reputable types of references are
used (e.g., textbook, scientific articles,
encyclopedia, reputable Internet sources).
(40-36 pts)
Most references were in APA-style and were properly
cited using in-text and reference listings. Used 3-5
references. Many different, reputable types of
references are used (e.g., textbook, scientific articles,
encyclopedia, reputable Internet sources).
(35-25 pts)
Improper use of APA-style and/or in-text citations.
Used 3 or fewer references and/or consulted
unreliable resources (blogs, Wikipedia, etc.).
(24-0 pts)
Criterion 4 -
Effective
Writing
(30 pts)
No writing or grammatical errors. Words are
chosen and sentences are constructed to
make the information u.
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Running head: THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 1
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In every community or region in the world there exist a unique historical record that helps that particular community or region to get an understanding of their early life, religion belief context, traditional ways of life and the overall concept of the culture. It is through history that human being understands how to overcome challenges as well as predict the like shortcoming/ risks associated with particular human activities. Therefore history is the core pillar that fosters the development, acquiring of knowledge and improvement of creative thinking. This article gives a brief and precise account of ancient Egypt, primarily focusing on the cultural factors such as artistic, cultural values, religion, distribution of roles and acculturation.
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GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.ppt
Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?
Manfred B. Steger, Globalization, chap. 2
Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”
Our focus: Understanding globalization through the foods we eat
World cuisine/Culinary culture
Tues. 2/6 Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)
Thurs. 2/8 Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)
Chap. 2 Recitation on Wed. Feb. 14
Response paper due Tues. Feb. 13 at 10:00 pm
Chap. 1 Recitation: “Globalization: a contested concept”
Steger’s theory of globalization: Global-local nexus
Beijing Olympics 2008 in East Asian context
North Korean Mass Games and Third Worldism in Guyana 1980-92
Global-local nexus
Global
International
"West"
Local
National
“Rest”
Tools for analysis
Globalization is defined by the links between dichotomies
Binaries (global/local) are not exclusive but work together
Global-Local Nexus is a Horizontal relationship, not Vertical
Globalization is multi-dimensional
“Parable of the elephant”
Globality (social condition) is uneven
Global imaginary (consciousness of ourselves and others) is product of our existence & participation on the global stage
Electronic devices OFF
Chap 2 Globalization in history
Is globalization a new phenomenon?
“Where do we begin?”
Post-1989? Some scholars limit globalization to post-1989 to focus on the recent quantum leap in the pace of change.
19th century? Other scholars look to the Industrial Revolution and other developments in the 19th c.
16th century? Others look to 16th c. and the emergence of modernity, when trade routes first connected Eurasia, Africa, and America.
Prehistory? Finally, a few say these processes have been unfolding for thousands of years.
“Parable of the elephant”: each perspective contains important insights.
Globalization unfolds over time
There are deep, historical roots for the current increase in economic & social interdependence and rise in the global imaginary.
New technologies stand upon earlier innovations from earlier centuries.
Globalization unfolds over time
The dynamic (or direction) of globalization processes changes over time
Clickers ON
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the pre-historic period?
Divergence
Convergence
Homogenous
Civilized
Steger
“Perhaps the best way to characterize the dynamic of this earliest phase of globalization would be to call it ‘the great divergence’—people and social connections stemming from a single origin but moving and diversifying greatly over time and space.” (p. 24)
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the contemporary period?
Dive ...
Political & Economic Development Of Bronze Age Civilization Of Minoan .pdfuplevelway
The Minoan civilization, which flourished on the island of Crete during the Bronze Age (circa 2600 BCE to 1100 BCE), is known for its advanced political and economic developments. The Minoans were innovative in various aspects of governance, trade, and economic organization. Here is an overview of the political and economic development of the Bronze Age Minoan civilization:
Political Development:
Political Organization:
The political organization of the Minoan civilization is often characterized as a loose, decentralized system. Unlike contemporary civilizations in the Near East, there is no clear evidence of large palatial centers dominating the landscape.
The absence of monumental fortifications in Minoan cities suggests a relatively peaceful coexistence and a lack of significant military threats. The focus on sea trade and maritime activities might have influenced their approach to defense and governance.
Palaces:
Minoan palaces were central to political and administrative functions. The most famous of these is the Palace of Knossos, known for its intricate layout and architectural complexity. These palaces served as administrative centers, economic hubs, and potentially as residences for rulers.
Administrative System:
The exact nature of Minoan governance remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. It is likely that decision-making was not concentrated in the hands of a single monarch but involved a network of elites and officials.
The Linear A script, used for record-keeping, has not been deciphered, limiting our understanding of Minoan administrative texts.
Maritime Influence:
The Minoans were skilled seafarers, and their maritime activities played a significant role in their political and economic influence. They established trade connections with Egypt, the Cycladic islands, mainland Greece, Anatolia, and other regions, contributing to their prosperity.
Religious Influence:
Religion and religious practices were likely intertwined with political authority. Minoan religious rituals, as depicted in frescoes and archaeological findings, may have played a role in legitimizing political power.
Economic Development:
Trade and Commerce:
The Minoans were major participants in maritime trade. Their control over key trade routes allowed them to engage in the exchange of goods such as pottery, textiles, metals, and agricultural products.
The presence of Minoan artifacts in various regions suggests a wide-ranging trade network, with Crete serving as a hub for both local and international commerce.
Agriculture:
Agriculture was a significant component of the Minoan economy. The fertile soil of Crete supported the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, olives, and grapes
Essays Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer .docxjenkinsmandie
Essays
: Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer any
SIX (6)
of the following questions.
1.)
What conditions led to the rise of the Uruk? How was Uruk society organized and what kinds of structures were they famous for building? Where did the Uruk found colonies and what was the reason for the Uruk taking this action?
2.)
Historians and archaeologists have different systems that they use to date different civilizations. Where did historians and archaeologists get the system that they use to date the Egyptians? How does this chronological system divide up and make sense of Egyptian history?
3.)
What are the differences between and relative advantages of cuneiform and hieroglyphics as systems of writing? Who are the most famous users of each system and what kinds of information do these early writing systems preserve?
4.)
Following the Bronze Age collapse, Neo-Assyria and Neo-Babylonia arose to unite the Ancient Near East. What are some of the factors which enable them to build bigger and stronger empires than their predecessors?
5.)
Egypt is most famous for building pyramids, but for most of their history, underground tombs were their most common form of grand architecture. What is the shared purpose of both structures and how does this reflect a major concern in Egyptian culture? What factors caused the Egyptians to switch from pyramid-building to tomb-building and what are some of the advantages that the Egyptians sought to gain from this transition?
6.)
The
Enuma Elish
is the Babylonian creation myth. What kinds of changes do scholars note between the story as told in the
Enuma Elish
and earlier stories about creation that we know were told in Mesopotamia? Why were these changes made and what is the historical context of the world in which the
Enuma Elish
in its current form was composed, approximately 1800-1700 BCE?
7.)
The Battle of Kadesh is the first battle for which we have detailed information and the Treaty of Kadesh, some 12 years later, is the first surviving international agreement between two empires. Describe the following three elements of the treaty and explain what purpose each would serve: 1) mutually exclusive borders, 2) defensive alliance, 3) extradition
8.)
In the years after about 900, we see that there is an explosion of activity in the Ancient Near East. What factors contributed to this resurgence of activity? What were the two dominant powers which dominated the region imperially down until the 6
th
Century BCE and what power ultimately ended this period of competition?
9.)
What is the earliest Indian civilization, where were they primarily located, and what are some of their key characteristics? Under what name does this group of people seem to have entered Indian cultural memory?
10.)
There is a long-standing scholarly dispute about the so-called Aryan migration/invasion into India. Briefly describe the cases that scholars make for an Aryan/Indo-European migration or invasion a.
Similar to Running Head APA1Surname 4SubjectNameProfess.docx (8)
Running head 2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS FUNDING THE RAILROADS 1 .docxtoddr4
The document discusses two alternatives for funding the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the 19th century: 1) having the government abstain from funding and relying solely on private investment, or 2) having the government fund only one or two railroad lines to bid on and build based on public demand. While private funding alone would have built the railroad eventually, it would have taken much longer. Alternative 2 is presented as superior because it would satisfy public need for the railroad more quickly while also reducing the risk of companies misusing public funds.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1
Title of Paper (up to 12 words)
Your Name, Including Middle Initial
School
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 2
Abstract
A concise summary of each section of your paper, using up to 250 words. Note that you do not
indent the first line.
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 3
Title of Paper
Your first paragraph (or two) should be an introduction to the broad topic of your paper.
Many people write the introduction after writing the rest of the paper! Information in your
introduction should provide a foundation for the hypotheses of your experiment. In your
introduction, your goal is to convince readers that your research topic is (a) interesting and (b)
important. You may choose to begin your paper with a story, quotation, or relevant statistics
about your topic. You can think of your paper as a story about your dependent variable.
You generally will present broad background information about the topic in the first
paragraph of so. You will include at least two sections in the body of your paper. You will
summarize relevant information from prior research studies in the first section, which we refer to
as the “literature review” portion of a paper. You will present your detailed research proposal in
the second section (details are provided below). Some overall formatting rules to keep in mind
are: (a) use Times New Roman font, size 12; and (b) double-space the entire paper.
Information about the Literature-review Section
Content. In the first section of your paper, you should provide a literature review of prior
research and theory that relates to your experiment. The information you present should be from
diverse sources (e.g., journal articles, book chapters, web sites). Make sure it is clear to the
reader how information is related to your experimental hypotheses or procedure. So, if you are
using their method, then talk about their method; if they found similar results, talk about their
results; if they operationally defined their DV like you want to, then talk about that, etc. To make
this section of your paper effective, you should explicitly relate information from various sources
to each other and to your proposed research. After you discuss past research, you should make it
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 4
clear how your study is the next logical one, that your study improves upon past studies, that
your study fills obvious holes left by the others.
Citation of sources. You should cite references throughout the body of your paper.
There are two ways to cite a source. The authors can be listed in the sentence, with the year in
parentheses: “The Davis (2001) web site presents information about American Psychological
Association (APA) style rules.” Alternatively, the citation can be entirely in parentheses: “The
web site presents information about American Psychological Association (A.
Running Head YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMYOUTH IN TH.docxtoddr4
Running Head: YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 2
Introduction
Biblical point of view relies on the scriptures of God. The bible is a Christian holy book that gives the moral compass for what Christians engage in, whether in action or utterances. Through modern technologies and other methods, the secularized view of the criminal justice system in America has been influenced by the biblical concept.
Gaps and Omissions
Comprehending juvenile criminal justice, according to the biblical worldview, is to understand the leading cause of crime and human iniquities. Sin is a component of a biblical worldview. All crimes are treated as a sin, but not all sins are viewed as crimes. The juvenile criminal justice system would not exist if there were no crimes (Laurence, 2012). According to sinful human nature, crime always exists; hence the juvenile criminal justice system should be established to help in curbing crime.
The literature is mainly focused on the need to have a separate criminal justice system for juveniles but does not justify the punishment that juveniles ought to receive for crimes they commit. The literature gives detailed views on the topic, but it fails to conclusively articulate what should be done to reprimand crimes committed by youth. The bible is the book of Deuteronomy chapter 16:19 “do not pervert justice or show partiality ...” God is expecting impartiality those who serve distributive justice regardless of age, social status, or gender.
The biblical aim of justice is restoration, as illustrated in the stories such as Jacob and Esau. Human beings are equal in the eyes of the lord, meaning that justice has to be severed equally, although the literature focuses on separate justice for juveniles and adults. God created all human beings with equal value, but the literature seems to favor and try to treat juveniles who have committed similar crimes with adults differently. The literature does not mention that committing crimes against other people is committing a crime against God’s greatest creation.
Biblical Integration
Today youth are facing various risks of being involved in many forms of crimes that end up exposing them to the criminal justice system. Therefore, Christian adults are called upon to guide and bring significant transformation in the lives of the youth. Christians are called upon by God to exhibit unconditional love for juveniles. The church should advocate for fairness and justice for the young. Although some youth have a criminal record, the juvenile justice system's main goal should be to rehabilitate them. These youth can learn and grow from their mistakes. For Christians to create a just society, they should always restore a convicted offender back to society so that they can be integrat.
Running head TITLE1TITLE2Research QuestionHow doe.docxtoddr4
Hello! How can I help you today?
Patron: Hi, I'm working on a research paper about prayer in public schools. Can you recommend some good scholarly sources to help me understand how the courts have weighed factors regarding the legality of prayer in American public schools?
Running Head VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT1VULNERABILITY ASSESSMEN.docxtoddr4
Running Head: VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 1
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 2
Jane Q. Student
(Submission Date)
CJMS 630 90XX
Seminar in Security Management (2XXX)
Vulnerability Assessment: Era Church, City, State
Site Selection and Rationale
This vulnerability assessment was conducted at Era Church (“Era”), 429 State Street, City, State 90909, on the dates of September 25 - 28, 2017, and was followed up with subsequent interviews of relevant church personnel. The site was chosen for multiple reasons including the potential for a violent incident such as a mass shooting, and the potential for fraud or other financial crime. A vulnerability is defined as “weakness[ ] or gap[ ] in a security program that can be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access to an asset” (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). Threats are events or persons, such as a natural disaster, fire, criminal act, or terrorist incident, that can exploit a vulnerability (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). A vulnerability assessment “evaluates all opportunities that may be exploited by a threat” and through a detailed process identifies areas where vulnerabilities can be mitigated to lower the risk (DiMarino, 2017). Risk is defined as “the potential for loss, damage or destruction of an asset as a result of a threat exploiting a vulnerability” (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). The vulnerability assessment at Era Church covers multiple areas to include physical, operational, technological, and financial vulnerabilities. While Era has taken measures to mitigate vulnerabilities, there are some recommendations in each area that could further mitigate risk.
Religion is a contentious and polarizing topic in the United States, which makes churches prime targets for groups or individuals who want to make a statement. Perhaps the most infamous church shooting in recent memory is when white supremacist Dylann Roof shot and killed nine African-American church members of Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, SC, on June 17, 2015 (Blinder & Sack, 2017). Roof brought a .45-caliber semiautomatic handgun into the church in a waist pouch, and attended the Bible study for approximately 40 minutes before he shot and killed the members using seven magazines and over 70 rounds (Blinder & Sack, 2017). This incident is just one of many violent incidents at places of worship. There is no sure-fire way to completely avoid incidents such as this shooting, but there are steps that can be taken to help minimize or avoid a large-scale incident.
In addition to the threat of violence, churches are also prime targets for fraud, both from internal and external threats. For instance, the Center for the Study of Global Christianity reports that in 2014 churches lost an estimated $39 billion to internal financial fraud (Thomason, 2016). Theft and embezzlement of church funds are two significant risks faced by faith-based institutions. (Thomason, 2016). In addition to an ins.
Running head STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 1 Starbuc.docxtoddr4
Running head: STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 1
Starbucks’ Strategy
Your Name
Course Name; Number
Dr. Laura Jones
University Name
Date Submitted
STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 2
Starbucks’ Strategy
Place the title of the paper on the first line. Tab to the .5-inch mark to begin your
introductory paragraph. To develop an introduction, begin with some interesting facts about the
topic and then narrow the focus to the specific topics for discussion. This could include an
overview of the company. An overview could include, but not limited to the products or services
the company offers, the company size, customers, and the countries in which the company
operates. Include relevant information about the CEO. Include in-text citations to support the
information you present in the paper. An example of an in-text citation that you place at the end
of the information you paraphrased is (Boone, 2012). The introduction should include a thesis
statement and succinctly describe the order in which you organize the body of the paper. Please
provide in-text citations for the information you provide.
Elements of Starbucks’ Organizational Culture
Chapter 3 provides a discussion on different types of organizational cultures. Clearly
discuss the organizational culture for this company. Be sure to identify the specific type of
organizational culture. Provide in-text citations for the information presented in the paper.
Another approach to using in-text citation is to include the citation at the beginning of the
sentence as follows: According to Boone (2012), then present the information. Please note the
above heading is bold and the major words begin with capital letters.
Suggest some key elements of the company’s organizational culture that contribute to its
success in a global economy. Review the elements discussed at the two levels of a corporate
culture shown in Exhibit 3.6. Clearly link those key elements to the global success of the
company.
STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 3
Consider Exhibit 4.4: Key factors in the International Environment, in making the link.
Provide in-text citations for the information presented in the paper. If there are two authors for
the source you are using, an example of the in-text citation that comes at the end of the
information you paraphrased is as follows: (Boone & Kurtz 2012).
Suggest as many key elements of the company’s organizational culture you believe
contribute to its success in a global economy. Clearly discuss the ways in which each element
contributes to the success.
Management’s Role in the Organizational Culture
Indicate the management role with creating and sustaining the organizational culture.
Exhibit 1.7 lists ten managerial roles and activities involve in management. Clearly link activities
within the management’s role to relevant aspects of creating and sustaining the organizational
culture. Provide in-text .
Running head SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE1Title of Your Rese.docxtoddr4
Running head: SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE
1
Title of Your Research Study
Author(s) First, Middle Initial (if applicable) and Last Name(s) in Starting with the
Individual who Made the Biggest Contribution (not alphabetical)
Institutional Affiliation(s)
Author Note
The author note is typically used in manuscripts that will be submitted for publication. The author note may provide additional information regarding the affiliations of the authors. It is also used to acknowledge those who contributed to the study, but not at the level of authorship. Lastly, the author note typically includes contact information for at least one author (see APA guide p. 24, section 2.03 & sample paper on p. 41.)
Remember to format the author note using block format (no indents, left or right justification).
Abstract
The abstract is a brief (usually 100-150 words) summary of your experiment. What was your question? What did you do? What did you find? What is your conclusion/interpretation? Try taking the lead sentence or two (but not word-for-word) from your introduction, results and discussion and integrate them into your abstract. Additionally, add a sentence or two describing your procedure, especially if it differs from those typically used to study the phenomenon.
The abstract is page two. Nothing goes on this page except the abstract. Center the word "Abstract" on the page and format in bold-face type. Do not put the title of your paper on this page. Begin typing the abstract on the line directly below the heading.
Notice that the abstract is not indented, and is written in block format. It is also double-spaced. Typically, the abstract is one paragraph in length.
Keywords: type a few words (or phrases) that would be useful if someone was searching for a study similar to this one. For example, if you studied reaction time in a card sorting task your key words might be “card sorting,” “response time” and decision making. (Note: the word “keyword” is italicized and indented.)
Title
On the third page, you typically begin your introduction. Notice that the word "INTRODUCTION" does not appear at the top of the page as many of the other headings do. The title used is the same one that appears on the cover page.
The first paragraph should contain a description of the phenomena that you are studying. Make a general statement about the phenomenon and how it is typically measured. Also, talk about how one might manipulate or influence the outcome (i.e, what variables could potentially influence the results).
Subsequent research should describe previous research that examined the phenomena. These studies serve to provide the rationale for your study. What did the researchers do? What did they find? What did they conclude?
Do this for each study cited. Typically, one or more paragraphs are necessary to explain each study. Try to make the transition smooth from one paragraph to the next. Use transition words (see SIGNAL WORDS hand.
Running Head: THEMATIC OUTLINE 1
Thematic Outline
Your Name
Institution
Exploring Research
Professor
Date
THEMATIC OUTLINE 2
Abstract
This thematic outline is designed to…………….
*Don’t forget to put your Keywords: List just a few keywords.
THEMATIC OUTLINE 3
Article
Theme
1.
A
2.
A, B
3.
D
4.
B
5.
A, D
6.
A, C
7.
B, C
8.
A, B, C
9.
A, B, C, D
10
B, C
THEMATIC OUTLINE 4
Theme
Articles Cited
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
THEMATIC OUTLINE 5
References
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
Research Paper
Your Name
Institution
Exploring Research
Professor
Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Abstract
Do not indent the first line of the Abstract Paragraph. Follow the guidelines in the Sample APA Formatted Abstract t.
· Keywords: Don’t forget to include the Keywords at the bottom of the Abstract.
RESEARCH PAPER 3
RESEARCH PAPER 4
.
Running head: TOPIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
TOPIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3
Topic Research Proposal
Insert the Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course
Date
Section 1: Topic/Central Idea
The key emphasis or the central idea lies on persuasion of people to participate in tree planting exercise in the United States. Tree planting has been emphasized by many governmental and non-governmental organizations in the United States and even outside the country. Planting of tress has many benefits both to the human beings and the environment. The general purpose is to persuade and motivate people to take part during the tree planting day in the United States. The specific purpose is to ensure that people are aware about the importance of tree planting. The central idea is to ensure that people are aware with the benefits which come with tree planting.
Section 2: Annotated Bibliography
· Nguyen, Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., & Greenfield, E. (2014). Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental pollution, 193, 119-129.
This particular presents unbiased information regarding tree planting. The authors found out that tress had some positive effect on quality of air. The data from the targeted individuals was taken. In this particular manner, biases were removed. The article was published in 2010 therefore it is up to date. The data was collected using various instruments of data collection. The researchers conducted various scientific studies and the data was obtained from the field. The data was therefore collected from primary sources. This particular article highlights the importance of tress. It will therefore be useful in my speech since it contains valuable information.
· Pincetl, S. (2010). Implementing municipal tree planting: Los Angeles million-tree initiative. Environmental management, 45(2), 227-238.
The key message in this particular revolves around implementation of Municipal tree planting policy in Los Angeles. (Pincetl, 2010) examined the initiative which was aimed at planting about a million tress in Los Angeles. The article is not biased because it involved conducting empirical study. The author is well conversant with the tree planting initiatives. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The article is up to date on the issues of tree planting. The purpose of this article is to keep the reader well informed on the tree planting initiatives. This information will be useful in my speech because it outlines an example of an initiative of tree planting.
Section 3: Talking with the audience
There are various considerations I will need to make with regard to my topic and evidence to connect with my audience. I will demonstrate to them and table evidence of benefits of tree planting. I will also.
Running Head: VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 1
VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 3
Virtual Organization
Institution
Professor
Course
Date
Virtual organizations refer to organizations whose employees are geographically spread and connect through phone, internet or email (Hebert, 2017). The concept of a virtual organization utilizes technology from a management perspective in which employees engage in different tasks to achieve the organization’s objectives. There are various benefits associated with virtual organizations. First, the owner of the business incurs lower overhead costs because a virtual organization needs no office space, furniture or paying for utilities (Shamsuzzoha & Helo, 2017). For example, an online education business only needs tutors and students. Secondly, employees are more satisfied due to the comfort of working from their own houses, for instance, tutors in a virtual institution can lecture students at the comfort of their homes. Lastly, the owner of the business can expand the business without having to worry about moving the many employees to a larger office.
However, a virtual organization is prone to many risks that hinder its effectiveness in terms of achieving its objectives. One of the risks is lack of cohesiveness in the organization. This is brought by the fact that the employees are spread and thus difficult to call for an emergency meeting in case an urgent need arises (Wohlers & Hertel, 2017). Secondly, there is a risk to reputation for customers may not perceive a virtual organization as a real company. Lastly, lack of social interaction discourages teamwork. Despite all these, there are various opportunities associated with virtual organizations such as the opportunity to reach the vast majority of the customers as well as an opportunity to change the strategy used by the business easily and for less cost.
References
Hebert, J. L. (2017). The Identification of Leadership Competencies within a Global Virtual Organization (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
Shamsuzzoha, A., & Helo, P. (2017). Virtual supply chain–event handling and risks management in collaborative networks. International Journal of Advanced Logistics, 6(1), 1-13.
Wohlers, C., & Hertel, G. (2017). Choosing where to work at work–towards a theoretical model of benefits and risks of activity-based flexible offices. Ergonomics, 60(4), 467-486.
Friend discussion 1 ( noura)
When independent firms join together and create a network, it is called a virtual organization. Firms with different characters joined temporarily to construct services or products. Virtual organization represent a different organizational form but cannot be considered as a firm's attribute (Cunha & Putnik, 2006). Firms in this type of organization.
Running Head: THE MARKETING PLAN 1
5
Natasha McClarin
October 6, 2018:
INTRODUCTION
Women on the Go is a start-up company that has over many years targeted women who cannot do clothing purchasing. The target is because there are women out there who do not know how to purchase their clothing and accessories. Therefore, assistance will be given by women on the go since that is the main aim of the company. This specific service will be aimed at rich customer who simply do not have much knowledge of the clothing industry and time to visit clothing stores in town. Despite all of these, such kind of people they have social obligation that they are supposed to meet, therefore Women on the go is there for me.
The business model for women on the go is the franchise business model, here the company has reach agreement with other clothing manufacturing companies that we will sell products to women on their behalf. It will be done in a percentage of the invoicing or sometimes a fixed fee depending on the particular agreement. The product line of the company will be women right casual, semi-formal look and gym wear and accessories.
Mission: Traditional, ethnic products creating sustainable employment for craftsmen and
artisans in rural India.
Target Segment: Focusing on women who are in need of dressing assistance for social occasions and are willing to have an organization which can style up their quotient.
Life Style: Affluent women who are rich of upper middle class or who are on business and corporate class.
Age group: 23 years and above
Geography: Anyone with any color, culture or Origin.
Geographical Places: Metros, tier 2 & tier 3 cities.
Product line: Dedication to dress women in formal and semi-formal look, right casual look, teamed with right accessories.
Tag line: Women on the go dresses you up.
Below is a market Research
1. Our company has decided to follow a mixed strategy here by combining both deductive and an inductive approach, using ethnographic research and a case study method.
We have decided that we will study the target section that the company has indicated above by initiating online programs where we will be able to know how many women want to up their dressing style quotient, idea to convert women to be buying our services, this will definitely create an idea in their mind that image and personal branding will make them in profession and person life.
2. We will also conduct online surveys of the targeted group in association with the lead up market brands like Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci and Louis Vuitton. With no doubt is that they will support us since they will be sure to be our future suppliers.
3. We conduct ground discussions with our own sales teams which is down on the market floor of leading garment accessories and shoe brands.
4. We will also have a promotion strategy, where we will be able to sit in promotions with a woman working in.
Running head TITLE OF ESSAY1TITLE OF ESSAY 2Title .docxtoddr4
Running head: TITLE OF ESSAY
1
TITLE OF ESSAY
2
Title of Essay
Author’s Name
University of the Cumberlands
Abstract
Abstracts are research tools that can help you readers determine if the scope of your article/essay will help them in their own research. In APA, abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and provide an evaluative summary of the essay to follow. The personal opinion of the author is strictly prohibited in abstracts. Unlike a body paragraph, the first line of an abstract is not tabbed-in. For many student essays, especially in lower-numbers courses, an abstract will not be required; still, it is good to practice this skill.
Title of Essay
In APA style, the introduction of the essay should begin here, followed by the body paragraphs. APA is typically a more formal style than most students are accustomed to using in a writing course. For the purposes of this course, the level of formality should be based on the assignment. For example: APA asks that students always write in third person (avoiding words such as I, me, we, our(s), you, your(s), etc). Certain rhetorical modes, however, don’t cater well to third person (narrative and reflection writing are two such examples). In these situations, first person (I, me, we, our(s)) may be, and should be employed; second person (you, your(s)) should be avoided in all academic writing unless an essay is specifically designed to relay instructions (there are few assignments that will employ second person).
Like any essay, students should make sure their essays are formatted with one inch margins, with their text exclusively in Times New Roman 12-point font, and students should double space their lines. This document can be downloaded and used as a template wherein students may simply replace names, titles, dates, and so on with their own information.
The final page of this document will demonstrate a References page. If a student uses information from any source, that source must be identified within the text and listed on a References page. These citations should be listed in alphabetical order and, opposite to the way a normal paragraph works, the first line should be flush left and each following line should be tabbed in. Though there is really no substitute for a good APA Style Manual, students can refer to a citation generator such as www.citationmachine.net to ensure proper formatting. Any further questions should be directed to the instructor of the course.
References
Badley, G. (2009). A place from where to speak: The university and academic freedom. British
Journal of Educational Studies, 57(2), 146-163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8527.2009.00429.x
Baumanns, M., Biedenkopf, K., Cole, J. R., Kerrey, B., & Lee, B. (2009). The future of
universities and the fate of free inquiry and academic freedom: Question and answer
session. Social Research, 76(3), 867-886. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Berthoff, A. E. (2009). Learning the uses of chaos. In S. M.
Running head Project Type Unit 5 Individual Project3Ty.docxtoddr4
Running head: Project Type: Unit 5 Individual Project 3
Type your Name Here
MGMT412 – Project Management
Date of Submission
Unit 5 Individual Project
Introduction
Provide a brief introduction (2-3 sentences) for the purposes of previewing what will be covered. Remember to always indent the first line of a paragraph (use the tab key). The margins, font size, spacing, and font type (italics or plain) are set in APA format. Please do not change the names of the headings and subheadings, and do not change the font or style of font.
(Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Time Required to Complete Jobs
Mike was hired as a project manager to install hardwood floors for the company Awesome Floor and Tile. They will be installing new flooring into a local office building. Mike comes up with the list of work and estimates the time. A list of activities and their optimistic completion time, the most likely completion time, and the pessimistic completion time (all in days) are estimated in the table.
Activities
OT
MT
PT
Activity 1
2
3
4
Activity 2
3
6
9
Activity 3
4
8
12
Activity 4
6
8
10
Activity 5
8
10
12
Activity 6
10
14
18
Activity 7
4
6
8
Activity 2 starts immediately after Activity 1.
Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 start concurrently after Activity 2.
Activity 6 does not start until after Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 are completed.
The carpet installation project is complete after Activity 7 is completed.
Determine and Explain Key Calculations
Determine and explain the expected completion time and the variance for each activity. Determine and explain the total project completion time and the critical path for the project. Determine and explain Early Start (ES), Early Finish (EF), Late Start (LS), and slack for each activity. What is the probability that this project will be finished in 40 days or less?
This should be 1-2 paragraphs in length. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Benefits of Using Project Management Techniques
Define how to gather the project requirements. Analyze whether there are any potential changes that could impact overall project schedule and project finishing times. Explain the best methods for managing the change requests and what kind of process this project should involve. Analyze implications of changes in project scheduling. How do changes impact the calculations and the critical path? Evaluate applications of project management techniques in terms of the firm's business operational goals and requirements.
This should be 2-3 paragraphs in length. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Conclusion
Add some concluding remarks in a sentence or two.
This should be 1-2 sentences. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
References
NOTE: The reference list starts on a new page after your conclusion.
(Edit these references, add additional ones you used and delete the references you did not use.)
eBook - AIU Course.
Rubric: Writing Assignment Rubric
Criteria Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
Criterion 1 -
Topic
selection &
approval
(20 pts)
Proposed topic submitted on time and
covered one of the assigned issues:
description of a current issue, its solution, its
economic implications, or impact on
ecosystems.
(20-18 pts)
Proposed topic submitted on time but weak coverage of
the assigned issues: description of a current issue, its
solution, its economic implications, or impact on
ecosystems.
(17-14 pts)
Proposed topic submitted late and/or and weak
coverage of the assigned issues: description of a
current issue, its solution, its economic
implications, or impact on ecosystems.
(13-0 pts)
Criterion 2 -
Scientific
Content and
Synthesis
(100 pts)
Facts, organization, and conclusions follow
a clear, logical sequence that supports the
thesis statement. Citations of scholarly
references support scientific content.
Accurate scientific information. No text has
been copied verbatim without proper source
recognition. Outstanding treatment of
applicable course outcome.
(100-90 pts)
Nearly all directions followed. Although the writing is
essentially well organized, the audience analysis, the
statement of purpose, or the handling of the content is
flawed. Occasional vague wording hinders precise
communication. Contains one to two science content
errors. One to two statements (or significant phrases)
have been copied verbatim without proper source
recognition. Superior treatment of applicable course
outcome.
(89-70 pts)
Unsatisfactory or incorrect content. Many content
errors; content is largely unsupported generalities.
Points are inadequately developed; few specifics.
Poorly organized; difficult to follow. Substantial
text (e.g., more than six statements or significant
phrases) has been copied verbatim without proper
source recognition. Significant overdependence on
one to two references. Did not satisfy applicable
course outcome.
(69-0 pts)
Criterion 3 -
Scholarly
APA
References (40
pts)
All references were in APA-style and were
properly cited using in-text and reference
listings. Used 6 or more references. Many
different, reputable types of references are
used (e.g., textbook, scientific articles,
encyclopedia, reputable Internet sources).
(40-36 pts)
Most references were in APA-style and were properly
cited using in-text and reference listings. Used 3-5
references. Many different, reputable types of
references are used (e.g., textbook, scientific articles,
encyclopedia, reputable Internet sources).
(35-25 pts)
Improper use of APA-style and/or in-text citations.
Used 3 or fewer references and/or consulted
unreliable resources (blogs, Wikipedia, etc.).
(24-0 pts)
Criterion 4 -
Effective
Writing
(30 pts)
No writing or grammatical errors. Words are
chosen and sentences are constructed to
make the information u.
Running Head: ON-BOARDING 1
Running Head: ON-BOARDING 4
On-Boarding
Felicia Griffin
Professor Keith Lipscomb
BUS 325: Global Human Resource Management
February 13, 2019
Onboarding process is a usual process in the recent past in many business organizations. Onboarding seeks to ensure that new employees are easily embedded into the systems as fast as possible. New employees can adjust much more comfortable when they have better employees to ease them in. It helps new employee recruits to adjust to the social and performances. It is mainly aimed at maximizing success. Various vital steps need to be followed in ensuring that new recruits are effectively realigned into the organizational structure.
This is an essential procedure in organizational performances it ensures that new recruits take the shortest time possible to settle and establish better relations with other employees. It is the best way that a business organization can ensure that new recruits concentrate on the primary purpose of the organization rather than focus on how they can settle in their new working environment and social environment.
The onboarding process is an exceptionally chronological process where a beginner follows a given order of events in the organization. The first step is to study the new employee characteristics. It involves understanding their character and their ability to be integrated into the company operations smoothly. This process is very significant because the company can know quite earlier the behavioral adjustment that a given new employee can make to become successful.
The next step in the process is the deployment of newcomer tactics. Within this stage, the new employee develops a relationship with the existing employees within the organization to have a conducive business environment. The next step in the onboarding process is the readjustment of new employee tactics and behavior to conform to organizational culture and be in a position to work effectively towards the achievement of the set organizational goals.
One of the most critical elements of onboarding in a global environment is studying and understanding the characteristics of the new hire to be in a position to know how easy the new recruit will be able to adjust to the organizational culture and its operations. Another vital element in onboarding is the creation of an understanding between new recruits and the already existing employees within the organization to formulate a formidable team that can propel the organization to new heights.
References
Carter, T. (2015). Hire right: the first time: how to improve your recruitment & onboarding process. Journal of Property Management, 80(3), 26-30.
Stephenson, J. (2015). Improve Your Employee Onboarding Process With Seven Storytelling T.
Running head PERSPECTIVE ON INTEGRATION BETWEEN CHRISTIAN FAITH .docxtoddr4
Running head: PERSPECTIVE ON INTEGRATION BETWEEN CHRISTIAN FAITH AND PSYCHOLOGY 1
Integration Between Christian Faith and Psychology 7
Integration Between Christian Faith and Psychology
Liberty University
PSYC-420
Abstract
This paper will discuss psychology and Christianity: Two disciplines that seem to be difficult subjects when discussing an integrated approach. There are some people who believe that, psychology has become one completely different subject than Christianity and both at times have lost all connection with the other. In addition, there are integrative models of disciplinary that think psychology is strictly a science and Christianity is solely based on faith and religion and the two cannot be integrated together. After further review of evidence, it seems that the integration approach for both disciplines are given by God and that they both should be integrated to create a more understanding of humanity. The focus of this paper is to describe the Allies” model and how it relates to integrating two disciplines; psychology and Christian faith. In addition, the strengths and limitations of the Allies model will be discussed. Also included are definitions of both subjects and views on different approaches towards this matter. Scriptures will be added that correspond with this approach, as well as, several factors that lead to the integration process of both disciplines. After further studies of the evidence of various disciplines, it seems like the “Allies” model best fits the relationship between psychology method and Christianity.
Integration between Christian faith and Psychology
Webster dictionary states that psychology is, “The science of mind and behavior and the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity” (Merriam-Webster, 2017). Whereas, Christianity is defined, “A religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices” (Merriam-Webster, 2017). After the evidence from various disciplines of study, it seems that a person’s foundation is based on what we see and how we know. This leads a person to believe that it is crucial for Christian counseling to use both psychology and Christianity. There are several different methods that psychological theory and science use to gain knowledge. These are: “Logic,” “Empiricism,” “Revelation,” and “Hermeneutic” (Entwistle, 2015. P. 97). Whereas, experiments in psychology use deductive logic when testing a hypothesis. Inductive reasoning uses experiments that show a correlation by manipulating the variables. For instance, we use science to find out if a statement is true or false. An idea is a suggestion upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn. For.
RubricThe final for this course is a paper titled Improvement Proj.docxtoddr4
RubricThe final for this course is a paper titled Improvement Project Report. Below is the rubric for this that details the expectations.Well developedEssentially DevelopedPartially DevelopedMarginally developedUnaccep-tableThis is how your final paper will be graded15-1312-109-76-43-0“Plan” Stage: Paper clearly addresses the goal or overall aim of what the Improvement Project is trying to accomplish; details objectives; identifies evidence-based research. Includes introduction, review of literature, “Do” Stage: Paper describes what the intervention was and what was done; details changes made; describes how actions were based on research; details how the data was collected and by whom. Includes aim statement, changes implemented, how will you know if improvement has been made“Study” Stage: Paper describes how the change is an improvement; details what data was collected; displays data in an appropriate format; details what went right, wrong, and what changes can be made that will result in improvement. Includes Likert scale and run chart (required)“Act” Stage and Summary of Learning: Paper describes how student will use what has been learned to make more improvements; provides a detailed summary of learning from the project; provides a summary of learning regarding the PDSA Improvement model and how to apply it in the future; details how to sustain improvement and if any more changes will need to be made. Includes lessons learned from project and use of PDSA in the futureResearch and Documentation: Synthesizes in-depth information from relevant sources representing various points of view/approaches; APA format and style of citation used appropriately throughout the paper; adequate number of sources referenced. Paper length 8-10 pages NOT including title and reference page. Four references: at least 3 scholarly, 2 reliable Websites. APA formatMechanics: Word choice, sentence structure, spelling, and punctuation; evidence of proofreading for sentence errors. Includes use of Arial or Times New Roman Font of 12, margins one inch, at least 1.5 or double spaced, OVERALL SCORE: WRITING 5 Title page, reference page, use of spell check, grammar proofing, proper capitalization and punctuation, avoiding use of "second person"OVERALL SCORE: CRITICAL THINKING 5 Includes: integration of research and learning into projectBuilt-in Points50Total50ABCDF135-150120-134105-11990-104below 90
Running head: Self-Improvement 2
Self-Improvement 2
Self-Improvement Project Update
Tamara Giebler
National American University
Quality and Risk Management
Ruth Vivian Derby
December 25, 2018
Comparing my data and seeing how it relates to my expectations from the beginning of the class. We have developed a tool to record all expenditures for a week, using checking, cash receipts, credit card statements. For week one to week four was two to four, I thought that I would have had my record keeping better by now, but if I keep working at it, it will get b.
Running Head: LETTER OF ADVICE 1
Letter of Advice
Student’s Full Name
COM 200: Interpersonal Communications
Instructor:1
Use Full Date – September 24, 2015
1 Please use your instructor’s full name.
Purpose: Use this sample Final Paper for a better understanding of what is present in a high
quality Final Paper: Letter of Advice. We’ve included these elements of constructive criticism to
demonstrate that even “A” quality work still receives comments to improve the student’s thinking
and writing on the topic. Please note that this paper was written when a slightly different set of
learning objectives were being used in this class. Be sure you use the learning objectives listed in
the final paper prompt.
See the footnotes at the bottom of each page for information about what the student has done well
in this assignment and also some areas for improvement.
LETTER OF ADVICE 2
Dear Cassy and Jeremy,
Congratulations on your recent engagement. It’s such a great time in your life. My wife
and I have been married almost 8 years. I also just took a class on interpersonal communications
and would love to share with you some of what I learned in addition to some personal
experiences.2 Knowing how your partner communicates and uses verbal and non-verbal
communication is important in a relationship and will help in reducing miscommunications.
Know going in to your marriage that there will be conflict but learning how to manage or resolve
those conflicts will help in a successful marriage. I know you both love each other very much
and that will help get you through those difficult times.3
Interpersonal Relationships4
Interpersonal relationships are part of our everyday life. Getting married forms one of
the most important interpersonal relationships you will ever have. But with any relationship there
are barriers to effectively maintain those interactions. Our self-concept is developed through our
interpersonal relationships and changes over time. Emotional intelligence also has a great impact
on how effective a relationship will be. The amount an individual discloses of themselves in a
relationship can vary depending on the type of relationship and can have both negative and
positive effects. Interpersonal conflict is probably one of the most challenging aspects of a
relationship and managing these conflicts effectively is important to the relationship’s wellbeing.
2 While we usually discourage people from using the first person, this essay asks that the student write a personal
letter, so it is okay to be more casual here
3 This is a good introduction. It would be even stronger with a more definitive thesis statement. The Writing Center
has a great “Thesi.
Running head LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO1LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO4.docxtoddr4
Running head: LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO 1
LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO 4
Leadership Portfolio
Your Name
Southern States University
Abstract
You will write a 150-word overview of your leadership style and techniques here.
Keywords: Leadership Portfolio
Write a 5-10 sentence explanation of your leadership style to introduce your paper.
Leadership Potential Assessment
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Managerial Leadership Skills
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Big Five Personality Profile
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Motive Profile
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Motive Profile with Socialized Power
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Leadership Interest
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Theory X and Theory Y Attitudes
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
How Ethical is Your Behavior
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Strategic Management Assessment
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Personal Vision Statement
You will include the personal vision statement from your week 7 paper here. This information will come from your week 7 paper.
Personal Mission Statement
You will include the personal mission statement from your week 7 paper here. This information will come from your week 7 paper.
Personal SWOT Analysis
You will include the SWOT Analysis from your week 7 paper here. If you did not properly quote things and use in text citations for your original paper, you should update that for this submission. This information will come from your week 7 paper.
Motivational Theory
You will include at least 1-2 pages of information from your motivational theory paper here. You should include a minimum of three references in this section. If you did not properly quote things and use in text citations for your original paper, you should update that for this submission. This information will come from your week 2 paper.
Communication, Conflict, and Power
You will include at least 1-2 pages of information from your communication, conflict, and power paper here. You should include a minimum of three references in this section. If you did not properly quote things and use in text citations for your original paper, you should up.
Running Head: LAB 5 1
LAB 5 7
Lab 5
Gretchen Greene
Nathan Stewart, PhD
May 8, 2017
Executive Summary
As with any new technology, risks can arise in e-commerce that is not common to those traditional “brick-and-mortar” stores. A huge concern for e-commerce applications is credit/debit card use. Major damage can be done to an organization if the credit/debit card transactions are not secured in terms of financial fraud, loss of consumer confidence, identity theft, or legal regulations.
Online Goodies provides custom promotional gifts to corporate customers and is an Internet-based company. Some of their products include mugs, computer accessories, t-shirts, and office décor. The majority of its income comes from online credit card purchase. They give their repeat customers a discount based on their annual purchase amount.
This report is to create a test plan for Online Goodies based on the OWASP standards. The report includes an overview and rationale of all of the tests performed including a brute force test, an authentication test, privilege escalation test, code injection test, and web application fingerprint test.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………….2
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….3
Types of Test Being Performed…………………………………………………………………...4
Test Plan for Online Goodies Site According to OWASP Standards……………………………..4
Rationale for Testing Used………………………………………………………………………..4
References…………………………………………………………………………………………7
Types of Tests Performed
The least expensive way to reduce costs and risks and improve software quality is to catch deficiencies as early as possible. To understand the guidelines for testing the OWASP Testing Guide was used. The tests used in this plan are: Usability Testing, Unit Testing, Interface Testing, Integration Testing, Functionality Testing, Performance Testing, Security Testing, Authentication and Authorization Testing, Privilege Escalation Testing, and Web Application Fingerprint Testing.
Test Plan for Online Goodies Site
The purpose of his test plan is to ensure the Goodies site meets all of its business, functional, and technical requirements. The test plan describes the schedule of test activities, test plan strategy, activities, resources, and scope. This document will identify the features on the site to be tested, the testing tasks, the user assigned to each task, each testing environment, techniques, explanation of options, and risks.
Before actually testing the site, you have to create test cases. This is the sample data which will be used to go through the system. These can be created as soon as the requirements are received. Additional test cases should be created to test other aspects of the system due to its complexity.
Explanation of Testing
Usability testing is one of the most important aspects of building a website. Users are not going to take the time to try to use a website that is poorly designed. We are used.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. Running Head: APA 1
Surname 4
Subject
Name
Professor
Date
Question 1
There are three contributions that the author (Savage, 2001 page
101) believes that Egypt should use the study about early
complex societies which are significant in the progress of
success in development of social welfare in the ancient Egypt.
One of the contributions is growth on the appreciation of
understanding in the meaning of Predynastic culture which
caters for appreciation of growth in the social and economic
nature. The second contribution is on the development of
chronological distinction that refines different complexity
understanding and appreciation. The third contribution is on the
emphasis of social and political positive advancements that are
responsible for complex societies and welfare development in
Egypt. The gradual development caters for appreciation of the
three achievements and trends that are able to create complex
integration and development of different policies that has
ensured successful and gradual development of a competent
society in Egypt.
Question 2
Savage argues that the proto-kings of the Ancient Egypt were
economically motivated. The rulers were motivated by the urge
to expand their influence in the Upper Egypt in a more
economical that political policy. The desire to control inter-
polity conflicts led to the urge to control trade. The Canaanite
materials were located at Delta sites of Maadi which are
significant archaeological sites as well as Minshat Omar. The
2. upper part of Egypt recorded unique characteristics of
Predynastic periods which mixed the nature with the existence
of Canaanite materials. The trade colony held its hand at the
unique stations of Tell Ma’ ahaz and Taur Ikbeinah locations.
The efforts by the kings to extend their territories and rule came
with the urge to monopolize trade and the routes followed by
the traders through to Asia (Savage, 2001, page 112). The
creation of the larger polity led to increased cataracts in the
south of Mediterranean. The Egyptian trading colonies extended
to the Negev region where most of the trading activities were
associated with the trade advancements. The desire to control
the northern led to exertion of control through the trading
routes. The establishment of Northern Egyptian colonies and
pro-kings’ territories is associated with the growth of the
Dynasties and the economic establishments that were based on
trading and trade as a whole.
Question 3
Hierakonpolis was characterized by the existence of special
archaeological materials such as the series of tombs that were
revealed by Abydos which can be connected to the changing
conditions at the dynasties in Egypt. The Badarian settlements
were some of the archaeological sites that were present in the
upper region of Hierakonpolis. Through the Nagada II and
Nagada III, there was huge impacts and influence that led to
political controls of Hierakonpolis. Later, the Hierakonpolis
polity was absorbed by the Abydos region. The availability of
cemeteries, settlements and other sites that represented the
industrial marks at Wadi Abul Suffian at Hierakonpolis. The
Predynastic settlements at the river also marked the
archaeological significance. The settlements at the
Hierakonpolis also proved the existence of archaeological sites
such as region of Nile levees.
The Nile River Valley had slight settlements of Armant that
encompassed the Nagada region. The archaeological sites and
settlements at Nagada region felt the heart of Nagada culture.
The Nagada culture is remarkably present at Hierakonpolis
3. which was later transformed by the Predynastic Delta
suggestions. The existence of the Predynastic settlements also
suggested the natural levees at the Nile that marked the
archaeological loci of Predynastic settlements. The Armant had
unique features that marked structural advancements and trash
pits which consisted of small sites and other settlements at
Nagada region. The presence of blocks of Nile mud on the sites
consisted of significant bonds that formed different patterns.
The Abydos region also marked different sites that were located
at the Dynastic period that extended from Asyut south to Hu of
the Nile Valley. The Nagada culture was also extended to the
Abydos region especially at the Qena bend of the valley where
presence of Nagada II and Nagada I were found. The settlement
patterns located at the region basically concentrated on
revealing the existence of Predynastic cemeteries. The existence
of fewer settlement sites of Nagada I, II and Hierakonpolis
regions largely revealed the presence of archaeological sites.
The presence of Predynastic sites and settlements at the banks
of the Nile Valley also marked the patterns of archeology.
Question 4
Savage (2001, page 101-103) felt that the Dynasty of
Egypt should singly unify the polities through encompassing of
the Delta which ran through systematic unification. The
development of the Upper Egypt ran through encompassing the
Delta and its territories in order to claim superiority. The proto
kings of the Upper Egypt generally run different operations that
addressed the investigations that were carried out on different
excavation which allowed the Upper Egypt to run systems of
domination and settlements which saw its success in colonizing
the Delta and eventually the lower part of Egypt. The
settlements at the Delta before the colonization eventually
ruined the operations which in turn express the feelings of the
author before the split of the Dynastic Egypt had peaceful
integration and relations (2001, page 103). The Unification of
the Dynasty which consisted of the Upper and lower Egypt
which constituted of the blocks that had not balanced the
4. operations. The author feels the essence of the split and the
Upper Egypt outdoing the south in terms of excavation and
economic integration. The development extended the territorial
settlements and deliverance that supplemented the excavations
in the Upper Egypt which left most cemeteries and other
settlement points at uncovering in the Delta (Wilkinson, 1999,
page 36).
Question 5
After watching the video by “The Scorpion King” it is
evident that economic factors alongside the military factors
concentrated on underlying the unification (National
Geographic, 2015). Similarly, according to the information
revealed from Savage, 2001, it is also clear that both military
and economic factors underlie unification. Explain the answer,
don’t just quote from them … What lead you to believe that it is
both Economic and military factors ? Don’t just quote it is Clear
…Explain why is it clear that both military and economic
factors underlie unification then make a conclusion.
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4
National Geographic 2015 “The Real Scorpion King,” [video]
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4.
5. Savage (2001) Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of
Predynastic Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 9,
pp. 101-155.
Wilkinson, T. 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt, New York:
Routledge.
Include the following information in your report:
· What are the chronic illness trends of each country?
· What is the incidence and prevalence of elderly consumers of
long-term care in the United States as compared to your chosen
developing country?
· How does each country expect these numbers to change in the
next ten years?
· What are the main characteristics of the elderly population in
both the countries? Is there any difference in the long-term
health care needs of consumers in both the countries? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
· Who are the institutional and non-institutional caregivers in
both the countries? Support your answer with relevant
examples. Explain the factors that affect care giving in each
country.
· Is there any difference in the status of quality of care of the
elderly consumers in the United States as compared to the
developing country?
· Is there any difference in the health care cost provided in the
United States as compared to the developing country? Define
any social support that may exist to cover health care in both
countries.
Running Head: APA 1
ASSIGNMENT 2
6. There are three contributions that the author (Savage, 2001 page
101) believes that Egypt should use in the study about early
complex societies which are significant in the progress and
success in development of social welfare in ancient Egypt. One
of the contributions is growth on the appreciation of
understanding in the meaning of Predynastic culture which
caters for appreciation of growth in the social and economic
nature. The second contribution is on the development of
chronological distinction that refines different complexity
understanding and appreciation. The third contribution is on the
emphasis of social and political positive advancements that are
responsible for complex societies and welfare development in
Egypt. The gradual development caters for appreciation of the
three achievements and trends that are able to create complex
integration and development of different policies that has
ensured successful and gradual development of a competent
society in Egypt.
The proto-kings of Egypt basically concentrated on farming and
other agricultural revolution there really is no “agricultural
revolution.” Agricultural practices evolve gradually as people
become more reliant on domesticated plants that basically
concentrated on expansion of the influence in the northern parts
of the country. Petrie Petrie was an archaeologist working in the
19th-early 20th century. He was not a Predynastic king was one
of the ancient kings who played a vital role in the determination
of the invention that helped solve the ceramic seriation which
provided an essential framework for the history of the upper
Egyptian progression How does this relate to the assignment
here?. The extensive generation allowed for extreme
Predynastic nature that contributed into successful excavation in
the upper Egypt in the sense that every king spurred into several
calibration such as in Nagada, Armant, Badari, Ballas and other
areas of the north This sentence doesn’t make sense. The
contribution of Petrie cannot be taken for granted in the sense
that it cleared the Upper Egyptian land in order to give larger
attention in the delivery of settlement sites that are able to spur
7. unique excavation on upper lands such as Mahasna, Matmar,
Mostagedda, Naga-ed-D-er(2001, page 101). There was little
attention at the northern parts which diverted the attention of
superior leaders and proto-kings in order to convert the earlier
attention and settlement. Quibell and Green changed the
perception through diversification of work and attention into the
upperland especially at Hierakonpolis, the excavations at
Hemamieh which were run by Gertrude Caton Thompson and
the activities by Petrie which revealed the investigation at
Nagada South Town which were a major exception
(Savage,2001, page 102). They were diverse efforts and
motivation of the leaders towards developing the Upper
Egyptian soils through the Predynastic revolutions. Don’t worry
about this historic background, focus on the questions. The
information to answer question 2 is on p. 112. Savage argues
that the proto-kings of Egypt were economically motivated.
Hierakonpolis was characterized by the existence of special
archaeological materials such as the series of tombs that were
revealed by Abydos which can be connected to the changing
conditions at the dynasties in Egypt I don’t understand this
sentence. The Hierakonpolis had royal names found on pots and
pottery objects which included of the Scorpion which is a
significant archeological material. The discoveries of Narmer
Palette at Hierakonpolis which also transformed to the
significant integration of archaeological support. The presence
of Narmer as a historical figure is archaeological in nature and
it is clear that the presence of his tomb after excavation of the
Abydos which clearly outlines the potsherds that clearly
highlighted other objects and factors from Tell Erani that
existed in northern Hierakonpolis(2001, page 102). According
to the model by Kemp, it is evident that envisions of the gradual
processes generally highlighted the political nature of the Upper
Egypt which run through systems of middle Predynastic that
configured different and unique alterations that were basically
centered at the Hierakonpolis, Nagada, and This (near Abydos).
The information for Question 3 is on pp. 113-120. You should
8. summarize the archaeological characteristics of Hierakonpolis,
This and Nagada in 3 separate paragraphs.
The archaeological Predynastic occurrences at different polities
which merged to form the Upper Egypt that was ruled by the
strong and able proto-kings as the Upper Egypt continued to
expand its territories slowly and diversely towards assimilation
and encompassing of the lower regions. The polities at the
Upper Egypt generally concentrated on escalating the large
orientations and differentiation that reveal the impact of
different suggestions that implied the nature of the social
occurrences and existence at Predynastic Egypt. At
Hierakonpolis, it is evident that there were unique alterations
and archeological provisions that suggested the existence of
painted Tombs ate Hierakonpolis which were proved by
Hoffman in the chiefdom. The descriptions of Predynastic
occurrences ran through systems of hierarchical leadership such
as in the upper Egypt under Nagada.
Savage (2001, page 101-103) felt that the Dynasty of
Egypt should singly unify the polities through encompassing of
the Delta which ran through systematic unification. The
development of the Upper Egypt ran through encompassing the
Delta and its territories in order to claim superiority. The proto
kings of the Upper Egypt generally run different operations that
addressed the investigations that were carried out on different
excavation which allowed the Upper Egypt to run systems of
domination and settlements which saw its success in colonizing
the Delta and eventually the lower part of Egypt. The
settlements at the Delta before the colonization eventually
ruined the operations which in turn express the feelings of the
author before the split of the Dynastic Egypt had peaceful
integration and relations(2001, page 103). The Unification of
the Dynasty which consisted of the Upper and lower Egypt
which constituted of the blocks that had not balanced the
operations. The author feels the essence of the split and the
Upper Egypt outdoing the south in terms of excavation and
economic integration. The development extended the territorial
9. settlements and deliverance that supplemented the excavations
in the Upper Egypt which left most cemeteries and other
settlement points at uncovering in the Delta.
After watching the video by “The Scorpion King” it is
evident that unification was more of a military based operation
rather than subsidized and ran by economic factors in extensive
conclusion (National Geographic, 2015) Why do you favor this
information over the information in Savage? It is most likely
that military and economic factors underlie the unification . The
Scorpion King video can be assessed to understand the
discovery of the extensive video which saw that the operations
of Egyptian civilization actually occurred at the invasion of the
territorial categories and external routes by the foreigners who
had their own intensions and motives to benefit in overtaking
the kings and authorities at Egypt. The Scorpion King lived at
the ancient times beyond the bronze ages.
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4
National Geographic 2015 “The Real Scorpion King,” [video]
Youtube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4.
Savage (2001) Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of
Predynastic Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 9,
pp. 101-155.
Wilkinson, T. 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt, New York:
Routledge. Didn’t see that you actually referred to this in your
essay.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4
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Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2001
Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology
of Predynastic Egypt
Stephen H. Savage1
The traditional explanation of the origin of Egypt credits the
legendary Menes
with founding the state through the conquest of the Delta
region, but this is more
of a political legend than explanation. Anthropological
archaeologists and Egyp-
tologists are bringing new methods and questions to their search
for an adequate
explanation for the development of one of the world’s first
territorial states. Early
investigations of cemetery sites in Upper Egypt and settlements
in the Delta have
been supplemented by the excavation of more Upper Egyptian
settlement sites,
while cemeteries and other important settlements are now being
uncovered in
the Delta. Three trends are particularly important for the
development of social
complexity in ancient Egypt: (1) a growing appreciation of
regional differences in
Predynastic culture; (2) chronological refinements; and (3) an
emphasis on group
social and political developments, and trade. A consensus
appears to be develop-
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102 Savage
about the prehistory of ancient Egypt (Fig. 1) and the
development of one of the
world’s first states. Some archaeological discoveries have
supported the traditional
account; others have forced revisions (while still keeping the
general outline). In
the late 1800s and early 1900s, many cemeteries in Upper Egypt
were cleared, and
settlement sites in Middle and Lower Egypt were investigated,
especially those
thought to have a biblical connection (Trigger, 1989, p. 103).
Significant advances
in chronology were made early on; Petrie’s (Petrie, 1901)
invention of ceramic se-
riation provided the first framework for Egyptian prehistory and
spurred an entire
generation of fieldwork. Petrie’s chronological work placed the
Predynastic period
(identified earlier by Morgan [1897]) on solid ground; he
defined three subperi-
ods, the Amratian, Gerzean and Semainean (or “Protodynastic”),
and “Sequence
Dates,” based on his division of 900 Nagada graves into 50
groups of 18 graves
each.
Petrie’s contribution spurred several decades of digging in
Egypt. Many ceme-
teries were excavated, or “cleared,” in Upper Egypt, including
13. Nagada and Ballas
(Petrie and Quibell, 1896), Armant (Mond and Meyers, 1937),
Badari (Brunton
and Caton Thompson, 1928), Harageh (Engelbach and Gunn,
1923), Mahasna
(Ayrton and Loat, 1911), Matmar (Brunton, 1948), Mostagedda
(Brunton, 1937),
and Naga-ed-Dˆer (Lythgoe, 1905; Lythgoe and Dunham, 1965).
Little attention
was paid to settlement sites in Upper Egypt in these early
decades, though Quibell
and Green’s work at Hierakonpolis (Quibell, 1900; Quibell and
Green, 1901),
Gertrude Caton Thompson’s careful excavations at Hemamieh
(Brunton and Caton
Thompson, 1928), and Petrie’s early investigation at Nagada
South Town (Petrie
and Quibell, 1896) were notable exceptions.
In contrast to a largely cemetery-based archaeology of the
Upper Egyptian
Predynastic, early efforts in Lower Egypt concentrated more on
settlement sites
such as Merimde (Junker, 1929, 1930), el Omari (Bovier-
Lapierre, 1926a, 1926b),
Maadi (Menghin, 1931, 1932, 1934; Menghin and Amer, 1932,
1936), and the
Fayum (Caton Thompson, 1927, 1934). These projects revealed
a Lower Egyptian
Predynastic culture different from the valley tradition further
south. Ceramics,
lithics, burial practices (when cemeteries were found), and
house forms (where
they could be compared) all differed from those discovered by
Petrie and his
colleagues (see Hoffman, 1984).
14. By the middle of the twentieth century, though, other concerns
had pre-
empted Predynastic archaeology, World War II, Egyptian
independence, and the
Arab–Israeli wars interrupted fieldwork, while the rising tide of
nationalism in
the Middle East encouraged an emphasis on Islamic archaeology
more than the
earlier periods (Trigger, 1989, p. 183). In spite of these
distractions, several im-
portant contributions occurred during this period. Baumgartel
(1955) discussed
her research with Petrie’s collections and stressed a
Mesopotamian or Elamite ori-
gin of the “Dynastic Race.” Saad conducted extensive
excavations in the environs
of Helwan (Saad, 1947, 1951, 1957, 1969). Walter Emery’s
excavations in the
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103
Fig. 1. Location of major Predynastic sites and regional
subtraditions in relation to modern towns in Egypt.
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104 Savage
Saqqara region were put on hold during World War II and again
following the
1948 war with Israel, but he was able to complete the
excavation of a sequence of
large, 1st Dynasty cenotaphs or tombs (Emery, 1949, 1954,
1958).
The construction of the Aswan Dam shifted the center of
investigations to
Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia for several years and helped
revive prehistoric
archaeology (see Adams, 1992); Wendorf and his colleagues
(1968) illuminated
earlier periods in Egyptian prehistory that help set the stage for
later developments.
Arkel and Ucko’s (Arkel and Ucko, 1965) review of the
Predynastic collated much
of the previous work but was handicapped by the current state
of research. Trigger
(1968, p. 61) noted that “. . . for various reasons there have
been few systematic
excavations on prehistoric sites in Egypt in recent years and
most studies have
consisted of the reworking of old and rather badly published
evidence.”
In spite of these efforts, by the 1950s and 1960s advances in
anthropological
archaeology elsewhere seemed to have marginalized Egypt.
Near Eastern archae-
16. ology and Egyptology were often seen by outsiders as
essentially atheoretical and
still committed to the cultural historical, biblical, or classical
paradigms that had
played such important roles in their early development (Trigger,
1968, p. 61, 1989).
If Egyptologists were conscious of theoretical advances taking
place in anthropol-
ogy, they seemed to view them as having little relevance to
ancient Egypt. The need
for theoretical abstractions was obviated by detailed evidence
from hieroglyphics,
art, and political history, but anthropologists rarely possessed
the skills needed to
master these subjects. So by midcentury, many anthropological
archaeologists and
Egyptologists had come to view each other’s contributions as
largely irrelevant to
their own fields of inquiry. Although Egyptologists and
prehistorians recognized
that Egypt was one of the earliest examples of a “pristine,”
“territorial” state, it was
thought that she had little to contribute to a growing
anthropological interest in the
development of state-type societies elsewhere because of her
perceived unique-
ness. Egypt was viewed as a peculiar place, whose cultural
history was perhaps so
unique that it shed little new light on large theoretical issues
(Trigger, 1993, p. 2).
By the last decades of the twentieth century, these attitudes had
begun to
change. Renewed fieldwork in Egypt, led frequently by
anthropologically trained
archaeologists such as the late Michael Hoffman, showed that
17. the archaeology
of Predynastic Egypt was far more complicated than had been
assumed earlier.
Regional differences began to be appreciated, and these caused
some researchers
to reevaluate the chronological methods employed by earlier
generations of Egyp-
tologists. The complexity now revealed called for more
sophisticated models than
those provided by traditional Egyptology. Within anthropology,
postprocessualism
sought to reemphasize the links between archaeology and
history and encouraged
positivist archaeologists to pay less attention to general
analogies and more to
reading the past from specific cultural contexts. And while few
researchers work-
ing in Egypt applied this paradigm explicitly (for exceptions,
see Bard, 1992a;
Rice, 1990), it has affected a partial rapproachment between
Egyptologists and
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105
anthropologists (see the papers in Lustig, 1997; especially those
by O’Connor,
Adams, Wenke, and Trigger). As a result, anthropologists are
taking renewed in-
18. terest in early Egypt. Although unique in some ways, Egypt now
resembles early
civilizations in other regions. Trigger’s study (Trigger, 1993, p.
110) of seven early
states showed that
. . . a wide variety of economic behavior was associated with
early civilizations, the one
constant being the production of surpluses that the upper classes
appropriated through
a tributary relationship. Yet I have been able to discover only
one basic form of class
hierarchy, two general forms of political organization, and a
single basic religious paradigm
that constituted the supernatural counterpart to the tributary
relationship. I have documented
significant variation from one early civilization to another only
in terms of art styles and
cultural values.
Trigger’s cross-cultural comparison helps explain the older
conflicts between
anthropological archaeology and Egyptology, while showing
that an anthropolog-
ical approach can contribute to a study of ancient Egypt. The
“significant variation
in art styles and cultural values” that Trigger noted has formed
the cleavage plane
between anthropology and Egyptology in the past, since
Egyptology has focused
on the differences while anthropology has been more concerned
with the class
hierarchy, economic and political organization that share
similarities with other
early states. Thus the uniqueness of Egypt’s artistic expression
and cultural system
19. led Egyptologists to consider the civilization of the Nile Valley
to be something
apart. However, the fact that Trigger finds only a few cross-
cultural differences in
many aspects of ancient states means that the study of any early
civilization can
inform research on the others. So the study of the emergence of
the Egyptian state
may shed new light on the development of others elsewhere.
The early excavations continue to influence our understanding
of the Pre-
dynastic. We still know more about mortuary practices in Upper
Egypt than we
know about settlement sites, and we know more about
settlements in the north
than we know about cemeteries. But recent work has begun to
redress these im-
balances. Hierakonpolis (Harlan, 1985; Hoffman, 1982, 1987),
Nagada (Hassan,
1992), the Hu-Semaineh region (Bard, 1989, 1992b), the Badari
region (Holmes,
1993; Holmes and Friedman, 1994), and the Abydos-Thinis
region (Patch, 1991)
have all been the targets of regional archaeological survey and
excavation. In the
Delta, renewed work at Maadi and el Omari (Canevaet al., 1987;
Debono and
Mortenson, 1990; Rizkana, 1989), Heliopolis (Debono and
Mortenson, 1988),
and Merimde (Eiwanger, 1988, 1992) has added to our
understanding of these
early cultures, highlighting differences from each other and
from Upper Egypt. In
addition, new excavations at Tell Fara’in-Buto (Faltings and
K¨ohler, 1996; Way,
20. 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992), Minshat abu
Omar (Kroeper, 1988,
1989), and Mendes (Friedman, 1991, 1992) have further defined
the Lower Egyp-
tian culture, its relations with Canaan, and its eclipse by the
Nagada culture of
Upper Egypt sometime in the Late Predynastic period.
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106 Savage
Since the 1970s fieldwork in the Predynastic has flourished, and
many im-
portant new contributions have been made. It is beyond the
scope of this paper
to consider them all, and readers are encouraged to consult the
abbreviated bib-
liography for some of the relevant publications. Following a
short discussion of
the traditional Predynastic chronology and a summary of earlier
views about how
ancient Egypt emerged from the Predynastic, I discuss three
developments that I
believe are central to the renewed contribution that Egypt can
bring to the study
of early complex societies. These are (1) a growing appreciation
of regional de-
velopments along the Nile Valley in the Predynastic; (2) a
refined chronological
framework that helps anchor not only Egyptian prehistory but
21. also the larger Near
East; and (3) the study of sociopolitical developments and trade,
which frames a
fresh understanding of the evolution of the Egyptian state.
These considerations
are not independent of each other. Many researchers are
beginning to appreciate
this fact, and a nascent consensus appears to be forming that
emphasizes the grad-
ual coalescence of a series of small polities, encouraged by
competition in the
mortuary regime and the effort to control foreign trade.
Predynastic Chronological Considerations
Chronological difficulties abound in the Predynastic. Petrie’s
Amratian,
Gerzean, and Semainan periods were replaced by Kaiser’s
(Kaiser, 1957) Nagada I,
II, and III, and a complicated set of 11 to 15 subphases. The
Semainan was gen-
erally rejected by Egyptologists, some of whom referred to the
last part of the
Predynastic as the “Protodynastic period” (see Kantor, 1944,
1992). An earlier
tradition, now called the “Badarian,” was foreseen by Petrie
(who had started his
Sequence Dates at 30 to leave room for it) but not documented
until Brunton
and Caton Thompson’s (Brunton and Caton Thompson, 1928)
work at Badari
and Hemmamiah. The growing appreciation of regional
differences along the
Nile, which I discuss later, has encouraged some researchers to
set aside chrono-
logical schemes that assumed similar cultural trajectories, in
22. favor of tying re-
gional chronologies together through external methods such as
radiocarbon dating.
Hassan’s (Hassan, 1985, 1988) radiocarbon-based chronology
recognizes four ab-
solute periods in the Nile Valley: (1) the Early Predynastic (ca.
5000–3900 B.C.),
(2) Middle Predynastic (ca. 3900–3650 B.C.), (3) Late
Predynastic (ca. 3650–
3300 B.C.), and (4) Terminal Predynastic (ca. 3300–3050 B.C.).
These periods are
roughly equivalent to the Badarian, Nagada I (Amratian),
Nagada II (Gerzean),
and Nagada III (Protodynastic).
The term “Dynasty 0” complicates the chronology as well. It
describes a politi-
cal period rather than a cultural period, sometime before the 1st
Dynasty (belonging
to the Nagada III or Protodynastic), during which some
researchers believe Egypt
had already been unified under the rule of Upper Egyptian
paramount chieftains
or kings (e. g., Kaiser and Dreyer, 1982). Renewed work at the
Umm el-Qaab near
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23. Abydos has revealed a series of tombs belonging to rulers
attributed to Dynasty
0. Royal names have been found incised on pottery vessels,
including “Scorpion”
(not the “Scorpion” from the well-known “Scorpion Macehead”
discovered by
Quibell, 1900, at Hierakonpolis) and “Ka” (Kaiser and Dreyer,
1982, p. 263). Two
other, as yet undeciphered royal names are referred to as “King
A” (Brink, 1996)
and “King B” (Wilkinson, 1995, p. 206, 1999, pp. 52–58).
These new discoveries
document the power of the Thinite royal family before the
unification of Egypt,
although the term “Dynasty 0” implies a family of kings ruling
over the whole of
Egypt, and this has not yet been demonstrated.
The development of regional chronologies has fostered a
reinterpretation of
existing mortuary data. Where once variation in the mortuary
regime was thought
to reflect temporal development in a relatively straightforward
way, new research
suggests that Predynastic cemeteries are far more complicated
spaces where de-
scent group rivalries demanded different burial treatments.
These document the
existence of local and regional competition in the Predynastic,
setting the stage for
the unification of Egypt at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty (ca.
3050 B.C.).
The Origins of Ancient Egypt—Earlier Views
The Legend of Menes
24. In considering the origins of the Egyptian state, it is best to
start with the
Egyptians themselves. The traditional story was recorded by
Manetho, a priest
who lived during the late fourth and early third centuries B.C.
Looking back
over 2,500 years, Manetho desribed 30 dynasties who had ruled
Egypt. The first
two consisted of a family of rulers from This, who conquered
Lower Egypt (see
Trigger, 1983, p. 52) to found the state. Manetho names Menes
as the first king of
the 1st Dynasty. Before Menes, Manetho states that Egypt was
ruled by a series
of demigods from Upper and Lower Egypt; on the Pyramid
Texts of the late Old
Kingdom (ca. 2350–2150) they are called the “Divine Souls of
Nekhen” (ancient
Hierakonpolis) and “Divine Souls of Pe” (Buto in the northwest
Delta). “Together,
the Souls of Nekhen and Pe are considered to be collective
representations of the
deceased kings of the Predynastic Upper and Lower Egyptian
kingdoms whose
capitals were housed at Hierakonpolis and Buto respectively”
(Friedman, 1996,
p. 344).
The traditional explanation of Egypt’s beginning, like
Manetho’s dynastic
division of Egyptian history, is much more recent than the
events it describes.
There are no extant copies of Manetho’s text; it is described in
the writings of
Josephus from the middle of the first century A.D. However,
25. several lists of kings
from ancient Egypt appear to support Manetho’s system,
including the Palermo
Stone (which lists kings from the 5th Dynasty back before the
1st Dynasty,
and a series of mythological kings who had ruled over a
prehistoric, unified
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108 Savage
Egypt); the Karnak Tablet from the 18th Dynasty lists kings
back to Menes. The
Abydos Tablet from the reign of Seti I and the Saqqara Tablet
from the reign
of Rameses II (both 19th Dynasty) list rulers at least as far back
as the 1st Dy-
nasty. The Turin Papyrus, written sometime in the 19th
Dynasty, includes mythical,
semidivine kings before the 1st Dynasty (see Hoffman, 1984).
The name Menes
(or Meni) does not appear in the lists until the 18th Dynasty
(Vercoutter, 1992,
p. 199).
The discovery of the Narmer Palette at Hierakonpolis (Quibell,
1900) pro-
vided artistic, if not archaeological, support for the traditional
view; it also in-
troduced the difficulty of a Thinite versus Hierakonpolis origin
26. for the founder
of the Egyptian state. On one side of the palette, Narmer is
depicted wearing the
white crown of Upper Egypt, delivering the coup d’grace to a
helpless victim
identified with the sites of Buto and Sais in the northwestern
Delta; on the other
side of the palette, Narmer wears the red crown of Lower Egypt
and observes a
procession of standard bearers carrying nome symbols. The
main register on the
palette depicts two mythological “serpo-leopards” with their
necks intertwined.
The traditional interpretation of the iconography views the
intertwined beasts as a
symbol of political unification resulting from warfare.
There are many problems with the traditional view, which stem
primarily
from the lack of historical connections between the sources and
the events, dif-
ficulties related to the interpretation of specific finds, and a
tendency to read the
artifacts literally. Fairservis (1991) recently reevaluated the
meaning of the Narmer
Palette, concluding that it has nothing to do with the unification
of Upper and
Lower Egypt. Moreover, it is of uncertain archaeological
provenience, having
been found in the “main deposit” of the temple enclosure at
Hierakonpolis, where
Fairservis describes it as having been “‘junked’ by later
occupiers of the temple
area” (1991, p. 1). The cache of objects may be a foundation
deposit accompany-
ing the remodeling of the temple (Quibell, 1900), but the
27. remodeling may have
taken place as late as the 2nd or 3rd Dynasty, several centuries
after the event the
palette proports to describe. Wilkinson (1999) and Millet (1990)
further caution
against reading the Narmer Palette literally; Wilkinson indicates
that “it is perhaps
safer to ignore the palettes and maceheads as potential historical
sources” (1999,
p. 49).
The identification of Narmer as the first king of the 1st Dynasty
is fairly
secure, although his identification with the legendary Menes is
less certain. Menes
might have been Pharaoh Aha, Hor-Aha, or he might have been
Narmer. It is
clear, though, that Narmer was a historical figure, his tomb has
been excavated at
Abydos, and his name is found incised on potsherds and other
objects from Tell
Erani in the north (Ward, 1969) to Hierakonpolis in the south
(Wilkinson, 1999,
p. 69, lists numerous other examples).
The issue is not Narmer’s existence, but rather the role he may
have had in
bringing about the unification of Egypt. Dreyer’s reexcavation
around the tomb of
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109
Narmer at Abydos revealed a small ivory label on which Narmer
smites an enemy
identified with Buto by the papyrus reeds sprouting from his
head. Dreyer states
that it is “the same event as depicted on the Narmer Palette.
From this we may
conclude that the Narmer Palette indeed refers to an historical
event which took
place in a certain year” (Dreyer, in Davies and Friedman, 1998,
p. 35). Although
Wilkinson has cautioned against reading the Narmer Palette
literally, he agrees
that the label lends new weight to the historical interpretation
(1999, pp. 49, 68).
In any event, as Wenke (1991) points out, the traditional
description is more of a
political history than explanation. Recent research has shown
that there probably
was no unified polity in existence in Lower Egypt around 3100
B.C. (Kemp, 1989,
pp. 43, 44).
The “Dynastic Race” Hypothesis
Petrie (1939) believed that ancient Egypt was unified by an
invading “dynas-
tic race” that originated in the east, somewhere around ancient
Elam or Sumer,
and entered Upper Egypt via the Wadi Hammamat around the
beginning of the
Gerzean period (ca. 3500 B.C.), conquering the “primitive”
Egyptians. Influenced
29. by the appearance of Mesopotamian trade items and
architectural elements found
in Predynastic and Dynastic contexts, Petrie’s views were based
on the hyper-
diffusionism of his day. The idea was discarded by Massoulard
(1949) in favor
of indigenous development, though several researchers (e.g.,
Baumgartel, 1955;
Edwards, 1971; Emery, 1961) continued to espouse the older
view. Modern schol-
arship agrees with Massoulard (though see Rice, 1990, for an
exception).
Recent Views, Anthropological and Otherwise
Anthropologists have suggested several possible explanations
for the devel-
opment of the Egyptian state. Wittfogel’s (Wittfogel, 1952)
hydraulic hypothesis
attributed the rise of political power to the need to manage
expanding irrigation sys-
tems; Carneiro’s circumscription hypothesis (Carneiero, 1970,
also see Bard and
Carneiro, 1989) outlined a process of conflict over scarce
resources, leading finally
to the creation of a single state polity. Both of these ideas have
been rejected by later
scholarship. While Wittfogel’s notion may be applicable to
ancient Mesopotamia,
it appears that irrigation in the Nile Valley was not centrally
controlled because
basin agriculture, fed by the annual Nile flood, was the
dominant mode (see Hassan,
1988; Lamberg-Karlovsky and Sabloff, 1979). Likewise,
population pressure, or
circumscription, may not have played a significant role. Hassan
30. (1988, p. 165)
argues that the population of ancient Egypt was insufficient to
create much cir-
cumscription, as do Kemp (1989, p. 31) and Wilkinson (1999, p.
45). However,
Hoffman (1984, pp. 309, 310) suggests that population
concentration (though not
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110 Savage
necessarily actual growth) resulted in locally circumscribed
environments. Bard
and Carneiro emphasize that social circumscription may have
played as large
a part in creating interpolity friction; by the later Predynastic,
Upper Egypt was
essentially filled up with regional polities such that “the
splitting off of new groups
would have been less permissible” (1989, p. 21).
An explanation based on multiple causes seems better suited to
the available
data. A combination of factors, including trade (though Kemp,
1989, does not
think trade was an important factor), iconography, and
competition among descent
groups and larger polities appears to form the developmental
milieu out of which
a unified state in Egypt finally emerged (Hassan, 1988;
31. Lamberg-Karlovsky and
Sabloff, 1979; Trigger, 1983; Wilkinson, 1996, 1999).
Kemp’s (Kemp, 1989) research points to a gradual process of
coalescence,
in which many small polities formed along the Nile from
independent agricultural
villages in the Nagada I (Amratian) period, later being absorbed
into a series of
larger units in Nagada II that merged into the kingdoms of
Upper and Lower Egypt.
Kemp describes the process as a sort of Monopoly game, in
which everything began
relatively equal and ended when one family (the 1st Dynasty
rulers) controlled
virtually everything. The process may have begun as far back as
the Badarian
period (ca. 5500–4000 B.C.), when Anderson (1992) notes that
there were already
differences between elite and nonelite graves.
Predynastic Sociopolitical Units
The sociopolitical landscape of Egypt in the historic period
reinforces Kemp’s
explanation of the development of complexity. During the
historic period, Egypt
was divided into administrative districts called nomes.
Egyptologists have seen in
the nome structure what they believe to be the ancient remnants
of preunification
political and social structure. Breasted (1964, p. 66) noted that,
“These ‘nomes’
were presumably the early principalities, from which the local
princes who ruled
them in prehistoric days, had long disappeared.” Trigger agrees,
32. stating that “It
has also frequently been assumed that the original Egyptian
states were small
units equivalent to the nomes or districts that served as
administrative divisions of
the country in historic times. Out of the union of these tiny
states, two coherent,
independent kingdoms were thought to have emerged.. . . ”
(1983, pp. 44, 45).
Grimal (1992, p. 58) notes that “although the provinces were
not actually identified
as such until the time of Djoser [3rd Dynasty]. . . the emblems
representing each
of the nomes date back to the period before the unification of
Egypt. These were
the territories of the ancient provincial dynasties.. . . ” Kemp’s
model envisions a
gradual process of political unification of Upper Egypt; during
the early to middle
Predynastic small polities were gradually merged into three
larger configurations,
centered at Hierakonpolis, Nagada, and This (near Abydos).
During the middle to
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Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt
111
late Predynastic, Kemp believes these three polities merged into
what he called the
33. “proto-kingdom of Upper Egypt,” which then continued its
expansion northward
to encompass the “proto-kingdom of Lower Egypt.”
These …
Citation guidelines
Follow these guidelines when citing information from the
readings. When you refer material in the
reading, cite the page number where the material was taken (for
example Savage 2001:101) in the text.
Include the complete bibliographic reference at the end of your
paper.
Savage, Stephen
2001 “Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic
Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological
Research, vol. 9, pp. 101-155.
Wilkinson, T.
1999 Early Dynastic Egypt, New York: Routledge.
National Geographic
34. 2015 “The Real Scorpion King,” [video] Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4.
Grading rubric
25-22 points
Content- Student is able to clearly and comprehensively
summarize what the author is attempting to
demonstrate within the context of the provided background
material.
Organization- Student organizes the essay in a clear and logical
manner using paragraphs that follow a
logical progression. Essay starts with an introductory overview
paragraph followed by logically
sequenced paragraphs that flesh out the ideas in the introductory
paragraph. Essay ends with a concluding
paragraph summarizing the information presented and how it
bears on larger issues.
Spelling and grammar- Spelling and grammatical errors are
minimal to non-existent. Sentences are clear
and neither overly long or incomplete. Proper citation format is
used.
21-18 points
Content- Student understands what the author is attempting to
demonstrate, but leaves some terms
35. undefined and some background information is omitted.
Organization- Essay construction may not follow a logical
progression. Paragraphs may not be
comprised of a single idea that fleshes out the information in
the introductory paragraph. Essay may not
end with a summary concluding paragraph.
Spelling and grammar- Some spelling and grammatical errors
are present. Some sentences are difficult to
follow, are incomplete or overly long. Proper citation format is
used inconsistently.
17-14 points
Content- Student may not understand what the author is
attempting to demonstrate, leaves terms
undefined and omits important background information.
Organization- Paragraph structure is not used, essay
construction does not follow a logical progression.
Essay does not end with a summary concluding paragraph.
Spelling and grammar- Abundant spelling and grammatical
errors are present. Sentences are difficult to
follow. Proper citation format is not used.
36. Anth 363
Assignment 2
Due Monday, May 11th before 11:55p
25 points
Savage, Stephen
2001 “Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic
Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological
Research, vol. 9, pp. 101-155.
Learning outcome #2- Savage uses a combination of
archaeological evidence and early textual evidence
to illustrate the processes by which many Egypt’s disparate
population centers come to be controlled by a
single ruler.
Learning outcome #5- The “unification” is presented as being
primarily economically motivated. Trade
underlies the motivation to bring Egypt’s disparate populations
under the control of a single ruler. Social
37. complexity is demonstrated through the development of
administrative offices, and possibly taxation.
Your essay for this week is a summary of the issues presented
in this paper. I have provided you a basic
structure for summarizing the information from the reading. Use
these general questions to guide you in
reading the article. Your answers to these questions should be
linked together to form an essay. Further
information about organization and grading can be found in the
“Grading Rubric” on the second page.
Your essay should be ~3-4 pages long, double spaced and
printed on paper. When you refer material in
the reading, cite the page number where the material was taken
(for example Savage 2001:103) in the
text.
You may also want to refer to part 2 of the Wilkinson 1999
reading assigned for Week 6. Include the
complete bibliographic reference at the end of your paper.
Please answer in your own words, do not over-rely on quotes
from the reading.
1. What are the three contributions the author believes Egypt
38. can bring to the study of early complex
societies?
2. Why were early Egyptian “proto-kings” motivated to expand
their influence northward?
What evidence does the author provide to support his argument?
3. What kinds of archaeological materials are used to
differentiate the presumed polities of Hierakonpolis,
Nagada and This (Abydos)?
4. Does the author feel that early Dynastic Egypt was a single
unified polity encompassing the Delta at
the time of the Unification? Why or why not?
5. Watch “The Scorpion King” video posted for this week.
Conclude with your opinion; was the
“unification” more due to economic factors, or military factors?