ruby laser system1 (1).pptx
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The ruby laser was the first working laser developed by Theodore Maiman in 1960. It uses a ruby crystal doped with chromium ions as the lasing medium. The ruby laser consists of a polished ruby rod placed between a fully reflective mirror on one side and a partially reflective mirror on the other, forming an optical cavity. When pumped with flashes of light from a xenon lamp, stimulated emission occurs within the ruby crystal, producing pulses of red light with a wavelength of 694nm. Some key applications of the ruby laser include tattoo removal, hair removal, and dermatology procedures.
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ruby laser
A ruby laser was the first laser invented in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as the gain medium and produces red light at 694.3 nm. Ruby lasers were used for early laser experiments including measuring the distance to the moon and producing holograms, though newer laser media have replaced them. The ruby crystal provides population inversion needed for stimulated emission through its chromium dopant atoms.
Ruby laser (Simple, Short and Easy)
The document describes the ruby laser, which was the first laser invented in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as the gain medium, which contains chromium atoms that absorb green and blue light and emit red light. The ruby laser produces pulsed red light at 694.3 nm. It works based on three energy levels of the chromium atoms in the ruby crystal. When pumped by a flash lamp, the atoms are excited to higher energy levels and undergo stimulated emission, producing coherent laser light. Ruby lasers were used for applications like holography and laser surgery, but have been replaced by better solid-state lasers due to low efficiency and pulsed output.
Laser
This document summarizes the ruby laser. It begins by explaining that a ruby laser uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium, which was the first successful laser developed in 1960. It emits deep red light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. The ruby crystal is doped with small amounts of chromium ions, which provide the necessary population inversion to achieve lasing. When optically pumped by a flash lamp, chromium ions are excited to higher energy states and decay to a metastable state, building up population inversion between that state and the ground state. Stimulated emission then produces coherent red light that is amplified as it reflects within the ruby crystal's resonance cavity and emerges through the partially reflective end.
Ruby laser
A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses the synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium. Ruby laser is the first successful laser developed by Maiman in 1960.
Ruby laser
The document describes the components and operation of a ruby laser, which was the first successful laser developed by Maiman in 1960 and consists of a cylindrical ruby rod surrounded by a flash tube that optically pumps the rod. The ruby rod contains chromium ions that are excited to a higher energy level by the flash tube and achieve population inversion, leading to stimulated emission and the production of coherent laser light pulses at 694.3nm wavelength through a process of photon reflection and stimulated emission within the rod. Key characteristics of the ruby laser output include monochromaticity, directionality, spatial and temporal coherence, and brightness.
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-II Chapter 2-LASER
The document discusses lasers and provides details about different types of lasers. It explains that a laser works by stimulating the emission of photons from atoms or molecules that have been excited to a higher energy level. This produces coherent, collimated light. It specifically describes how ruby, helium-neon, and CO2 lasers work, noting that ruby was the first laser invented using a ruby crystal, while helium-neon produces visible light and CO2 produces infrared light. The document also covers laser characteristics, components, and applications.
LIGHT SOURCE IN PHOTO CHEMISTRY
- The Grotthuss-Draper and Stark-Einstein laws state that light must be absorbed by a chemical system for a photochemical reaction to occur and that each photon activates only one molecule.
- Common light sources used in photochemistry include the sun, mercury lamps, halogen lamps, lasers, and light emitting diodes. Mercury lamps operate at different pressures which impact their properties.
- The type of light source used depends on the desired wavelength range and application. Each light source has advantages and disadvantages for photochemical reactions and experiments.
Laser And its Application's - Engineering Physics
This document provides an overview of lasers, including the basic processes involved, common laser types like ruby and He-Ne lasers, and their applications. It describes how stimulated emission produces laser light and explains the key components and working of ruby and He-Ne lasers. Ruby lasers use a synthetic ruby crystal as the active medium which is optically pumped by a flash lamp. He-Ne lasers consist of a gas mixture inside a quartz tube which is electrically pumped. Examples of laser applications include medicine, industry, communication, and military uses.
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ruby laser
A ruby laser was the first laser invented in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as the gain medium and produces red light at 694.3 nm. Ruby lasers were used for early laser experiments including measuring the distance to the moon and producing holograms, though newer laser media have replaced them. The ruby crystal provides population inversion needed for stimulated emission through its chromium dopant atoms.
Ruby laser (Simple, Short and Easy)
The document describes the ruby laser, which was the first laser invented in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as the gain medium, which contains chromium atoms that absorb green and blue light and emit red light. The ruby laser produces pulsed red light at 694.3 nm. It works based on three energy levels of the chromium atoms in the ruby crystal. When pumped by a flash lamp, the atoms are excited to higher energy levels and undergo stimulated emission, producing coherent laser light. Ruby lasers were used for applications like holography and laser surgery, but have been replaced by better solid-state lasers due to low efficiency and pulsed output.
Laser
This document summarizes the ruby laser. It begins by explaining that a ruby laser uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium, which was the first successful laser developed in 1960. It emits deep red light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. The ruby crystal is doped with small amounts of chromium ions, which provide the necessary population inversion to achieve lasing. When optically pumped by a flash lamp, chromium ions are excited to higher energy states and decay to a metastable state, building up population inversion between that state and the ground state. Stimulated emission then produces coherent red light that is amplified as it reflects within the ruby crystal's resonance cavity and emerges through the partially reflective end.
Ruby laser
A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses the synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium. Ruby laser is the first successful laser developed by Maiman in 1960.
Ruby laser
The document describes the components and operation of a ruby laser, which was the first successful laser developed by Maiman in 1960 and consists of a cylindrical ruby rod surrounded by a flash tube that optically pumps the rod. The ruby rod contains chromium ions that are excited to a higher energy level by the flash tube and achieve population inversion, leading to stimulated emission and the production of coherent laser light pulses at 694.3nm wavelength through a process of photon reflection and stimulated emission within the rod. Key characteristics of the ruby laser output include monochromaticity, directionality, spatial and temporal coherence, and brightness.
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-II Chapter 2-LASER
The document discusses lasers and provides details about different types of lasers. It explains that a laser works by stimulating the emission of photons from atoms or molecules that have been excited to a higher energy level. This produces coherent, collimated light. It specifically describes how ruby, helium-neon, and CO2 lasers work, noting that ruby was the first laser invented using a ruby crystal, while helium-neon produces visible light and CO2 produces infrared light. The document also covers laser characteristics, components, and applications.
LIGHT SOURCE IN PHOTO CHEMISTRY
- The Grotthuss-Draper and Stark-Einstein laws state that light must be absorbed by a chemical system for a photochemical reaction to occur and that each photon activates only one molecule.
- Common light sources used in photochemistry include the sun, mercury lamps, halogen lamps, lasers, and light emitting diodes. Mercury lamps operate at different pressures which impact their properties.
- The type of light source used depends on the desired wavelength range and application. Each light source has advantages and disadvantages for photochemical reactions and experiments.
Laser And its Application's - Engineering Physics
This document provides an overview of lasers, including the basic processes involved, common laser types like ruby and He-Ne lasers, and their applications. It describes how stimulated emission produces laser light and explains the key components and working of ruby and He-Ne lasers. Ruby lasers use a synthetic ruby crystal as the active medium which is optically pumped by a flash lamp. He-Ne lasers consist of a gas mixture inside a quartz tube which is electrically pumped. Examples of laser applications include medicine, industry, communication, and military uses.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u ii chapter 2-laser
The document provides information about LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). It discusses the principle of LASER including absorption, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and population inversion. It describes the key characteristics of laser light such as coherence, high intensity, high directionality and monochromaticity. It also discusses different types of lasers including solid (ruby), liquid and gas (He-Ne, CO2) lasers. Specific details provided include the construction and working of ruby and He-Ne lasers.
Optical Instrumentation 8. Laser - Types
This article briefs on the commonly used different types of lasers, their working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The types of lasers discussed in this section are
Nd-YAG Laser, Ruby Laser, Carbon Dioxide Laser, Semiconductor Laser, He-Ne Laser.
Presantation of aas
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is use to measure the ground state atoms in gaseous state by absorption of energy
Laser
This document provides information on lasers, including:
1) It describes the basic components and production process of a laser, which involves exciting a lasing medium inside an optical cavity using an energy source to produce stimulated emission.
2) It discusses three key properties of laser light: monochromaticity, coherence, and collimation.
3) It provides details on three common types of lasers - ruby, helium-neon, and diode lasers - and compares their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Lasers.pptx
This document provides information about lasers and optical fibers. It begins with definitions of lasers and describes the characteristics of laser light such as monochromaticity, directionality, coherence and brightness. It then discusses population inversion and the basic requirements for a laser system including the pumping system, active medium and optical resonator. Specific laser types are described like ruby lasers, He-Ne lasers and semiconductor lasers. Optical fibers are also summarized, including their construction, principles of total internal reflection, acceptance angle, numerical aperture and types such as step-index and graded-index fibers.
Fluorimetry
Fluorimetry is a technique that measures fluorescence intensity at a particular wavelength using a fluorimeter or spectrofluorimeter. It works by exciting a molecule's electrons with radiation, causing them to emit radiation upon returning to the ground state. Factors like concentration, quantum yield, incident light intensity, pH, temperature and presence of quenchers can affect fluorescence. Fluorimetry has advantages like high sensitivity, precision and specificity and is useful for determining various inorganic/organic substances and compounds.
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The document summarizes key properties of the noble gases. It notes that the noble gases have full valence shells, making them unreactive. The key elements listed are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Properties discussed include being colorless, odorless, tasteless, and inflammable. While generally unreactive, heavier noble gases can react more than lighter ones due to their valence electrons being more loosely held.
laser rays physics
The document discusses lasers, including their characteristics, components, and types. It describes how lasers work, including the pumping process that creates population inversion in the active medium to stimulate emission. It discusses different pumping methods and compares three-level and four-level pumping. Examples of specific lasers are also described, such as He-Ne, CO2, diode, and ruby lasers. Their construction, working principles, properties, and applications are summarized. Experiments involving lasers are also mentioned.
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
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Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
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B.tech sem i engineering physics u ii chapter 2-laser
The document provides information about LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). It discusses the principle of LASER including absorption, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and population inversion. It describes the key characteristics of laser light such as coherence, high intensity, high directionality and monochromaticity. It also discusses different types of lasers including solid (ruby), liquid and gas (He-Ne, CO2) lasers. Specific details provided include the construction and working of ruby and He-Ne lasers.
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falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
快速办理(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
BIHC Briefing June 2024 from Bank+Insurance Hybrid Capital in association wit...
Our latest market and regulatory coverage and analysis
Chapter 25: Economic Growth Summary from Samuelson and Nordhaus
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How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete Guide
Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
1比1复刻(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio Problem
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptx
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
Understanding-Stocks-and-Real-Estate.pptx
Explore the world of investments with an in-depth comparison of the stock market and real estate. Understand their fundamentals, risks, returns, and diversification strategies to make informed financial decisions that align with your goals.
The state of welfare Resolution Foundation Event
How has Britain’s safety net changed since 2010 and what comes next?
What Lessons Can New Investors Learn from Newman Leech’s Success?
Newman Leech's success in the real estate industry is based on key lessons and principles, offering practical advice for new investors and serving as a blueprint for building a successful career.
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ruby laser system1 (1).pptx
- 2. INTRODUCTION: *Ruby means pink in colour. *It is the first working laser by Theodore.H in the year of 1960. *Ruby combination of Al2o3+Cr3+ ion(dopped) of weight 0.005% *3 level laser system *One of the solid state lase
- 3. Color of ruby laser:
- 4. PRINCIPLE: *Ruby laser completely silvered and partially silvered. *Form resonant cavity *Emmits light –emmited radiation,electrons high to low energy state *release through partially silverd. *photon must be parallel to cavity axis.
- 6. *Each side of the ruby rod – polished such that one side – completely polished *Other side- partically polished *No extranal mirror is required *Ruby rod kept in helical xenon flash light *This system is kept in cool champer – reduse heat
- 7. WORKING: *Pumping- opitcal pumping *Once switch is on the xenon flash lamp emits Light *Cr3+ ions absorbes green or blue light
- 9. *Light emited from ruby laser is red in colour cause of its wavelength⋋=6943𝐴𝑂 *When Cr 3+ ions coming out it relase enormous amount of heat-cooling chamber *It is not a continuous one –pulsated one Type equation here. E=h𝛾 E=hc/⋋ Eᾳ1/⋋
- 10. CHARACTERISTICS: *Solid state laser *Produce light in visible range *Dopant –triple ionized Cr3+ ions=0.05% *Hard ,durable ,chemically stable,high thermal conductivity *Optically pumping *Coolant-water,any other liquid *Produce pulses of visible light of wavelenght ⋋= 6943𝐴𝑜 *Highly temperature independent *Practical laser=1%efficiency’
- 11. APPLICATIONS: *Partially effective for tattoo removal *Hair removal *In the field of dermatology *Scientific reserch field *Entertainment
- 12. ADVANTAGES : *Precision *Longer pulse duration *Well absorbed by melanin *Minimal scarring *Versatility
- 13. DISADVANTAGES: *Limited application *Older technology *Maintenance *Skin type sensitivity *Pain and discomfort