Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, occurs during non-REM sleep when individuals display partial arousal from sleep stages 3 or 4. Episodes can range from simple wandering to complex behaviors and may include confusion or amnesia upon waking. While prevalence estimates vary, somnambulism typically develops between ages 10-12 and is more common in boys. Genetics plays a role, with 80% of sleepwalkers having a family history, and episodes are often triggered by sleep deprivation. Most children outgrow somnambulism by adolescence, though 25% of childhood cases continue into adulthood. Comorbid conditions include other parasomnias, anxiety disorders, and restless leg syndrome. While generally
Determinants of Health Behavior on Sleep Deprivation Among College Studentsmtmorga
This document discusses sleep behavior among college students. It begins by defining health and the importance of sleep to overall well-being. College students often get insufficient sleep, which can negatively impact learning, health and safety. Data shows high rates of drowsy driving among young adults and links sleep deprivation to health issues. Organizations like the National Sleep Foundation aim to promote sleep education and advocacy. Factors like social support, environment and lifestyle influence students' sleep habits.
This clinical report explores whether a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also known as emetophobia, should be classified as an obsessive compulsive and related disorder (OCRD). The report reviewed 83 cases that met diagnostic criteria for SPOV. It found that 62% reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by fears of vomiting. A majority reported repetitive behaviors like compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, and washing to prevent vomiting. The highest rate of comorbidity was with obsessive compulsive disorder. The results suggest SPOV shares similarities with OCRDs in terms of phenomenology and validators, and implicate it as worthy of further study within this classification.
1) Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by auditory hallucinations, delusional thoughts, and emotional changes. A major identifiable cause is a heritable genetic component.
2) Research has found links between specific genes and schizophrenia, as well as higher likelihood of developing the disorder in closer relatives.
3) Studying endophenotypes, or heritable biomarkers related to but not specific to the illness, may help identify genetic causes and allow research on a smaller scale prior to full diagnosis. This could help advance understanding and potential prevention of schizophrenia.
This document discusses the creation of ancillary tasks to promote a short comedy film called "Big Boy". The main objectives of the ancillary tasks were to promote the film and create awareness for the target audience. One task was a poster providing information on the film's release date and key actors. The other task was a film review providing details on the plot and a review. The poster used imagery and text relating to the comedy genre. Fonts and colors were selected to represent the genre and appeal to audiences. Images and fonts were also selected for the film review to effectively promote the comedy film.
Zep Inc. is a leading consumable packaged chemicals company that produces and markets a wide variety of transportation and maintenance chemicals. Zep serves key end markets such as transportation, industrial/MRO, and others where its focus and scale provide an advantage. Zep has a trusted family of brands and markets over 4,000 formulas to over 200,000 customers. Zep's strategy is to focus on key end markets, expand market access, and drive economies of scale. Zep aims to reach $1 billion in revenue within 5 years through a combination of organic growth and acquisitions.
This document discusses knowledge sharing and the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) in education at a university. It presents the theoretical framework used in the research, which includes Wenger's "Doughnut Model of Knowledge Management". It also outlines the mixed methods approach used, including surveys, social network analysis, interviews and focus groups. Key findings indicate that the development of a shared knowledge domain, teachers as central network players, and strong leadership are important for managing change. It concludes by recommending several steps for effective professional development of teachers in using ICT in education, including defining objectives, strategic planning, change agent support, and ongoing evaluation.
O documento descreve como a saudade, especialmente a saudade de quem se ama, é a dor mais forte. A saudade é não saber sobre a vida e o bem-estar da pessoa amada e viver com essa incerteza. A saudade permanece mesmo quando o amor acaba e é uma dor constante de não ter mais a presença daquele que se ama.
I went on a hike through the mountains this weekend and took some amazing photos of the scenic views. The crystal clear lake was beautiful, reflecting the surrounding pine trees and rocky cliffs. With the fall colors just starting to emerge, it was the perfect time for a hike to enjoy nature's beauty.
Determinants of Health Behavior on Sleep Deprivation Among College Studentsmtmorga
This document discusses sleep behavior among college students. It begins by defining health and the importance of sleep to overall well-being. College students often get insufficient sleep, which can negatively impact learning, health and safety. Data shows high rates of drowsy driving among young adults and links sleep deprivation to health issues. Organizations like the National Sleep Foundation aim to promote sleep education and advocacy. Factors like social support, environment and lifestyle influence students' sleep habits.
This clinical report explores whether a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also known as emetophobia, should be classified as an obsessive compulsive and related disorder (OCRD). The report reviewed 83 cases that met diagnostic criteria for SPOV. It found that 62% reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by fears of vomiting. A majority reported repetitive behaviors like compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, and washing to prevent vomiting. The highest rate of comorbidity was with obsessive compulsive disorder. The results suggest SPOV shares similarities with OCRDs in terms of phenomenology and validators, and implicate it as worthy of further study within this classification.
1) Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by auditory hallucinations, delusional thoughts, and emotional changes. A major identifiable cause is a heritable genetic component.
2) Research has found links between specific genes and schizophrenia, as well as higher likelihood of developing the disorder in closer relatives.
3) Studying endophenotypes, or heritable biomarkers related to but not specific to the illness, may help identify genetic causes and allow research on a smaller scale prior to full diagnosis. This could help advance understanding and potential prevention of schizophrenia.
This document discusses the creation of ancillary tasks to promote a short comedy film called "Big Boy". The main objectives of the ancillary tasks were to promote the film and create awareness for the target audience. One task was a poster providing information on the film's release date and key actors. The other task was a film review providing details on the plot and a review. The poster used imagery and text relating to the comedy genre. Fonts and colors were selected to represent the genre and appeal to audiences. Images and fonts were also selected for the film review to effectively promote the comedy film.
Zep Inc. is a leading consumable packaged chemicals company that produces and markets a wide variety of transportation and maintenance chemicals. Zep serves key end markets such as transportation, industrial/MRO, and others where its focus and scale provide an advantage. Zep has a trusted family of brands and markets over 4,000 formulas to over 200,000 customers. Zep's strategy is to focus on key end markets, expand market access, and drive economies of scale. Zep aims to reach $1 billion in revenue within 5 years through a combination of organic growth and acquisitions.
This document discusses knowledge sharing and the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) in education at a university. It presents the theoretical framework used in the research, which includes Wenger's "Doughnut Model of Knowledge Management". It also outlines the mixed methods approach used, including surveys, social network analysis, interviews and focus groups. Key findings indicate that the development of a shared knowledge domain, teachers as central network players, and strong leadership are important for managing change. It concludes by recommending several steps for effective professional development of teachers in using ICT in education, including defining objectives, strategic planning, change agent support, and ongoing evaluation.
O documento descreve como a saudade, especialmente a saudade de quem se ama, é a dor mais forte. A saudade é não saber sobre a vida e o bem-estar da pessoa amada e viver com essa incerteza. A saudade permanece mesmo quando o amor acaba e é uma dor constante de não ter mais a presença daquele que se ama.
I went on a hike through the mountains this weekend and took some amazing photos of the scenic views. The crystal clear lake was beautiful, reflecting the surrounding pine trees and rocky cliffs. With the fall colors just starting to emerge, it was the perfect time for a hike to enjoy nature's beauty.
Cotton made in Africa works to improve the livelihoods of smallholder cotton farmers in sub-Saharan Africa through more sustainable and efficient cultivation methods. It provides training to over 435,000 smallholder farmers in multiple African countries to increase their crop yields and incomes while protecting the environment. Major companies partner with Cotton made in Africa to source cotton at market prices, resulting in a win-win situation where farmers' lives are improved and companies receive more sustainably produced cotton without paying significantly more.
Este documento contiene una lista de temas relacionados con la mecánica automotriz y la electricidad, incluyendo la aplicación de normas de seguridad industrial, el manejo de herramientas y equipos como calibradores y multímetros, la identificación de partes de motores, el desarmado y limpieza de motores, y la realización de maquetas sobre circuitos eléctricos mixtos, paralelos y en serie. También cubre temas como la medición de voltaje, resistencia y fuerza eléctrica, así como concept
Este documento presenta información sobre un diplomado en prácticas educativas innovadoras con tecnología digital integrada. Explica conceptos como ética académica, plagio, y cómo prevenirlo. También menciona programas que detectan plagio y fuentes bibliográficas consultadas.
El documento resume las opiniones de varias personas sobre temas de actualidad en el Perú, incluyendo la ley de geolocalización de celulares, las críticas al presidente, y quiénes defienden realmente al prófugo de la justicia. Critica que la ley podría usarse para fines políticos y que el prófugo en realidad sólo defiende a aquellos que se beneficiaron económicamente de él, no a los verdaderos pobres.
El documento describe las principales opciones para ir de compras en Barcelona, incluyendo calles comerciales en el Barrio Gótico, centros comerciales como Maremagnum y Las Arenas, y calles como Paseo de Gracia donde se encuentran tiendas de moda internacionales. También menciona La Roca Village, un outlet a 30 minutos de Barcelona con tiendas de marcas como Loewe, Desigual y Hugo Boss con descuentos de hasta 60%.
El campesino engaña al diablo dos veces para quedarse con la cosecha completa. Primero, el campesino acuerda darle al diablo lo que crezca de la tierra hacia arriba a cambio de un tesoro enterrado, pero siembra remolachas cuyo fruto está debajo de la tierra. Luego, cuando el diablo invierte los términos, el campesino siembra trigo y lo corta a ras de suelo antes de que el diablo pueda reclamar lo de abajo. Cansado de ser engañado, el di
Tabitha Grasing is a highly motivated and experienced individual with a passion for teaching and helping others reach their full potential. She has extensive experience as an instructor for children and adults in areas such as Pilates, gymnastics, and education. Grasing strives to instill passion, nurture talent, and encourage growth in others. She has created and managed several successful businesses while also maintaining volunteer positions working with children, adults, and animals.
Cullen Crowley is a 2015 graduate of Bryant University with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and concentrations in Human Resources Management and minors in Sociology and Biology. As a student, he held leadership roles in group projects and interned at a management recruiting firm and boutique. Currently, he works as a deli clerk where he is favored by management for his strong work ethic. His accomplishments include scoring in the 84th percentile on the ETS Major Field Test in Business and being on the Dean's List for 4 of his 6 semesters.
April is Stress Awareness Month and you can celebrate by learning how to manage your life while reducing the stress load!
Learn more: www.alarishealth.com
El documento propone promover el turismo sostenible en las áreas de Alosno y San Bartolomé de la Torre a través del intercambio de casas. Su misión es desarrollar un turismo asequible y culturalmente intercambiable, con objetivos como crear una red de contactos para intercambiar casas, potenciar las características locales para atraer turismo, y dar a conocer las riquezas naturales, arquitectónicas y tradiciones a través de un turismo sostenible. El proyecto se desarrollará mediante la
This document discusses the benefits of open source software and frameworks for artificial intelligence and machine learning. It highlights how open source tools can help data scientists and developers work together to advance AI for the benefit of humanity. Overall, the document advocates that open frameworks and sharing knowledge will be important for ensuring AI progress is guided by ethics and inclusion.
English blog multiple choice manu garciamanugarciase
This document contains multiple choice grammar questions across three levels of difficulty. It tests English grammar concepts like verb tenses, pronouns, prepositions, and sentence structure. There are 36 questions in each of the three levels, covering topics like parts of speech, subject-verb agreement, conditional sentences, and more. The questions get progressively more complex in levels 2 and 3.
This document discusses sleep behavior among college students. It begins by defining health and the importance of sleep to overall well-being. College students often get insufficient sleep, which can negatively impact learning, health and safety. Surveys found students lack healthy sleep habits due to underestimating the importance of sleep and believing myths. Factors like gender, race, income level, and personality can influence sleep. Social support from family and friends is also important for quality sleep. National organizations work to increase sleep awareness and education.
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH1IMPACT OF SLEEP DISO.docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 1
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 5
Formatting style: Vancouver (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007)
Impact of sleep disorder on overall health
Instructor:
BIO-317V
11/29/19
Abstract
Sleep disorders have several impacts on overall health. With the increase in sleep disorders over the last few years, there is a need to identify some of the most common causes of sleep disorders and if factors such as age, gender, ethnicity and social status may be considered as risk factors. Different studies have been done to determine the impacts of sleep disorders on an individual’s overall health. The central focus of this research is to review some of these studies, and come up with a conclusion that tends to bring out these health impacts that are associated with sleep disorders, particularly, sleep deprivation.
Introduction
Sleep is considered as a biological process and it has regularly been essential for good life and optimal health (Wells & Vaughn, 2012). Sleep has been essential in controlling brain functioning, and even in other biological and systematic processes such as metabolism, regulation of appetite, and improving one’s immunity against a number of diseases, especially in children. Normally, a good sleep is associated by the duration of the sleep, the quality, and regularity among other factors. Although a number of studies, and even media, have covered the health benefits of sleep, more than 70 million individuals in the US are still suffering from sleep-related disorders, and moreover, in Europe, approximately 45 million people are also victims of these disorders. For instance, a study conferred that of all the car accidents that occur in the US, 20% are as a result of lack of enough sleep, or other disorders associated wit either too much sleep or lack of enough sleep (Palma et al., 2013).
There are a number of consequences that may arise as a result of sleep loss and other sleep-related disorders. As conveyed by Ming et al. (2011), the most common consequences that may be related to sleep include judgment errors, which may lead to disastrous events. On the other pedestal, some of the less visible consequences of sleep disorder include increased mortality and morbidity rate, car accidents and injuries, QoL, the well-being of the family, and utilization of healthcare services among the affected persons. Some of these consequences may arise a few minutes after having less hours of sleep, or too much sleep. However, there are some long-term impacts of sleep, for instance, obesity and hypertension. Sleeping for a longer duration enhances the body’s inactivity and this is greatly associated with obesity, which may also give chance to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. According to Ming et al. (2011), there are approximately 90-100 sleep disorders which may result from factors such as environmental factors, psychosocial issues, and ot ...
The document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including its definition, history, pathophysiology, assessment, and management. It discusses how ASD is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. The document traces the history and evolving definitions of ASD and related conditions. It also summarizes research on potential genetic and neurological factors associated with ASD, as well as challenges in assessing and diagnosing ASD at early ages.
The document discusses why organisms need sleep. The NIH recommends 7-8 hours of sleep per night for adults, but many people report getting less. Fatal familial insomnia is a rare genetic disorder where people are completely unable to sleep, leading to rapid cognitive decline and death within 1-3 years, showing sleep is necessary for survival. Experiments depriving rats of sleep found they all died within 2-4 weeks, though autopsies found no clear cause of death. Several theories for why we sleep are discussed, with the most viable being that sleep has a restorative function, allowing the brain to clear out metabolic waste that builds up during waking hours.
Cotton made in Africa works to improve the livelihoods of smallholder cotton farmers in sub-Saharan Africa through more sustainable and efficient cultivation methods. It provides training to over 435,000 smallholder farmers in multiple African countries to increase their crop yields and incomes while protecting the environment. Major companies partner with Cotton made in Africa to source cotton at market prices, resulting in a win-win situation where farmers' lives are improved and companies receive more sustainably produced cotton without paying significantly more.
Este documento contiene una lista de temas relacionados con la mecánica automotriz y la electricidad, incluyendo la aplicación de normas de seguridad industrial, el manejo de herramientas y equipos como calibradores y multímetros, la identificación de partes de motores, el desarmado y limpieza de motores, y la realización de maquetas sobre circuitos eléctricos mixtos, paralelos y en serie. También cubre temas como la medición de voltaje, resistencia y fuerza eléctrica, así como concept
Este documento presenta información sobre un diplomado en prácticas educativas innovadoras con tecnología digital integrada. Explica conceptos como ética académica, plagio, y cómo prevenirlo. También menciona programas que detectan plagio y fuentes bibliográficas consultadas.
El documento resume las opiniones de varias personas sobre temas de actualidad en el Perú, incluyendo la ley de geolocalización de celulares, las críticas al presidente, y quiénes defienden realmente al prófugo de la justicia. Critica que la ley podría usarse para fines políticos y que el prófugo en realidad sólo defiende a aquellos que se beneficiaron económicamente de él, no a los verdaderos pobres.
El documento describe las principales opciones para ir de compras en Barcelona, incluyendo calles comerciales en el Barrio Gótico, centros comerciales como Maremagnum y Las Arenas, y calles como Paseo de Gracia donde se encuentran tiendas de moda internacionales. También menciona La Roca Village, un outlet a 30 minutos de Barcelona con tiendas de marcas como Loewe, Desigual y Hugo Boss con descuentos de hasta 60%.
El campesino engaña al diablo dos veces para quedarse con la cosecha completa. Primero, el campesino acuerda darle al diablo lo que crezca de la tierra hacia arriba a cambio de un tesoro enterrado, pero siembra remolachas cuyo fruto está debajo de la tierra. Luego, cuando el diablo invierte los términos, el campesino siembra trigo y lo corta a ras de suelo antes de que el diablo pueda reclamar lo de abajo. Cansado de ser engañado, el di
Tabitha Grasing is a highly motivated and experienced individual with a passion for teaching and helping others reach their full potential. She has extensive experience as an instructor for children and adults in areas such as Pilates, gymnastics, and education. Grasing strives to instill passion, nurture talent, and encourage growth in others. She has created and managed several successful businesses while also maintaining volunteer positions working with children, adults, and animals.
Cullen Crowley is a 2015 graduate of Bryant University with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and concentrations in Human Resources Management and minors in Sociology and Biology. As a student, he held leadership roles in group projects and interned at a management recruiting firm and boutique. Currently, he works as a deli clerk where he is favored by management for his strong work ethic. His accomplishments include scoring in the 84th percentile on the ETS Major Field Test in Business and being on the Dean's List for 4 of his 6 semesters.
April is Stress Awareness Month and you can celebrate by learning how to manage your life while reducing the stress load!
Learn more: www.alarishealth.com
El documento propone promover el turismo sostenible en las áreas de Alosno y San Bartolomé de la Torre a través del intercambio de casas. Su misión es desarrollar un turismo asequible y culturalmente intercambiable, con objetivos como crear una red de contactos para intercambiar casas, potenciar las características locales para atraer turismo, y dar a conocer las riquezas naturales, arquitectónicas y tradiciones a través de un turismo sostenible. El proyecto se desarrollará mediante la
This document discusses the benefits of open source software and frameworks for artificial intelligence and machine learning. It highlights how open source tools can help data scientists and developers work together to advance AI for the benefit of humanity. Overall, the document advocates that open frameworks and sharing knowledge will be important for ensuring AI progress is guided by ethics and inclusion.
English blog multiple choice manu garciamanugarciase
This document contains multiple choice grammar questions across three levels of difficulty. It tests English grammar concepts like verb tenses, pronouns, prepositions, and sentence structure. There are 36 questions in each of the three levels, covering topics like parts of speech, subject-verb agreement, conditional sentences, and more. The questions get progressively more complex in levels 2 and 3.
This document discusses sleep behavior among college students. It begins by defining health and the importance of sleep to overall well-being. College students often get insufficient sleep, which can negatively impact learning, health and safety. Surveys found students lack healthy sleep habits due to underestimating the importance of sleep and believing myths. Factors like gender, race, income level, and personality can influence sleep. Social support from family and friends is also important for quality sleep. National organizations work to increase sleep awareness and education.
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH1IMPACT OF SLEEP DISO.docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 1
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 5
Formatting style: Vancouver (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007)
Impact of sleep disorder on overall health
Instructor:
BIO-317V
11/29/19
Abstract
Sleep disorders have several impacts on overall health. With the increase in sleep disorders over the last few years, there is a need to identify some of the most common causes of sleep disorders and if factors such as age, gender, ethnicity and social status may be considered as risk factors. Different studies have been done to determine the impacts of sleep disorders on an individual’s overall health. The central focus of this research is to review some of these studies, and come up with a conclusion that tends to bring out these health impacts that are associated with sleep disorders, particularly, sleep deprivation.
Introduction
Sleep is considered as a biological process and it has regularly been essential for good life and optimal health (Wells & Vaughn, 2012). Sleep has been essential in controlling brain functioning, and even in other biological and systematic processes such as metabolism, regulation of appetite, and improving one’s immunity against a number of diseases, especially in children. Normally, a good sleep is associated by the duration of the sleep, the quality, and regularity among other factors. Although a number of studies, and even media, have covered the health benefits of sleep, more than 70 million individuals in the US are still suffering from sleep-related disorders, and moreover, in Europe, approximately 45 million people are also victims of these disorders. For instance, a study conferred that of all the car accidents that occur in the US, 20% are as a result of lack of enough sleep, or other disorders associated wit either too much sleep or lack of enough sleep (Palma et al., 2013).
There are a number of consequences that may arise as a result of sleep loss and other sleep-related disorders. As conveyed by Ming et al. (2011), the most common consequences that may be related to sleep include judgment errors, which may lead to disastrous events. On the other pedestal, some of the less visible consequences of sleep disorder include increased mortality and morbidity rate, car accidents and injuries, QoL, the well-being of the family, and utilization of healthcare services among the affected persons. Some of these consequences may arise a few minutes after having less hours of sleep, or too much sleep. However, there are some long-term impacts of sleep, for instance, obesity and hypertension. Sleeping for a longer duration enhances the body’s inactivity and this is greatly associated with obesity, which may also give chance to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. According to Ming et al. (2011), there are approximately 90-100 sleep disorders which may result from factors such as environmental factors, psychosocial issues, and ot ...
The document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including its definition, history, pathophysiology, assessment, and management. It discusses how ASD is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. The document traces the history and evolving definitions of ASD and related conditions. It also summarizes research on potential genetic and neurological factors associated with ASD, as well as challenges in assessing and diagnosing ASD at early ages.
The document discusses why organisms need sleep. The NIH recommends 7-8 hours of sleep per night for adults, but many people report getting less. Fatal familial insomnia is a rare genetic disorder where people are completely unable to sleep, leading to rapid cognitive decline and death within 1-3 years, showing sleep is necessary for survival. Experiments depriving rats of sleep found they all died within 2-4 weeks, though autopsies found no clear cause of death. Several theories for why we sleep are discussed, with the most viable being that sleep has a restorative function, allowing the brain to clear out metabolic waste that builds up during waking hours.
Seizures and epilepsy occur in 30-38% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While the etiology is unclear, abnormalities in neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA may contribute to the high comorbidity between ASD and seizures. More research is still needed to understand the relationship and determine causality between ASD and epilepsy. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of seizures when assessing and treating individuals with ASD.
ANGELO.Psychosis characteristics (thesis)May25th2015 (final version) (1)Angelo Laine
This document summarizes research on discrimination, race, gender, and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms (APPS) in college students. A study of over 1,600 black and white college students found that black students reported more discrimination and endorsed more APPS, regardless of gender. The study also found a gender difference in APPS among black students that was partially mediated by reported discrimination. In general, the document reviews literature showing that ethnic minorities and those who experience discrimination may be at higher risk for subclinical psychotic symptoms.
This study examined the relationship between infant sleep patterns assessed using actigraphy at 12 months and attention regulation and behavioral problems at ages 3-4. Sleep and attention/behavior were assessed in 43 children. The study found that lower quality infant sleep significantly predicted compromised attention regulation and more behavioral problems later in childhood, highlighting the importance of identifying and treating early sleep problems.
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to determine the association between exposure to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and three classifications of schizophrenia: paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic. The study tested serum samples from 500 schizophrenia patients and 500 healthy controls for T. gondii antibodies using ELISA. Potential outcomes included a significant association between T. gondii antibodies and the 20-29 age group or female participants, based on previous research. The results could help understand, diagnose, treat and potentially prevent schizophrenia.
This document summarizes a dissertation that examined the influence of age and gender on the presentation of autism symptoms. The study assessed differences in autism severity and symptom profiles as a function of age and gender using the GARS-3 questionnaire. 135 parents of children and adolescents aged 3-22 participated, completing questionnaires on autism symptoms. Results found that ASD diagnosis differed significantly with age but not gender. Repetitive behaviors were the only domain that differed between genders. The dissertation concluded that few differences exist between males and females with autism, though age had a main effect on symptoms. Further research is needed to better understand developmental patterns in autism presentation across age groups and genders.
1 SSaammppllee,, SSaarraahh Communication Studies 10.docxhoney725342
1
SSaammppllee,, SSaarraahh
Communication Studies 105
(Day and Time)
SAMPLE OUTLINE
DESCRIPTIVE SPEECH
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
INTRODUCTION:
Attention Getter: When my grandmother passed away six years ago on my fourteenth
birthday, I was determined to understand exactly what was responsible for taking her young,
exuberant life away from her. The disease responsible for this was Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease. Named after baseball great Lou Gehrig,
who was diagnosed with the disease in 1939, ALS is a disorder that is considered rare, even
though more and more occurrences are being reported every year. ALS is known for its
inconsistency and the harsh toll that it takes on the body, and is feared by both patients and
medical professionals alike.
Central Idea (Thesis): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a rare but extremely devastating
disease that affects every patient differently.
Credibility Statement: I witnessed my grandma's deterioration from this disease, and can tell
you first hand that ALS is a horrible disease that does not have a single definitive aspect.
Preview: Today I would like to tell you what ALS is, the various symptoms associated with it,
the progression of the disease, and possible treatment options.
BODY:
I. ALS is a disease of the nervous system that gradually destroys voluntary motor neurons,
the neurons responsible for contracting skeletal muscles, eventually causing complete
muscle atrophy.
A. ALS affects two major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum and the brain
stem.
1. ALS attacks motor neurons in these areas, causing the patient to lose
control of different muscles one group at a time.
2. Mary Dodson Wade, author of the book ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease,
explains that the disease progresses and eventually leaves the body
unable to function. (Wade 42).
a. This is due to the fact that there are no motor neurons to send
messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the muscles.
2
b. However, sensory neurons are left unaffected, meaning that the
patient is completely alert when his or her body is ceasing to
function.
B. According to Wade, ALS occurs most often in persons between the ages of forty
and seventy. (Wade, 47).
1. The average age when disease becomes apparent is 55 years old.
2. There are some cases of patients in their early twenties, and also of
people in their eighties.
C. There are three different types of ALS.
1. Sporadic ALS, which occurs randomly, is the most common form,
comprising 90% of all cases.
2. Familial ALS, which is inherited, is not nearly as common, making up 5-
10% of all cases.
3. Guamanian ALS, which is found in small places of the Pacific (Guam), is
very rare.
(Internal Summary/Preview: Now that I have defined ALS, I would like to describe
some of the symptoms that can be associated with the disease.)
II. The symptoms that a ...
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like social withdrawal. The causes are unknown but likely involve a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Symptoms typically emerge in late adolescence/early adulthood and include a prodromal phase with mild negative symptoms, an active phase with more severe positive and negative symptoms, and a residual phase where symptoms are similar to the prodromal phase. Living with schizophrenia can impact relationships, education, employment, and finances, though with proper treatment many people are able to function well.
10.6 Developmental Disabilities and EducationIn addition to gift.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10.6 Developmental Disabilities and Education
In addition to gifted children and those with more profound intellectual disorders, a significant number of children receive other kinds of special education services. About 6.4 million schoolchildren receive public special education services in the United States. Over 85% are related to behavioral problems (emotional disturbance) and developmental and learning disabilities (National Center for Education Statistics, 2013a). Whereas the numbers of individuals with intellectual disabilities in public schools have declined somewhat over the past two decades, those with emotional disturbances and other developmental disorders have increased dramatically. Like many other disabilities that affect children, the reason for this trend is unknown. Overall, the percentage of children enrolled in special education has increased from 8.3% in 1977 to over 13% currently. As shown in Figure 10.5, enrollment in special education has been dropping gradually since reaching a peak of 13.8% during the 2004–2005 school year.
Figure 10.5: Number of children receiving special education services
Public education services must meet the needs of all children, including those who have special needs.
Source: U.S. Department of Education.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Early impairments in communication, including speech delays and nonverbal communication (e.g., gestures, eye contact), are characteristic signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Other common markers include fixated interests, repetitive behaviors, and inflexibility over routines. Because of better screening procedures, this developmental disorder can now be identified by 18–24 months of age. A substantial proportion of children with ASD are mute, and many more attain initial language and then lose it. Recent brain imaging has discovered that ASD brains probably process voices and other social stimuli differently beginning at an early age (Grossman, Oberecker, Koch, & Friederici, 2010; Johnson, 2004; Lloyd-Fox, Johnson, & Blasi, 2013).
Courtesy of Ron Mossler
One of the characteristics of Asperger's syndrome is idiosyncratic, or uniquely peculiar, behaviors. In this writing sample from a sixth grader, Trevor refused to skip lines between spelling words. What is only barely visible (in the center of the image) is the smeared paper from Trevor's propensity to press extremely hard on his pencil.
A bit over half of all children with ASD have intellectual disabilities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014d). The vast majority have social deficits, too, like skills needed to form friendships or to display empathy (another instance of the interaction of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains). Behavioral stereotypes like repetitive rocking or hand flapping that are indicative of ASD are often compared to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, people with OCD usually perform rituals (compulsions) in order to experience relief from their thoughts (o.
Dr Una L Fairbrother
Telomere length: a 21st century biomarker" discusses DNA structure and the nature of telomeres. This talk explains the importance of telomere length and the impact of this feature on human health. The talk finishes describing the exciting work being carried out in London Metropolitan University to help develop this measure as a 21st century biomarker.
An Analysis of Autism as a Contingency-Shaped Disorder of Verbal Behavior
Philip W. Drash
Autism Early Intervention Center
2901 West Busch Blvd., Suite 807, Tampa , FL 33618
E-mail: inteldev@aol.com
Phone: (813) 936-7183
Roger M. Tudor
Westfield State College
This document discusses Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder involving both vocal and motor tics that typically begins in childhood between ages 6-8. It affects boys more than girls and often disappears with age. While the cause is unknown, genetics may play a role. Many children with Tourette syndrome also have conditions like ADHD or OCD. The document reviews several studies on treatments for Tourette syndrome in children like topiramate, though more research is still needed.
Autism Spectrum Disorders Research PaperPaul Honke
This document discusses a research project that aims to explore the social perceptions of autism and its effects on families. It will conduct an online survey to understand public knowledge and perspectives on autism and vaccines. It will also interview parents of autistic children about their experiences. The literature review discusses theories about the social challenges of autism due to difficulties with communication. It also examines stress on families from the demands of caring for an autistic child and views of autism in the media. The goal is to better understand autism and support autistic children and their families.
Sleep deprivation, whether short-term, long-term or partial, can negatively impact physical and mental health. Several studies found associations between insufficient sleep and increased risks of diabetes, obesity, and heart conditions. Men who slept less than 6 hours per night were more likely to develop diabetes than men who slept more. Short sleep was also linked to weight gain and increased obesity risk over time. Additionally, sleep deprivation was shown to reduce insulin sensitivity and increase heart arrhythmia risks by altering electrocardiogram readings. Overall, insufficient sleep appears to have detrimental physiological effects and may contribute to serious health issues if left unchecked.
This study found that flies expressing the human amyloid-b peptide (Ab42) in neurons exhibited significantly reduced consolidated sleep compared to control flies. When these Ab42 flies also expressed either the Drosophila or mammalian fatty acid binding protein (Fabp) transgene, they showed a significant increase in nighttime sleep and longer consolidated sleep bouts, rescuing the sleep disruption caused by Ab42. This suggests that Ab42 expression alone can disrupt sleep consolidation, and that Fabp expression may help mitigate Ab42-induced sleep disturbances, as seen in Alzheimer's disease patients. Understanding these relationships between Ab42, Fabp, and sleep could aid in developing therapies to delay Alzheimer's disease progression.
1. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
Introduction
Somnambulism, more commonly known as “sleepwalking,” is a specific
parasomnia that emerges during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Patients
afflicted with somnambulism display with partial arousal during slow-wave sleep
(typically in stages 3 or 4, and occasionally stage 2). Episodes usually occur during
the first few hours of sleep when deeper sleep stages are more prevalent and persist
anywhere from 30 seconds to 30 minutes; they can occur as little as 3-4 times per
year or as often as 3-4 times per week or more (Ghalebandi et al., 2011; Hoban,
2010; Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Lam et al., 2009; Wills & Garcia, 2002; Zadra,
Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013; Zadra, Pilon, & Montplaisir, 2008).
Episodes may present with varying degrees of complexity. Some episodes
may include quiet and aimless wandering while others may include agitated or
complex behaviors, such as getting dressed or driving. Patients typically
misperceive or are unresponsive to external stimuli, and are difficult to awake. They
may also display poor judgment or perform senseless or irrational behaviors. Upon
full arousal immediately following an episode, patients may display confusion and
partial or complete amnesia of the event (Hoban, 2010; Kotagal, 2008; Lam et al.,
2009; Petit et al., 2007; Pilon, Montplaisir, & Zadra, 2008; Wills & Garcia, 2002;
Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013; Zadra, PIlon, & Montplaisir, 2008).
Diagnosis
2. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
Diagnosis of somnambulism is often difficult and can include inconsistent
criteria. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine uses the following criteria to
diagnose somnambulism (Figure 1):
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR),
however, includes additional criteria, such as (American Psychiatric Association,
2000):
• Behavior must happen repeatedly;
• Patient “has a blank, staring face” and is unresponsive during episodes;
• Lack of mental impairment upon arousal; and
• Behavior significantly affects quality of life or general functioning.
Panel: Somnambulism diagnostic criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine—second
International Classification of Sleep Disorders (Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013)
A) Ambulation occurs during sleep
B) Persistence of sleep, a changed state of consciousness, or impaired judgment
during ambulation shown by at least one of the following:
• Difficulty in arousal of the person
• Mental confusion when awakened from an episode
• Amnesia (complete or partial) for the episode
• Routine behaviors that occur at inappropriate times
• Inappropriate or nonsensical behaviors
• Dangerous or potentially dangerous behaviors
C) The disturbance is not better explained by another sleep, medical, neurological,
or mental disorder; drug use; or substance use disorder
3. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
Additionally, there is no official diagnostic protocol for determining
somnambulism, and most diagnosticians rely on patient or family accounts of events
because episodes are difficult to reproduce in laboratory settings (Kotagal, 2008;
Pilon, Montplaisir, & Zadra, 2008; Zadra, Pilon, & Montplaisir, 2008). Kotagal
recommends recording events when possible to provide a better understanding of
the nature of the disorder.
Epidemiology
Lifetime prevalence rates vary from approximately 4.3 percent of the
population to 15 percent (Hedger Archbold et al., 2002; Hoban, 2010; Laberge et al.,
2000; Lam et al., 2009; Oluwole, 2010; Petit et al., 2007; Shang, Shur-Fen Gau, &
Soong, 2006). Olewole (2010) found that 4.3 percent of Nigerian adults recalled ever
having a somnambulistic episode, while Shang, Shur-Fen Gau, and Soong (2006)
found a lifetime prevalence of 8.6 percent in Taiwanese preschool to third grade
students. It should be noted that peak prevalence occurs between 10-12 years of
age, so many children may not have yet experienced their first episode (Hoban,
2010; Laberge et al., 2000; Petit et al., 2007; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013).
Petit et al. (2007), however, saw a 14.5 percent lifetime prevalence of at least
occasional episodes for 6-year-old children in Quebec. Hedger Archbold et al. (2002)
also found a lifetime prevalence of 15 percent in American children ages 2 to 13
years, and Laberge et al. (2000) saw a lifetime prevalence of 13.8 percent for 13-
year-old children in Quebec. In adolescents, Ipsiroglu et al. (2002) found a lifetime
prevalence of 15.1 percent in children 11 to 15 years old.
4. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
Current prevalence estimates varied just as widely—ranging from 0.1
percent to 13.5 percent, particularly because of inconsistent criteria and change
over age groups (Bharti, Malhi, & Kashyap, 2006; Ghalebandi et al., 2011; Hughes,
2007; Khan et al., 1989; Lehmkhul et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2005; Nevéus et al., 2001;
Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013). Nevéus et al. (2001) reported a total 7
percent prevalence for Swedish children ages 6 to 10 years. Of those children, 4.3
percent experienced daily/nightly episodes, 10 percent experienced at least weekly
episodes, and 90 percent experienced at least monthly episodes. Shang, Shur-Fen
Gau, and Soong (2006) found a 1 percent prevalence in Taiwanese children ages 4 to
9 years. Ghalebandi et al. (2011) also saw a 1.4 percent prevalence of at least 3
episodes each week in Iranian elementary school children, and Bharti, Malhi, and
Kashyap (2006) saw a 1.9 percent prevalence in children 3 to 10 years old.
Several studies further stratified their results by age. Lemkuhl et al. (2008)
reported 0.1 percent prevalence for German kindergarteners who experienced
episodes at least weekly, and 3.2 percent prevalence for those experience episodes
less frequently. Kahn et al. (1989) found a 5 percent prevalence of at least one
episode every month for the previous six months in 8- to 10-year-old Belgian
children. Liu et al (2005) saw a prevalence of 0.6 percent in Chinese children ages 2
to 12 years, with 1.1 percent prevalence at 2 years, 0.2 percent for ages 3 to 5 years,
0.6 percent ages 6 to 10 years, and 0.9 percent ages 11 to 12 years. In Quebec, Zadra,
Desautels, and Montplaisir (2013) saw a 3 percent prevalence in children ages 2.5 to
4 years, 11 percent in ages 7 to 8 years, and 13.5 percent at 12 years. In adults,
5. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
prevalence estimates vary from 0.53 percent to 4 percent (Hughes, 2007; Lam et al.,
2009; Oluwole, 2010; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013).
Findings regarding gender differences have also been mixed. Hedger
Archbold et al. (2002) saw a significant difference in lifetime prevalence between
boys (17 percent) and girls (13 percent) ages 2 to 13 years, as well as Petit et al.
(2007) between boys and girls ages 2.6 to 6 years, with 61.7 percent of sleepwalkers
being male and 38.3 being female. Olewole (2010) also saw a higher prevalence in
adult males than adult females. However, Laberge et al. (2000) and Zadra, Pilon, and
Montplaisir (2008) saw no gender differences.
Etiology and Risk Factors
Approximately 80 percent of sleepwalkers have one or more family members
that also sleepwalk, suggesting that there is a significant genetic component (Hoban,
2010; Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013). This
component appears to make it difficult for patients to sustain slow-wave sleep
stages and dissociate between wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and
NREM sleep, particularly while their central nervous system is still maturing
(Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Lam et al., 2009; Pilon, Montplaisir, & Zadra, 2008).
As such, most children who experience somnambulism tend to outgrow the disorder
in adolescence (Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Lam et al., 2009; Shang, Shur-Fen Gau,
& Soong, 2006; Wilson, 2008; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013); however,
approximately 25 percent of childhood sleepwalkers continue into adulthood and
6. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
approximately 20 percent of adult sleepwalkers developed the disorder in
adulthood (Lam et al., 2009; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir et al., 2013).
Several studies have identified a number of “triggers” that tend to increase
the likelihood of a somnambulistic episode in genetically predisposed individuals,
particularly triggers that disrupt, fragment, or manipulate slow-wave sleep. Most
notably, sleep deprivation has been shown to both increase the frequency and
intensity of somnambulism (Hoban, 2010; Hughes, 2007; Pilon, Montplaisir, &
Zadra, 2008; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013; Zadra, Pilon, & Montplaisir,
2008). Sleep-related breathing problems, such as sleep apnea, as well as periodic
limb movement have also been shown to affect slow-wave sleep and increase
somnambulism (Hoban, 2010; Hughes, 2007; Ipsiroglu et al., 2002; Kotagal, 2008;
Nevéus et al., 2001; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013).
Other triggers include use of central nervous system stimulants or
depressants, excessive alcohol and/or caffeine consumption, stress, and intense
exercise before bedtime (Hughes, 2007; Lehmkhul et al., 2008; Oluwole, 2010; Pilon,
Montplaisir, & Zadra, 2008; Wilson, 2008; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013).
Additionally, it is possible to induce sleepwalking episodes in most young children.
This is accomplished by standing a child upright or calling their name during slow-
wave sleep (Pilon, Montplaisir, & Zadra, 2008).
Comorbidities
Several disorders have been found to be associated with somnambulism,
particularly other parasomnias. Laberge et al. (2000) found that 81 percent of 11-
7. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
year-old sleepwalkers also talked in their sleep (somniloquy), 17 percent had night
terrors, and 1 percent had all three. Furthermore, Petit et al. (2007) found that 98.5
percent of 2.5- to 6-year-old sleepwalkers also had somniloquy, and 41.1 percent
had night terrors. Several other studies have also found significant comorbidities
with night terrors, somniloquy, spontaneous confused arousals, and nightmares
(Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Laberge et al., 2000; Nevéus et al., 2001; Petit et al.,
2007; Shang, Shur-Fen Gau, & Soong, 2006; Wilson, 2008; Zadra, Pilon, &
Montplaisir, 2008).
Somnambulism has also been shown to be associated with anxiety disorders,
particularly separation anxiety (Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Petit et al., 2007;
Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013). This comorbidity has been shown to
continue into adulthood, with 25 percent of adult sleepwalkers also suffering from
anxiety or mood disorders (Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013). Hughes (2007)
also found associations with aggression and hostility; hysteria; panic disorder; and
simple phobias, while Shang, Shur-Fen Gau, and Soong (2006) found associations
with aggression and attention deficit. Petit et al. (2007) also saw comorbidities with
hyperactivity-inattention disorders. Hedger Archbold et al. (2002) and Shang, Shur-
Fen Gau, and Soong (2006) reported comorbidities with neurological problems, and
behavioral and emotional disorders, respectively; however, Nevéus et al. (2001)
found little to know psychological implications associated with somnambulism.
Several other studies have also shown comorbidities with involuntary or
sleep-related movements, particularly restless leg syndrome and periodic limb
8. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
movement (Hoban, 2010; Kotagal, 2008; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013).
Hughes (2007) also reported a relationship with Tourette’s syndrome, and Shang,
Shur-Fen Gau, and Soong saw an association with teeth grinding (bruxism).
Quality of Life
Somnambulistic episodes, particularly in childhood, are generally benign and
do little to disrupt daily functioning or quality of life (Petit et al., 2007). Petit et al.
(2007) also found that there is little effect on the quantity or quality of sleep as a
result of a sleepwalking event. Despite this, excessive or extreme events can cause
emotional, psychological, and physical harm.
Pilon, Montplaisir, and Zadra (2008) reported that somnambulism is the
primary cause of violence and self-inflicted injury during sleep. Several studies have
described potential dangerous activities that could lead to injury or death during a
sleepwalking episode, such as jumping out of windows, walking outside during
inclement weather, cooking, or driving (Hoban, 2010; Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008;
Wilson, 2008; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013). Hoban (2010) found the risk
of injury to be relatively low in familiar settings; however, the risk increases
significantly in new environments.
In addition to self-injury, sleepwalking can also cause harm and even death
to others. Several studies discussed instances of violent outbursts and murder while
sleepwalking (Hughes, 2007; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013; Zadra, Pilon, &
Montplaisir, 2008). Furthermore, sleepwalkers may also engage in property
destruction or sexual activity (Hughes, 2007; Zadra, Desautels, & Montplaisir, 2013),
9. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
and their nighttime movements may affect the sleep patterns and mood of other
household members (Petit et al., 2007; Shang, Shur-Fen Gau, & Soong, 2006).
Lehmkhul et al. (2008) and Shang, Shur-Fen Gau, and Soong (2006) found
lowered school performance in sleepwalkers. Additionally, Zadra, Desautels, and
Montplaisir (2013) saw an increase in daytime drowsiness associated with
sleepwalking episodes.
Treatment
Most cases of somnambulism go untreated as they are generally not
problematic and are resolved on their own as a child gets older (Kotagal, 2008; Wills
& Garcia, 2002). As such, Zadra, Desautels, and Montplaisir (2013) reported that no
controlled clinical trials with reasonable power have been performed to test various
treatment efficacies.
Several studies recommended installing safety devices in the environment.
These could include higher door locks, baby gates on stairs, and safeguarding
dangerous items such as guns, other weapons, and car keys (Hoban, 2010; Wills &
Garcia, 2002). Additionally, family members are encouraged to not disturb or
attempt to wake a sleepwalker if they are not in danger, as this may aggravate the
episode. If necessary, a family member can attempt to lead the sleepwalker back to
their bed (Kotagal, 2008; Wills & Garcia, 2002).
Another popular treatment method is to remove potential triggers for
somnambulistic episodes. This could include treating sleep-related breathing
problems or periodic limb movement—which has been shown to completely
10. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
eliminate episodes in some patients, reducing stress, and maintaining a consistent
sleep schedule (Hoban, 2010; Kotatal, 2008; Wills & Garcia, 2002; Zadra, Desautels,
& Montplaisir, 2013).
Scheduled awakenings have also been used to prevent sleepwalking
episodes, especially in children. This entails fully waking the child approximately 15
to 20 minutes prior to the typical sleepwalking episode onset in an effort to “reset”
the sleep cycle. However, this method also has the potential to induce an episode, so
caution is recommended. Other treatments that are used less frequently but have
been shown to be effective are hypnosis and drug treatment with benzodiazepines
(Hoban, 2010; Hughes, 2007; Kotagal, 2008; Wills & Garcia, 2002; Zadra, Desautels,
& Montplaisir, 2013).
Case Study
Stein and Ferber (2001) presented a case study of a 13-year-old male who
had experienced two sleepwalking episodes in the previous three months. In the
first incident, the young man suffered minor injuries after he fell down a flight of
stairs at camp, whereas in the second, he exited a friend’s home and was unable to
re-enter. The patient presented with no family history of somnambulism or personal
history of parasomnia.
The researchers found his anecdotal episodes to be consistent with a
sleepwalking diagnosis (e.g., timing of events, description of events, and
environment conditions), and as such, did not recommend additional testing to rule
out other options. They suggested that the events were likely triggered by factors
11. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
such as a shift in sleep schedule, change in sleep environment, or stress (Stein &
Ferber, 2001).
No specific treatment was recommended for the patient, as the disorder was
so far limited to only two episodes. The researchers did suggest altering
environmental factors, such as sleeping away from the door in unfamiliar
environments and installing a high lock. Additionally, they recommended
maintaining a consistent sleep schedule and ensuring the patient got adequate sleep
every night. If the episodes persisted or worsened, Stein and Ferber (2001)
suggested scheduled awakenings or low-dose benzodiazepines.
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Ghalebandi, M., Salehi, M., Rasoulain, M., Shooshtari, M. H., Naserbakht, M., &
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Hamilton, A. (2006). Sleep walking? Retrieved from YouTube:
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12. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
Hughes, J. R. (2007). A review of sleepwalking (somnambulism): the enigma of
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13. Rachel Goodell
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents
Final Paper: Somnambulism
May 3, 2013
Petit, D., Touchette, E., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., & Montplaisir, J. (2007).
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