The document discusses evacuation chairs, which help people with disabilities evacuate buildings during emergencies. It recommends track-type evacuation chairs that can be operated by one person, as research has shown they are safer for operators and allow for faster evacuation speeds compared to other styles. It also recommends that buildings provide at least one evacuation chair per stairwell to ensure accessibility for all. Proper training, maintenance, and placement of evacuation chairs is important to maximize safety during emergency evacuations.
This document discusses a study that evaluated fall protection technologies for use in residential construction. Researchers identified 43 fall protection devices and rated 13 highly. They conducted surveys and focus groups with construction professionals to assess perceptions of the devices. Two devices were selected for pilot testing: a hanging scaffold system and a guardrail housing. Pilot testing found high compliance with safety checks and most users felt the devices improved safety, though some felt they reduced productivity. Barriers to adoption included time needed for setup and difficulties with maneuvering.
When considering a wheelchair lift, it is important to consult with reputable suppliers or professionals specializing in accessibility solutions. They can assess the specific needs, evaluate the space, and recommend the most suitable type of wheelchair lift to ensure safe and efficient vertical mobility for wheelchair users.
Manufacturing of a Wheelchair Cum Stretcher for a Variety of UsesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a wheelchair that can be converted into a stretcher. It discusses the objectives of creating a device that allows easy transfer of patients between a bed and stretcher. The wheelchair-stretcher uses a rack and pinion mechanism whereby pulling levers transforms the chair into a stretcher. It is meant to improve patient mobility and transport. Key components include the chassis, rear wheels, casters, and folding mechanism that allows multiple stretchers to be compactly stored. Calculations are provided to analyze stresses on different parts and ensure the design can withstand the necessary loads. The wheelchair-stretcher is intended to benefit hospitals by more conveniently transferring impaired patients.
This document describes the development of an automatic stretcher cum wheelchair. It begins with an abstract that outlines the increasing number of disabled individuals in India and need for a mobility device that can convert between a wheelchair and stretcher. It then reviews existing wheelchair and stretcher designs and their limitations. Several concepts for a convertible wheelchair-stretcher are generated, including ones that slide or lift a stretcher frame from the wheelchair and ones that use hydraulic mechanisms to adjust the height. The concepts aim to address issues identified from user studies such as transferring patients between vehicles, stretchers, and beds. The document concludes that a convertible wheelchair-stretcher could help patients be more efficiently transported within hospitals.
The patient lift accessories market focuses on developing, manufacturing, and distributing accessories that enhance safety and convenience when transferring patients with limited mobility. These accessories are used with patient lift systems and include slings, transfer belts, transfer boards, and scale systems. The global patient lift accessories market covers regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East and Africa.
OSHA regulations require training on safe mobile scaffold use. This training document outlines hazards like falls, falling objects, electrical issues and how to control them. It defines mobile scaffolds as movable platforms on wheels/casters used for overhead work. Regulations address inspection, stabilizing during movement, prohibiting riding unless conditions are met. Training covers proper operation, materials handling, inspection and more to ensure safe mobile scaffold use. Case studies of accidents show how following regulations could prevent incidents.
IRJET-Mobility Assist with Step ClimberIRJET Journal
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The document discusses various types of barriers used for protection, including vehicle barriers, portable barriers, bollard systems, and concrete blocks. It also covers operational risk assessment, which is a five-step process used to identify hazards, assess risks, make risk-based decisions, implement controls, and supervise activities to manage risk at various levels from in-depth planning to time-critical operations. The goal is to accomplish missions with minimal loss by reducing risks to personnel, equipment, and tasks.
This document discusses a study that evaluated fall protection technologies for use in residential construction. Researchers identified 43 fall protection devices and rated 13 highly. They conducted surveys and focus groups with construction professionals to assess perceptions of the devices. Two devices were selected for pilot testing: a hanging scaffold system and a guardrail housing. Pilot testing found high compliance with safety checks and most users felt the devices improved safety, though some felt they reduced productivity. Barriers to adoption included time needed for setup and difficulties with maneuvering.
When considering a wheelchair lift, it is important to consult with reputable suppliers or professionals specializing in accessibility solutions. They can assess the specific needs, evaluate the space, and recommend the most suitable type of wheelchair lift to ensure safe and efficient vertical mobility for wheelchair users.
Manufacturing of a Wheelchair Cum Stretcher for a Variety of UsesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a wheelchair that can be converted into a stretcher. It discusses the objectives of creating a device that allows easy transfer of patients between a bed and stretcher. The wheelchair-stretcher uses a rack and pinion mechanism whereby pulling levers transforms the chair into a stretcher. It is meant to improve patient mobility and transport. Key components include the chassis, rear wheels, casters, and folding mechanism that allows multiple stretchers to be compactly stored. Calculations are provided to analyze stresses on different parts and ensure the design can withstand the necessary loads. The wheelchair-stretcher is intended to benefit hospitals by more conveniently transferring impaired patients.
This document describes the development of an automatic stretcher cum wheelchair. It begins with an abstract that outlines the increasing number of disabled individuals in India and need for a mobility device that can convert between a wheelchair and stretcher. It then reviews existing wheelchair and stretcher designs and their limitations. Several concepts for a convertible wheelchair-stretcher are generated, including ones that slide or lift a stretcher frame from the wheelchair and ones that use hydraulic mechanisms to adjust the height. The concepts aim to address issues identified from user studies such as transferring patients between vehicles, stretchers, and beds. The document concludes that a convertible wheelchair-stretcher could help patients be more efficiently transported within hospitals.
The patient lift accessories market focuses on developing, manufacturing, and distributing accessories that enhance safety and convenience when transferring patients with limited mobility. These accessories are used with patient lift systems and include slings, transfer belts, transfer boards, and scale systems. The global patient lift accessories market covers regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East and Africa.
OSHA regulations require training on safe mobile scaffold use. This training document outlines hazards like falls, falling objects, electrical issues and how to control them. It defines mobile scaffolds as movable platforms on wheels/casters used for overhead work. Regulations address inspection, stabilizing during movement, prohibiting riding unless conditions are met. Training covers proper operation, materials handling, inspection and more to ensure safe mobile scaffold use. Case studies of accidents show how following regulations could prevent incidents.
IRJET-Mobility Assist with Step ClimberIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a mobility assist device called the Mobility Assist Step Climber. It is designed to help weak or handicapped individuals move from a seated to standing position and walk with the support of a walker. It can lift up to 75kg and transfers weight to the ground, allowing independent mobility up and down stairs. The device aims to improve quality of life by stimulating neural pathways and reducing circulation problems for patients. It also reviews previous walker designs and their problems, as well as different methods of stair climbing in mobility devices like wheeled, legged and tracked robots. The methodology used in developing this device was conducting surveys at hospitals and old aged homes to understand user needs.
The document discusses various types of barriers used for protection, including vehicle barriers, portable barriers, bollard systems, and concrete blocks. It also covers operational risk assessment, which is a five-step process used to identify hazards, assess risks, make risk-based decisions, implement controls, and supervise activities to manage risk at various levels from in-depth planning to time-critical operations. The goal is to accomplish missions with minimal loss by reducing risks to personnel, equipment, and tasks.
This document is a guide published by the Labour Department of Hong Kong that provides information on working safely with ladders and elevated working platforms. It defines different types of ladders and platforms, and gives guidance on their proper selection, use, inspection and maintenance. The guide stresses the importance of following safety procedures like securing ladders properly, inspecting equipment beforehand, and receiving training, in order to prevent common accidents like falls from heights. It aims to educate workers on best practices for using ladders and platforms safely.
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 1
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate the ability to locate and interpret the OSHA standards in
Subparts D-F.
2. Define key terms common to the standards covered in this module.
3. Apply the OSHA standards in Subparts D-F to real-word situations.
Unit Lesson
The OSHA General Industry Standards can be found at 29 CFR Part 1910.
Part 1910 is organized into Subparts A though Z, with each subpart comprised
of related standards. The standards are
numbered sequentially, starting with 1910.1 in
Subpart A and ending with 1910.1450 in Subpart
Z; so, while it is helpful to be able to identify
Subparts, only the standard number is really
needed to locate a specific requirement. Parts A,
B, and C are primarily administrative guidelines,
explanations, and definitions. We begin this unit
with Subpart D, Walking-Working Surfaces.
According to OSHA,
Slips, trips, and falls constitute the majority of
general industry accidents. They cause 15% of
all accidental deaths, and are second only to
motor vehicles as a cause of fatalities. The
OSHA standards for walking/working surfaces
apply to all permanent places of employment,
except where only domestic, mining, or
agricultural work is performed. (OSHA, n.d para 1)
The walking and working surfaces standards encompass 1910.22 through
1910.30. They provide specifications for safe aisles, floors, walkways, stairs,
ladders, and platforms that employees utilize during their workday. In other
words, these standards require a workplace free from tripping and slipping
hazards and from hazards that might result in falling from one level to another.
Structurally sound ladders, stairs, and platforms with proper railings and similar
systems are required to prevent employees from falling when moving from one
level to another.
(NARA, 2011)
Reading
Assignment
See below to access the
required reading material
for this unit.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Exit discharge
2. Floor hole
3. High hazard area
4. Life Safety Code
5. Nose, nosing
6. Occupant load
7. Riser
8. Single ladder
9. Stair railing
10. Stairs, stairway
11. Standard railing
12. Toeboard
13. Tread
14. Wall hole
15. Wall opening
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Subparts D-F: Walking/Working Surfaces, Life
Safety, and Personnel Lifting Devices
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 2
Subpart E includes 1910.33 through 1910.39. These standards were put in
place to assure safe and orderly egress during emergency situations,
particularly emergencies related to fire. They apply to all workplaces in general
industry except mobile workplaces, such as vehicles or vessels. The egress
standards are based primarily on various iterations of the National Fire
Protection Association's (NFPA) Li ...
Automated Wheelchair Convertible Stretcher – A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document reviews the design of a wheelchair that can convert into a stretcher, which would help patients more easily move between a wheelchair and medical bed. It discusses past designs that use mechanisms, electronics, hydraulics, or pneumatics to enable the conversion. The authors suggest developing a new mechanism-based design that is low-cost, easy to use, requires little maintenance, and improves patient comfort when converting between wheelchair and stretcher.
This document discusses equipment used for technical search and rescue operations. It covers requirements for operational equipment to be provided by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) and ensures equipment is used and maintained properly. Personal protective equipment (PPE) must also be provided to protect rescuers from hazards. The AHJ must ensure atmospheric supplying respirators like self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are available when required. Additional standards for electrical safety, technical rescuer qualifications, occupational safety, fire apparatus, powered rescue tools, protective ensembles, and life safety rope and equipment are referenced.
This document discusses rescue vehicles and equipment. It describes four categories of specialized rescue vehicles: light, medium, heavy, and special purpose/multipurpose. Light rescue vehicles are equipped for basic tasks and carry hand tools. Medium rescue vehicles can handle most rescue situations with basic to advanced equipment for one or two specialties. Heavy rescue vehicles are the most heavily equipped to handle any rescue incident. Special purpose vehicles focus on a single specialty, while multipurpose vehicles support multiple specialties. The document emphasizes that properly equipped personnel trained in equipment use and maintenance is essential for safe and effective rescue operations.
This document discusses rescue vehicles and equipment. It describes four categories of specialized rescue vehicles: light, medium, heavy, and special purpose/multipurpose. Light rescue vehicles are equipped for basic tasks and carry hand tools. Medium rescue vehicles can handle most rescue situations with basic to advanced equipment for one or two specialties. Heavy rescue vehicles are the most heavily equipped to handle any rescue incident. Special purpose vehicles focus on a single specialty, while multipurpose vehicles support multiple specialties. The document emphasizes that properly equipped personnel trained in equipment use and maintenance is essential for safe and effective rescue operations.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
This document provides guidelines on anchorage, lifelines and temporary edge protection systems for work at heights. It discusses various types of anchors and factors to consider for anchor reliability and strength. Lifelines and their applications are also covered, including vertical lifelines, horizontal lifeline systems and self-retracting lifelines. The document outlines three classes of temporary edge protection systems and provides examples. It includes two case applications on using anchorage and lifelines for ISO tanks and formworks. The guidelines aim to help users properly apply fall prevention systems for work at height activities.
Updated guidance on Portable Positive Protection for short duration and short term work zones detailing more accurate information on the most advanced and commonly used devices.
The leading causes of worker deaths on construction sites were falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution and caught-in/between. Our eBook shows you how to avoid OSHA' 'Fatal Four' on the construction site.
The document provides an overview of the NFPA Emergency Evacuation Planning Guide for People with Disabilities. It was developed with input from the disability community to address the evacuation needs and criteria for people with disabilities. It outlines the key elements of evacuation information that occupants need, including notification, wayfinding, use of evacuation routes, and assistance. It also includes a checklist that can be used to design personalized evacuation plans for individuals. The annexes provide additional government resources and code information to support the guidelines.
The document provides an overview of the NFPA Emergency Evacuation Planning Guide for People with Disabilities. It was developed with input from the disability community to address the evacuation needs and criteria for people with disabilities. It outlines the key elements of evacuation information that occupants need, including notification, wayfinding, use of evacuation routes, and assistance. It also includes a checklist that can be used to design personalized evacuation plans for individuals. The annexes provide additional government resources and code information to support the guidelines.
Hoists and cranes are lifting equipment used in construction to lift heavy materials safely and efficiently. Hoists lift vertically using ropes or chains wrapped around a drum, and can be operated manually or electrically. Cranes can lift vertically or horizontally and are used more widely in construction and manufacturing. It is important to properly maintain hoists and cranes and ensure only qualified operators are trained to use them safely.
Ensuring Safety at Heights_ The Essential Guide to Fall Arresters.pptxLiftNShift
Fall arresters are indispensable in ensuring the safety of workers at heights. By understanding their types, proper use, and the importance of maintenance and training, employers and workers alike can create a safer work environment. For more information, visit: https://liftnshift.net/retractable-block/
Importance of Trauma care Trolleys.pptxSenthil596973
We are presenting a comprehensive assortment of Hospital furniture since 1998. In line with our endless efforts to satisfy the company came up with innovative products.
The equipment is ergonomically designed and is also certified by various medical authorities.
These products are in accordance with set international and industrial quality standards.
Importance of Trauma care Trolleys.pptxSenthil596973
Trauma care trolleys play a vital role in the delivery of emergency medical care to patients. Here are some reasons why they are important:
Mobility: Trauma care trolleys are designed for mobility, allowing them to be easily moved to where they are needed in an emergency situation. This is especially important in cases where time is critical and patients need to be treated as quickly as possible.
Organization: Trauma care trolleys are organized with compartments and drawers to store essential medical equipment and supplies needed in emergency situations. This makes it easy for healthcare professionals to quickly access the necessary tools needed to treat patients.
Customization: Trauma care trolleys are customizable to meet the unique needs of healthcare facilities. This means that healthcare professionals can add or remove equipment and supplies as needed, ensuring that the trolley is optimized for the specific needs of the hospital or emergency response team.
Efficiency: The design of trauma care trolleys is optimized for efficiency, allowing healthcare professionals to quickly access the necessary equipment and supplies needed to treat patients. This can help to save time in emergency situations and improve patient outcomes.
Reducing The Risk Of Falls From Tail LiftsAlan Bassett
HSE research carried out in 2004/05 estimate the human and economic cost of ‘falls from vehicle’ incidents that we know about was over £36.5 million. A sizeable proportion of these are falls from tail-lifts.
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Similar to RESNA Aanbevelingen inzake de inzet Evacuatie stoelen
This document is a guide published by the Labour Department of Hong Kong that provides information on working safely with ladders and elevated working platforms. It defines different types of ladders and platforms, and gives guidance on their proper selection, use, inspection and maintenance. The guide stresses the importance of following safety procedures like securing ladders properly, inspecting equipment beforehand, and receiving training, in order to prevent common accidents like falls from heights. It aims to educate workers on best practices for using ladders and platforms safely.
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 1
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate the ability to locate and interpret the OSHA standards in
Subparts D-F.
2. Define key terms common to the standards covered in this module.
3. Apply the OSHA standards in Subparts D-F to real-word situations.
Unit Lesson
The OSHA General Industry Standards can be found at 29 CFR Part 1910.
Part 1910 is organized into Subparts A though Z, with each subpart comprised
of related standards. The standards are
numbered sequentially, starting with 1910.1 in
Subpart A and ending with 1910.1450 in Subpart
Z; so, while it is helpful to be able to identify
Subparts, only the standard number is really
needed to locate a specific requirement. Parts A,
B, and C are primarily administrative guidelines,
explanations, and definitions. We begin this unit
with Subpart D, Walking-Working Surfaces.
According to OSHA,
Slips, trips, and falls constitute the majority of
general industry accidents. They cause 15% of
all accidental deaths, and are second only to
motor vehicles as a cause of fatalities. The
OSHA standards for walking/working surfaces
apply to all permanent places of employment,
except where only domestic, mining, or
agricultural work is performed. (OSHA, n.d para 1)
The walking and working surfaces standards encompass 1910.22 through
1910.30. They provide specifications for safe aisles, floors, walkways, stairs,
ladders, and platforms that employees utilize during their workday. In other
words, these standards require a workplace free from tripping and slipping
hazards and from hazards that might result in falling from one level to another.
Structurally sound ladders, stairs, and platforms with proper railings and similar
systems are required to prevent employees from falling when moving from one
level to another.
(NARA, 2011)
Reading
Assignment
See below to access the
required reading material
for this unit.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Exit discharge
2. Floor hole
3. High hazard area
4. Life Safety Code
5. Nose, nosing
6. Occupant load
7. Riser
8. Single ladder
9. Stair railing
10. Stairs, stairway
11. Standard railing
12. Toeboard
13. Tread
14. Wall hole
15. Wall opening
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Subparts D-F: Walking/Working Surfaces, Life
Safety, and Personnel Lifting Devices
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 2
Subpart E includes 1910.33 through 1910.39. These standards were put in
place to assure safe and orderly egress during emergency situations,
particularly emergencies related to fire. They apply to all workplaces in general
industry except mobile workplaces, such as vehicles or vessels. The egress
standards are based primarily on various iterations of the National Fire
Protection Association's (NFPA) Li ...
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This document discusses equipment used for technical search and rescue operations. It covers requirements for operational equipment to be provided by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) and ensures equipment is used and maintained properly. Personal protective equipment (PPE) must also be provided to protect rescuers from hazards. The AHJ must ensure atmospheric supplying respirators like self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are available when required. Additional standards for electrical safety, technical rescuer qualifications, occupational safety, fire apparatus, powered rescue tools, protective ensembles, and life safety rope and equipment are referenced.
This document discusses rescue vehicles and equipment. It describes four categories of specialized rescue vehicles: light, medium, heavy, and special purpose/multipurpose. Light rescue vehicles are equipped for basic tasks and carry hand tools. Medium rescue vehicles can handle most rescue situations with basic to advanced equipment for one or two specialties. Heavy rescue vehicles are the most heavily equipped to handle any rescue incident. Special purpose vehicles focus on a single specialty, while multipurpose vehicles support multiple specialties. The document emphasizes that properly equipped personnel trained in equipment use and maintenance is essential for safe and effective rescue operations.
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Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
This document provides guidelines on anchorage, lifelines and temporary edge protection systems for work at heights. It discusses various types of anchors and factors to consider for anchor reliability and strength. Lifelines and their applications are also covered, including vertical lifelines, horizontal lifeline systems and self-retracting lifelines. The document outlines three classes of temporary edge protection systems and provides examples. It includes two case applications on using anchorage and lifelines for ISO tanks and formworks. The guidelines aim to help users properly apply fall prevention systems for work at height activities.
Updated guidance on Portable Positive Protection for short duration and short term work zones detailing more accurate information on the most advanced and commonly used devices.
The leading causes of worker deaths on construction sites were falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution and caught-in/between. Our eBook shows you how to avoid OSHA' 'Fatal Four' on the construction site.
The document provides an overview of the NFPA Emergency Evacuation Planning Guide for People with Disabilities. It was developed with input from the disability community to address the evacuation needs and criteria for people with disabilities. It outlines the key elements of evacuation information that occupants need, including notification, wayfinding, use of evacuation routes, and assistance. It also includes a checklist that can be used to design personalized evacuation plans for individuals. The annexes provide additional government resources and code information to support the guidelines.
The document provides an overview of the NFPA Emergency Evacuation Planning Guide for People with Disabilities. It was developed with input from the disability community to address the evacuation needs and criteria for people with disabilities. It outlines the key elements of evacuation information that occupants need, including notification, wayfinding, use of evacuation routes, and assistance. It also includes a checklist that can be used to design personalized evacuation plans for individuals. The annexes provide additional government resources and code information to support the guidelines.
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We are presenting a comprehensive assortment of Hospital furniture since 1998. In line with our endless efforts to satisfy the company came up with innovative products.
The equipment is ergonomically designed and is also certified by various medical authorities.
These products are in accordance with set international and industrial quality standards.
Importance of Trauma care Trolleys.pptxSenthil596973
Trauma care trolleys play a vital role in the delivery of emergency medical care to patients. Here are some reasons why they are important:
Mobility: Trauma care trolleys are designed for mobility, allowing them to be easily moved to where they are needed in an emergency situation. This is especially important in cases where time is critical and patients need to be treated as quickly as possible.
Organization: Trauma care trolleys are organized with compartments and drawers to store essential medical equipment and supplies needed in emergency situations. This makes it easy for healthcare professionals to quickly access the necessary tools needed to treat patients.
Customization: Trauma care trolleys are customizable to meet the unique needs of healthcare facilities. This means that healthcare professionals can add or remove equipment and supplies as needed, ensuring that the trolley is optimized for the specific needs of the hospital or emergency response team.
Efficiency: The design of trauma care trolleys is optimized for efficiency, allowing healthcare professionals to quickly access the necessary equipment and supplies needed to treat patients. This can help to save time in emergency situations and improve patient outcomes.
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HSE research carried out in 2004/05 estimate the human and economic cost of ‘falls from vehicle’ incidents that we know about was over £36.5 million. A sizeable proportion of these are falls from tail-lifts.
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RESNA Aanbevelingen inzake de inzet Evacuatie stoelen
1. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology
Society of North America
1700 N. Moore Street, Suite 1540
Arlington, VA 22209
Phone: 703-524-6686
Fax: 703-524-6630
Approved by the RESNA Board of Directors: April 27, 2014
2. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to share information on options available regarding emergency
stair travel devices used by individuals with disabilities during evacuations, as well as to provide
evidence from the literature supporting the use of track-type evacuation chairs. It is not intended
to replace professional judgment related to specific occupants and building environments.
BACKGROUND
Emergency evacuation by individuals with disabilities from buildings of all types, but especially
from high-rises1
, has received consistent attention from the international life safety community.
Regarding interest from the general public, attention has been focused on the issue following the
attacks on the World Trade Center in 1993 and 2001 (Juillet, 1993; Shields et al, 2009).
Evacuation by all building occupants involves recognition of the situation and the need to
evacuate, and horizontal and / or vertical movement along an evacuation route to the floor of
discharge. Regarding vertical travel, travel along stairs is likely to be involved. Where elevators
are present, life safety codes have prohibited their use, leaving stairways as the approved route.
Although code changes are being considered for elevators having specific features and routing
algorithms, their use will add to the routes available, not replace stairway use. Depending on the
building, as well as the type and location of the incident, use of stairs for evacuation must be
considered (NFPA, 2007).
An evacuation plan for occupants of a high-rise, or of a building of any height where the use of
stairs is involved, may include horizontal travel to an area of rescue assistance, where life safety
personnel can assist with travel along stairs, if necessary. The use of stairs by individuals unable
to traverse stairs for emergency evacuation can be addressed through the use of an emergency
stair travel device.
Emergency stair travel devices have an identity in life safety codes. The National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) refers to emergency stair travel devices in 2015 editions of the NFPA 101-
Life Safety Code and NFPA 5000-Building Construction and Safety Code (NFPA, 2015a;
NFPA, 2015b).
Emergency stair travel devices vary in design, but can be categorized as carry-type, track-type,
and sled-type (Hedman, 2009). Devices in these three main design categories have distinctly
different features, and are marketed for use in different environments.
1 As defined by NFPA 101:2015, “a building where the floor of an occupiable story is greater than 23 m
(75 ft) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.”
3. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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One type of emergency stair travel device, track-type evacuation chairs, is recognized as part of
an effective emergency plan enabling individuals with disabilities to exit a building safely
(NFPA, 2007; Steinfeld, 2006). Their use has been documented in evacuation drills, emergency
events, and accessible building design (Bruyere, 2002; Davis, 2005; Meenan, 2007; Tsouderos,
2007; Product Review, 2009).
STAKEHOLDERS
All individuals who have an interest or specific role in safe evacuation from buildings are
stakeholders regarding emergency stair travel device use. Building occupants with disabilities
are certainly a part of this group. These individuals would include those with mobility
impairment addressed via wheelchair use, as well as other impairments which may limit travel
down stairs (e.g., cardiac, respiratory, sensory). These impairments may or may not be evident,
and individuals themselves would decide whether or not to self-identify as part of an evacuation
plan, when such exists, for a specific building.
Assistive Technology service providers are stakeholders, in that they would be asked by
consumers about the devices, or be asked to make recommendations based on a consumer’s
abilities and the building environment.
Consultants regarding emergency management, life safety, and security are also stakeholders. A
sound knowledge base on the devices is needed, to make recommendations appropriate for
specific environments and the mix of building occupants.
Building owners and managers, responsible for the equipping of a building for safety, are
stakeholders. This group may be investigating emergency stair travel device use proactively,
may be responding to interest expressed by building occupants, or may be responding to local
ordinances which require their provision.
Employers are stakeholders, as they attempt to outfit their offices or facilities with equipment
appropriate for their employees, or in response to a request for accommodation by a specific
employee.
Municipalities are stakeholders, as they make decisions on the outfitting of public spaces such as
city or villages halls, community centers, libraries, etc.
Fire and life safety services are important stakeholders, as they outfit their vehicles to assist
individuals with evacuation or transport to medical services. For this group, performance is
important but also the ability to store the device within limited space on the vehicles.
As educational systems (K-12, colleges, and universities) ensure that their buildings are
accessible for academic and extramural activities, acquisition of emergency stair travel devices
are considered.
4. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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Occupants and professionals associated with several types of large facilities are also
stakeholders. These include hotels, conference centers, theme parks, and sports/entertainment
venues (i.e., arenas and stadiums).
Personnel at facilities which address medical and rehabilitation needs, including hospitals and
nursing homes, have unique factors which may affect their selection of emergency stair travel
devices. These include the medical stability of the occupants, transport of any life support
equipment, and whether or not the evacuees can be secured in a seated position.
Individuals with disabilities live in a variety of settings in the community, including assisted
living centers, group homes, and single-family homes/apartments/condominiums. Outfitting of
these living environments involves consideration of the occupants of the devices, and those
identified to assist with evacuation procedures.
Clearly, the use of emergency stair travel devices is of high importance to individuals with
disabilities and life safety personnel. The stakeholder list is evidence that the use of emergency
stair travel devices is also of importance to building personnel, emergency management teams,
family members, and co-workers. These groups will include experienced and novice users.
EQUIPMENT
Of the three design types noted, each has a presence in life safety and building environments.
Carry-type devices vary from fabric slings to metal chairs with carry handles. Costs vary
accordingly, and all have the requirement of full support for the occupant by two to four
operators. Transfers occur at the approximate height of wheelchair seat levels for most carry-
type devices.
Track-type devices offer the possibility of single-operator use, with descent usually controlled
via the friction present between a rubber belt and the track. One model offers additional control
via a speed governor and brake. As such, the operator is not required to support the weight of
the device and occupant, only the force to guide the occupant and device down the stairs.
Transfers occur at the approximate height of wheelchair seat levels for most track-type devices.
Sled-type devices offer the lowest cost, but require the occupant to be either in a supine position,
or in a seated position at floor level. This introduces the requirement of a transfer to the floor
level. During operation and using attached straps, the lead operator must guide the occupant
through turns at landings, and the following operator must ease the occupant and device down
the stair sections. For most sled-type devices, the following operator provides all required
resistance to the sled and occupant sliding down the stairs. Sled-type devices are often marketed
to hospitals, where patients may not be stable in a seated position.
5. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on research, product design features, needs of life safety professionals, and requirements
of the environments themselves, several recommendations can be made with the goal of
maximizing the achievement of safe evacuation during emergencies.
Recommendation 1
For building occupants who can be in a seated position, track-type evacuation chairs should be
utilized.
Any device which is effective in assisting individuals to safety is of value, however research
indicates that the track-type evacuation chairs offer distinct advantages.
Fredericks et al (2002a; 2002b) and Butt et al (2002) documented the advantage of track-type
evacuation chairs over carry-type evacuation chairs for the operator, through significantly lower
compression forces at the L5/S1 area of the spine, reducing the probability for low back
disorders. The lower compression forces were again present in a later study by Fredericks et al
(2006), where the influence of track-type frame design was investigated.
Adams and Galea (2011) studied the use of four different evacuation devices: a track-type chair,
carry-type chair, stretcher, and drag mattress along an evacuation route in a hospital.
Participants were able to achieve the highest speeds along a hallway with the track-type chair
and carry-type chair (1.5 m / sec) and highest speeds along the stairs with the track-type chair
(0.81 m / sec). The researchers noted that the track-type chair was able to be operated by one
individual, whereas the carry-type chair required 3-4 individuals.
Researchers have studied the demands on firefighters operating a total of 14 carry-type, track-
type, and sled-type devices (Lavender, 2011; Lavender, 2013; Mehta, 2015). A fire service
training mannequin was loaded in each device as it was taken down 1-1/2 flights of stairs,
including 2 landings. Several advantages of track-type evacuation chair use were identified.
First, track-type chairs are able to be used by a single operator. This enables life safety
personnel to be dispatched more quickly to all individuals who may require assistance in an
emergency evacuation. Second, travel speeds along the stairs are within the range observed for
the general population. While the track system provides friction to prevent free travel down the
stairs, a pace matching that of other evacuees is possible. Third, travel through landings can be
relatively efficient. Although travel through a landing is slower than along the stairs, if a track-
type chair has an adequate wheeled base, it can be moved through the 180-degree turn
efficiently. Fourth, the work required on the part of the operator, based on design, can be
reasonable. The operator is not required to support the weight of the occupant at any time, and
adjustable handles enable the device to be maneuvered safely.
For environments where occupants cannot achieve a seated position, sled-type devices are a
reasonable option.
6. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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Recommendation 2
When selecting a track-type evacuation chair, preference should be given to devices which
comply with the ANSI/RESNA ED-1 Standard.
Compliance with the ED-1 Standard ensures that the device has passed test requirements for
minimum weight capacity, maneuverability, forward stability, and lateral stability. It is the only
standard which exists for evacuation chairs.
The minimum rated weight capacity for an ED-1 compliant device is 159 kg (350 lb) to
recognize the current data on body weight. Devices must be able to be maneuvered through a
180-degree turn on a middle landing, with landing length and width dimensions as stipulated by
building codes (e.g., a 72”-wide x 36”-long middle landing for a 36”-wide stairway; NFPA 101-
2015, 7.2.2.3.2.4). Stability is tested with a loaded device on an inclined surface, in both the
forward and lateral directions (e.g., for downward travel device configuration, 40 degrees
forward without losing contact with support surface). Presentations on the development of the
ED-1 Standard have been provided at several key disability and life safety conferences, and have
been well-received (Hedman, 2012; Hedman, 2009; Lavender et al, 2011).
Recommendation 3
When outfitting a building accessed by the public for goods and services for emergency stair
travel devices, the goal of the allocation of at least one device at each floor of each stairway is
recommended.
Several factors indicate that each floor along each stairway should be equipped with a stair
descent device. First, the number of individuals with a disability affecting ambulation is
significant, estimated at over 20 million individuals (6.9%) of the non-institutionalized
population in the United States (Erickson et al, 2014). With an emphasis on living independently
in the community, and access to goods, services, and employment under the Americans with
Disabilities Act, the presence of individuals with disabilities is likely. Second, there may be
many individuals who have a disability that is not evident, such as cardiac or respiratory
limitations. Third, during an emergency there may be individuals who become injured, and may
need an emergency stair travel device to be transported to safety.
Recommendation 4
Where there are known additional building occupants who will need an emergency stair travel
device in an evacuation, the acquisition of one device for each should be considered.
The Americans with Disabilities Act has enabled many individuals with disabilities to achieve
employment. As individuals with disabilities work in environments accessed by the public for
goods and services, their known need for an emergency stair travel device should not reduce the
number present for the public at-large. Acquisition of emergency stair travel devices for these
employees, stored in a location which makes them readily available for use, will help maximize
efficient evacuation for all building occupants.
7. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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Together, the recommendations are intended to improve life safety and benefit all stakeholders.
Building occupants with disabilities will benefit through the availability of effective devices.
Assistive Technology clinicians and consultants will benefit through the ability to more
accurately recommend devices to meet the needs of building occupants. Fire and life safety
services will be able to outfit their vehicles with effective equipment, and inform the community
of best practices as they perform training and outreach. Building owners and managers
(including those of municipal, private sector, and educational settings) will be able to provide
effective equipment, in adequate numbers, and in proper locations for effective use.
ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED PRACTICES
When introducing equipment to outfit a building for evacuation, mobility devices (e.g., manual
wheelchairs) should be obtained to enable occupants to use in order to travel from the stairway at
the floor of discharge to the outside and away from the facility.
Some emergency stair travel devices are designed such that they can be operated on horizontal
pathways of long distances, other are not. Also, some are designed to support an occupant on a
4-wheeled base, others are not. In all cases, once stair travel to the floor of discharge by one
occupant has been achieved, it will be beneficial to the safe evacuation of all building occupants
with disabilities if the device were made available for others to use (via the device being brought
back upstairs by life safety personnel).
Provision of a mobility device will require a transfer from the emergency stair travel device to
the mobility device. The mobility devices should be positioned near the stairway. To achieve
this, some building managers have positioned manual wheelchairs on wall brackets immediately
outside the stairway.
When considering acquisition of a stair descent device for use, all members of the emergency
planning team, and the building occupants who would use the device during an evacuation,
should try out the device.
Merely reading through advertisements and training materials is insufficient for informed
purchases.
After acquisition, personnel who will be occupants or operators of the device should review all
training materials provided by the manufacturer, and try out the device.
A thorough understanding of the device is needed for safe, effective use. By learning about all
aspects of the device, the occupants and operators will be knowledgeable about the requirements
for deployment, safety features, and operation.
Training opportunities and practice use should be repeated on a regular basis.
Training and practice use will help maintain the knowledge levels, and provide a means for new
occupants and operators to become familiar with usage.
8. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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SUMMARY
It is RESNA’s position that ANSI / RESNA ED-1 – compliant track-type evacuation chairs offer
design features beneficial to occupants and operators which include wheelchair-level transfer
height, efficient use by a single operator, stability, maneuverability, and travel speeds along
stairs matching those of other building occupants. These design features help promote safe,
efficient evacuation during emergencies.
REFERENCES
Adams, APM & Galea, ER. (2011). An experimental evaluation of movement devices used to
assist people with reduced mobility in high-rise building evacuations. In Peacock, RD,
Kuligowski, ED, Averill, JD. (ed.). Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Springer, New York,
NY, 129-138.
Bruyere, SM, & Stothers, WG. (2002). Enabling safe evacuations. HRMagazine, 47(1), 65-67.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205058161?accountid=14552
Butt, SE, Fredericks, TK, Choi, SD, & Kumar, AR. Comparison of commercial stairchairs using
data envelopment analysis. The Proceeding of the XVI Annual International Occupational
Ergonomics and Safety Conference, 2002.
Davis, G. School’s plan for escape reviewed; Panel adds word to policy, suggests devices to
assist disabled in an evacuation. The Sun, Baltimore, MD, January 17, 2005, 1.B.
Erickson, W, Lee, C, von Schrader, S. (2014). Disability Statistics from the 2012 American
Community Survey (ACS). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Employment and Disability Institute
(EDI). Retrieved Jan 27, 2015 from www.disabilitystatistics.org
Fredericks, TK, Choi, SD, Butt, SE, & Kumar, AR. (2002a). Biomechanical analyses of
paramedics using stairchairs. The Proceeding of the XVI Annual International Occupational
Ergonomics and Safety Conference, 2002.
Fredericks, TK, Choi, SD, Butt, SE, & Kumar, AR. (2002b). Postural analyses of paramedics
using stairchairs. The Proceeding of the XVI Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and
Safety Conference, 2002.
Fredericks, TK, Butt, SE, Kumar, AR, & Amin, SG. Biomechanical analysis of EMS personnel
using stair chairs with track systems. Proceedings of the 11th
Annual International Conference
on Industrial Engineering Theory, Publications, and Practice, Nagoya, Japan, October 2006.
Hedman, GE. Stair descent devices: an overview of current devices and proposed framework for
standards and testing. Proceedings of Human Behavior in Fire; 4th
International Symposium,
Cambridge, UK, 2009.
9. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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Hedman, GE. Status report on the development of the RESNA performance standard for
emergency stair travel devices. Proceedings of Human Behavior in Fire - 5th
International
Symposium, Cambridge, UK, September 2012.
Juillet, E. Evacuating people with disabilities. Fire Engineering, December 1993, 100-103.
Lavender, SA, Hedman, GE, Mehta, JP, Reichelt, PA, Conrad, KM, & Park, S. Evaluating the
physical demands on firefighters using hand-carried stair descent devices to evacuate mobility-
limited occupants from high-rise buildings. Applied Ergonomics, Vol 45, 389-397.
Lavender, SA, Mehta, JP, Hedman, GE, Park, S, Reichelt, PA, & Conrad, KM. (2013). An
ergonomic evaluation of hand-carried, track-type, and sled-type stair descent devices used for
high-rise building evacuation. Proceedings of the Human Factors in Ergonomics Society, 976-
980.
Lavender, SA, Hedman, GE, Reichelt, PA, Conrad, KM, & Mehta, JP. Stair Descent Device
Performance: Current Research and Standards Efforts (Presented by Lavender & Hedman).
FEMA Getting Real II: Promising practices in inclusive emergency management for the whole
community. Sponsored by the Office of Disability Integration and Coordination. Crystal City
Marriott, Arlington, VA, September 14, 2011.
Meenan, S. Giving a lift in emergencies; Holy Cross student government purchases chair for
evacuating disabled. South Bend Tribune, Community, E2, February 6, 2007.
Mehta, JP, Lavender SA, Hedman GE, Reichelt, PA, Park, S, & Conrad, KM. (2014). Evaluating
the physical demands on firefighters using track-type stair descent devices to evacuate mobility-
limited occupants from high-rise buildings. Applied Ergonomics, Vol 46, 96-106.
National Fire Protection Association, Building Construction and Safety Code 5000: 2015, NFPA,
Quincy, MA, 2015b.
National Fire Protection Association. Emergency Evacuation Planning Guide for People with
Disabilities, NFPA, Quincy, MA. (2007).
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Product Review. Evacuation chairs installed for clinics and health centres. Fire Safety
Engineering, Volume 16, Issue 5, 38.
Shields, TJ, Boyce, KE, McConnell, N. (2009). The behavior and evacuation experiences of
WTC 9/11 evacuees with self-designated mobility impairments. Fire Safety Journal, Volume 44,
881-893.
10. RESNA Position Paper on the Use of Evacuation Chairs
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Steinfeld, E. (2006). Evacuation of people with disabilities. Journal of Security Education, 1(4),
107-118.
Tsouderos, T. User-friendly building optimizes disabled access. Chicago Tribune, June 19,
2007, 5.1.
RESNA, the Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America, is
the premier professional organization dedicated to promoting the health and well-being of people
with disabilities through increasing access to technology solutions. RESNA advances the field by
offering certification, continuing education, and professional development; developing assistive
technology standards; promoting research and public policy; and sponsoring forums for the
exchange of information and ideas to meet the needs of our multidisciplinary constituency. Find
out more at www.resna.org.