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Similar to Research Methodology研究生須要具有整合、分析資料與創新思維、寫作能力以完成碩博士論文。研究規劃
Similar to Research Methodology研究生須要具有整合、分析資料與創新思維、寫作能力以完成碩博士論文。研究規劃 (20)
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Research Methodology研究生須要具有整合、分析資料與創新思維、寫作能力以完成碩博士論文。研究規劃
- 2. Formulating a research problem and purpose Observation of real world situations ↕ Identify research topics ↕ Generate questions ↕ (gaps, ambivalence, inconsistency…) ↕ Review of literature↔ Research problem↔ input from others ↕ Research purpose ↕ Objective, questions, or hypotheses
- 3. Selection of Research Topic Consider • Research interests • Research breadth • Research measurement • Specialization • Relevance to your field • Data validity • Ethics of the study
- 4. Interesting, Innovation, Practical 「Interesting」: Getting attention (Davis, 1971). 找到有趣主題的方法，在進行研究之前，先找出大家原本看問 題或現象的注意力在哪裡，研究者的挑戰是，如何設定一項研 究主題來引起新的注意（或喚起大家對某一面向重新的注意）。 有趣的研究或論證可能在某些面向上改變大家的認知，一個無 趣的研究或論證，在每一個面向上都只是再度確認大家原有的 認知 (Davis, 1971) Innovation: able to create especially new and original things. Practical: fitting the needs of a particular situation in a helpful way; helping to solve a problem or difficulty; effective or suitable Davis, M.S. (1971). That's Interesting!: Towards a Phenomenology of Sociology and a Sociology of Phenomenology. Phil. Soc. Sci., 1(2), 309-344.
- 5. Purposes of a Literature Review • A description of the current knowledge of a practice problem • Identification of the gaps in this knowledge base • The contribution of the present study to the buildings of knowledge in this area
- 6. Primary and Secondary Sources • Primary source: is the description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it • Secondary source: is a description of a study or studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher
- 7. Tasks of a Literature Review • Locate relevant literature for a research review • Screen references for relevancy and appropriateness • The number of references should not exceed 40 citations for original articles and 50 citations for meta-analysis articles. • update the reference (at least half of references to articles dated within the last five years, and at least five references dated within the last three years (2021-2023) • No more than three references should be used to support a single idea. • Read relevant references • Organize references • Analyze, integrate, & critique • Write the literature review Turnitin原創性比對工具
- 9. Hypothesis 預測兩個或更多變項間的關係。 代表研究者對研究結果的期待。 新冠肺炎預防行為行動線索與新冠肺炎預防行為呈顯著正相關。 Assumptions 一個信念，一個尚未被證實的事實。 一般性假說：糖尿病未控制將威脅個人身體安適狀態。 人是會思考的動物。 特定性假說：對糖尿病病人而言，胰島素幫浦是一個 有效的給藥方式。 護理措施目的是解決處理環境的壓力源
- 10. Theory A theory is more narrow and specific than a conceptual model and is directly testable. A theory consists of an integrated set of define concepts, existence statement, and relational statement that can be used to describe, explain, predict, or control that phenomenon. Involve a series of propositions regarding the interrelationships among concepts, from which a large number of empirical observations can be deduced
- 11. Purposes of Theories • Serve as a guide to systematically identifying a logical, precisely defined relationship between variables • Providing clear descriptions of variables, suggesting ways or methods to conduct the study • Guiding the interpretation of study findings
- 12. 圖 2-2 計畫行為理論架構 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. 簽 署 ADs 意 圖 外在變項 ‧年齡 ‧性別 ‧婚姻狀況 ‧教育程度 ‧宗教信仰 ‧工作年資 ‧職業別 ‧個人月收入 ‧自覺健康狀 況 ‧有無照顧過 末期病患或 重症親友的 經驗 ‧有無參與相 關安寧緩和 療護課程或 活動 ‧有無簽署預 立醫療決定 簽署ADs態度 ‧行為信念 ‧結果評價 簽 署 ADs 行 為 簽署ADs主觀規範 ‧規範信念 ‧依從動機 簽署ADs知覺行為控制 ‧ 控制信念 .知覺強度 註：實線表示各變項間的關聯是穩定的；虛線表示變項間的影響是間接的
- 13. Model 以圖說明概念間關係 許多複雜，凌亂的議題，需要有秩序的組織成模式，模式 是一些或許多現象代表的符號 代表一些事實具體或抽象的情境，其意思與結構圖繪圖式 及數理類似 (Bush, 1979) Conceptual model is a set of highly abstract, related constructs.
- 14. Health Belief Model（Rosenstock, 1974） 社會人口變項 性別、年齡、職業、 教育程度、婚姻狀况 社會心理學變項 性格、鄰居、朋友、 社會階層、壓力 結構變項 疾病知識、經歷 自覺利益性認知 自覺障礙性認知 行動線索 大眾傳播報導 別人忠告 醫務人員提醒 家庭成員/朋友患病 報紙/雜誌有關報導 自覺罹患性認知 自覺嚴重性認知 採取預防性健康 行為的可能性 自覺疾病的威脅 社會人口學變項 *性別 *年齡 *年級 *上學期學科成績排名 *父親教育程度 *父親職業 *母親教育程度 *母親職業 流感預防行為 流感預防行為行動線索 流感健康信念 *流感罹患性認知 *流感嚴重性認知 *流感預防行為有效性認知 *流感預防行為障礙性認知 流感知識 流感預防行為自我效能
- 15. 人口學變項 基本屬性 • 年齡 • 性別 • 教育程度 • 婚姻狀態 健康狀況 • 罹病時間 • 藥物治療方式 • 其他慢性病 • 糖尿病併發症 • 加入糖尿病 共同照護網時間 糖尿病知識 糖尿病健康信念 • 罹患性認知 • 嚴重性認知 • 行動利益性認知 • 行動障礙性認知 糖尿病自我效能 糖尿病 自我照護行為 糖尿病行動線索 Wrong 以健康信念模式探討糖尿病患者自我照護行為及相關因素研究
- 16. Conceptual Models • Conceptual models provide a perspective regarding interrelated phenomena, but are more loosely structured than theories • Lack of the deductive system of propositions that assert a relationship between the concepts
- 17. Frameworks for Research • A framework is an abstract, logical structure of meaning. It guides the development of the study and enables you to link the findings to the body of knowledge used in nursing. • A framework is the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study • Not every study is based on a theory or conceptual model, but every study has a framework • In a study based on a theory, the framework is referred to as the theoretical framework; in a study that has its roots in a specified conceptual model, the framework is often called the conceptual framework (although the terms conceptual framework and theoretical framework are frequently used interchangeably)
- 22. Conceptual definition • 參照概念上或假設上的標準界定研究變項或重 要名詞的意義。 • 以一個概念界定另一個概念，不是根據可觀察 或可操作的特徵來界定研究變項的意義 如：智力抽象思考的能力 新冠肺炎自覺罹患性認知（Perceived susceptibility） 個體主觀認為罹患疾病的可能性（Rosenstock, 1974）。 優點：可涵蓋較多研究變項所屬的特徵 缺點：無法測量或操弄研究變項
- 23. Operational definition 舉出測量該變項或產生該事項所做的操作活動。 將研究變項的抽象化形式轉變為可以觀察測量和操作的形式。 例：體重以體重計測量人體的輕重 受測者體重以彈簧秤秤到以公斤為單位的近似值，在完全不穿衣服，10小時未進食 的情況下測量 例：智力比西量表所測得的分數 例：病人的安適指明何種病人 生理的安適心跳、WBC計數、BP、肺活動 心理的安適焦慮、壓力 新冠肺炎自覺罹患性認知以自擬新冠肺炎健康信念量表測量， 共4題，得分越高，表示研究對象對新冠肺炎自覺罹患性認知越高。
- 24. Variable • Independent Variable, IV (自變項)：用來預測的變項可能原因 • dependent Variable, DV (依變項)：被預測的變項可能後果 例：不同教學法對學習效率的影響 • 中介變項(Mediating Variable)：影響應變數的隱性因素。不能經 由人類感官而知覺其質或量的變項如動機、智力、情緒、態度、 需要等 • 調節變項（Moderating Variable）：介於自變數與應變數之間具 調節作用，或稱情境變數。 • 控制變數（Control Variable）：通常是人口統計或個人的變數， 必須要被「控制」，才能確定自變數對應變數真正的影響。
- 26. mediation analyses to explain relationships. moderation analyses to understand what variables affect the strength and direction of a relationship. 性別能夠影響工作經驗和薪資間的關係
- 27. Conclusion • Researchers use theories to organize what is known about a phenomenon • A framework is a brief explanation of a theory or those portions of a theory to be tested in a study • The framework must identify and define the concepts and the relational statements being tested • Critiquing a framework requires the identification and evaluation of the concepts, their definitions, and the statements linking the concepts