The first issue of EIS newsletter is launched. This newsletter is named as Research Meth. In this issue, the main focus is on the way we can write a readily acceptable research article. A Webware for analyzing your article with respect to its suitability for publication in a selected journal is also provided.

1. HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER

2. Content
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3. How to write a research paper
Mrinmoy Majumder, PhD

4. Writing a research paper
• Writing a research paper is :
• Time consuming
• Boring
• Hard work
• Full of uncertainty
• Success rate : highly probabilistic
• However, this opinion about writing research paper can be
changed by following the tips given in the next pages
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5. First Step : Preparation of the Paper Content
• The in-detail “content” of the paper
has to be written first.
• The content may be branched down up
to fourth level(1.1.1.1)

6. Second Step : Filling
the content
• This four level content as discussed in the
previous slide may be filled with related
content
• Contents can be directly copied from
other sources as much as required
• The reference to the copied content must
be saved so that it can be used while
preparing the Reference section of the
paper.
• The content describing the novelty or the
objective or the brief methodology or the
detail methodology or results and
discussions followed by conclusion has to
be written in own words.

7. Third Step: Making the
Methodology Flow chart
The flow chart depicting the detail
methodology has to be added to the
Methodology section
The description of the flow chart has
to be in own words and can be added
after the flow chart.

8. Fourth Step: Preparation of the
R&D
• The Result and Discussion(R&D) section has to
be prepared as a support to the methodology
described in the Methodology section.
• The entire result and discussion section has to
be in own words not directly copied from other
sources.
• The results already published but can support
the findings of the paper may also be included
and cited in the R&D section

9. Fifth Step : Editing
• The paper thus prepared may be printed.
• The Objective, Methodology, Result and
Discussion and Conclusion section has to be
edited minutely and corrections or addition or
deletion if any has to be made in this step.

10. Six Step : Anti Plagiarism
and Grammer Check
• A plagiarism checking software for
identification of duplicate content can be
used for detection of similarity of the entire
paper with respect to the other sources that
are already published.
• The identified sentences can be re-written
in a different way using synonyms of the
existing word.
• After the correction the paper has to be
rechecked again with the software.
• Until the percentage of similarity reduced
to less than 8%,this step has to be repeated.

11. Last Step :Final Editing and
Journal Submission
• After the similarity of the paper become less than
8%, the fourth level paragraph may be merged with
the third and third may be merged to the second
paragraph for reduction of complexity in the
structure of the paper.
• It is better to have a two level content, compared
to a one or three or more levelled content.
• Once this final editing is completed, the paper has
to be submitted for grammatical error checking and
then the corrected paper may be submitted to a
journal for possible publication.

12. How to read a book/research
paper/newspaper quickly ?
• If the book is a fiction
nothing can be done to read
it quickly.
• You have to read it from the
very beginning to the end so
that you can fully enjoy the
drama and thrills involved
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13. Reading Fiction
• A non-fiction book can be read quickly. The backside, "About the
Author", Preface and Content will give you an idea about its usability.
• If it is really useful then try to find the chapters which may give you the
answers you are searching for.
• Once you get these chapters start reading from the last para to the first
para.
• That means, first read the last para which will generate some queries in
the mind and to find the answers you will automatically read the next
para and so on up to the first one when all your query may get
answered.

14. Backside Reading
• The backside reading can reduce your time of reading a book to nearly half due
to the inquisitiveness imbibed in you by the last para and
• to know the answers you try to search the previous para and then some more
queries will be generated and
• in searching this increasing the number of queries you will read the entire
chapter without noticing the time consumed.

15. Reading Research Papers
In case of research papers the abstract and
conclusion is first read.
After going through these paras you will
understand whether this paper is necessary
for your research or not.
If the answer is yes then again follow the
backside rule to read the Methodology and
Result and Discussion section which is
enough to extract relevant information
from a research paper.

16. Reading
Newspaper
• In newspaper reading first few lines of any
report will generate interest to it and
• then again follow the backside rule so that
whole news can be read within few
minutes.
• For featured articles read the highlighted
points and first para to educe interest and
• then again follow the backside rule.
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17. Three points for writing a good
research paper
Three points are extremely vital for your
research to be successful, popular and useful.

18. Idea
• First point is the idea around which it is
developed.
• The central idea of the research ,must be
contemporary, solves a problem and
• can also encourage other researchers to
continue their investigation upon that topic.
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19. Style
• Second important point is the style at which the research paper was written.
• A reader must understand the basic objective and methodology of the study
vividly.
• The occurrence of number of spelling and grammatical mistakes must be rare.
• Image and tables must support the working scope and methodology of the
research article.

20. Citation
• Third and final point is citation
of previous literature and
• quotation of similar research
studies.
• It will ensure the reliability and
justification of the research
papers as well as prove certain
important observations and
solutions.

21. How to learn MS Excel without any tutor and without any money ?

22. Most Dominant Spreadsheet
• Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a spreadsheet program
written and distributed by Microsoft for computers using the Microsoft Windows
operating system and for Apple Macintosh computers.
• It features an intuitive interface and capable calculation and graphing tools
which, along with aggressive marketing, have made Excel one of the most
popular microcomputer applications to date.
• It is overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available for these
platforms and has been so since version 5 in 1993 and its bundling as part of
Microsoft Office.

23. Free Tutorial/Help Files
• The Beginner's Guide to Excel - Excel Basics Tutorial
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwbho0CgEAE
• Top 50 Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5vSDAX1HjY
• 7 Ways to Use Vlookup in Excel
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xf-0KN-QCs
• Introduction to Pivot Tables, Charts, and Dashboards in Excel
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NUjHBNWe9M
• How to Create a Data Entry Form in Excel With Add, Modify,
Delete and Reset
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-Ze6bX7ous

24. Tutorial Videos on Excel : Contd.
• MS Excel - Conditional Formatting
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iKoccSTNZA
• MS Excel - Print Page Setup & Print Data Tips
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPh9ZPzExTI
• MS Excel - Data Validation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMxl1_NAcxc
• Excel Formulas and Functions Tutorial
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jl0Qk63z2ZY

25. Tools & Apps on Excel
• Excel Tools
• http://www.excel-extools.com
• Excel to Software(without any code)
• Spreadsheet Converter
• Excel to App (without any code)
• https://www.goodbarber.com/create/
• http://www.xlapp.io/xlapp_io/index.php
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26. Outlier Detection
A method for detection of abnormal/extreme/uncommon data points among a set of data
By Dr.Mrinmoy Majumder
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27. Overview
• Significance of Outlier Detection
• Importance of Size of Sample Data
• Importance of Distribution of Data-set
• Chauvenet Method
• Dixon Thompson Method

28. Significance of Outlier Detection
• Detection of extreme data
• Not from the sample
population
• Either over or under mean
value
• Various methods available
• Selection of method based
on sample size
• Selection of method based
on underlying distribution

29. Importance of Size of Sample Data
• Rosner Method >25
• Dixon Thompson <25
• Chauvenet Method Any
Name of Method Size of Sample Data

30. Importance of Distribution of Sample Data
• Distribution of sample data and the
distribution critical deviate must be
from the same distribution.
• Underlying distribution selects the
most appropriate method/test.
• Error in selection of methods may
ignore some of the outliers.

31. Chauvenet’s Method
Z = (X – Mean of X) / (Standard Deviation of X)
• Critical value is selected from the table of distribution of the sample data
• To find the critical value first probability based on the size of data is calculated by :
( 1 / 2n )
• Then based on the probability critical value is derived.
• If the value of Z is more than the critical value then the data will be an outlier.
• The weakness of this method is it can detect only one outlier.

32. Normal Distribution Table for finding the
Critical Value
After 1/2n is derived to find the
probability, the same was
identified in the table and
corresponding Z-value in the row
and column is used to find the
critical value of that probability.
Example : Say 1/2n becomes 0.8508
Then, the corresponding z score will be z
in row i.e. 1.0 and z in column ie.0.04.
Adding both row and column z gives the
critical value of Z which is : 1.04

33. Dixon Thompson Method
1. First, all the data are sorted in an ascending order
2. Smallest is ranked first and largest is ranked last.
3. Then test statistic and critical value of R is determined based on the sample size.
• This method is used when direction of the test is predetermined.
• If it is specified to find the outlier of the lowest value then this test is preferred to
Chauvenet’s Method.
• Can detect only one outlier
• Used for one or two tailed test.

34. Test statistic and Critical value
m is the sample size
After deducing R the value of R
is compared with the critical value
found in the table as per the level of
significance.
If the data set have 5% level of
significance and sample size of 10
data points then the critical value
will be 0.472

35. Thank You
• Many other Outlier Methods are available:
• Z-Score or Extreme Value Analysis (parametric)
• Probabilistic and Statistical Modeling (parametric)
• Linear Regression Models (PCA, LMS)
• Proximity Based Models (non-parametric)
• Information Theory Models.
• View the link for more details :
https://towardsdatascience.com/a-brief-overview-of-outlier-detection-techniques-
1e0b2c19e561

36. Auto-correlation and cross-correlation
DR.MRINMOY MAJUMDER (ORCID id : 0000-0001-6231-5989)
Lecture 1 of “INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS” course and “HYDRO-INFORMATICS”/”ADVANCED OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES” of MTECH(HYDROINFORMATICS ENGG) Scan the QR to see our recommended
tutorial in this aspect

37. Auto-correlation

38. Definition
• The degree of correlation between adjacent values of the same time
series.
• The analysis usually examines the changes in correlation as the
separation distance increases
• The separation distance is called the lag and is denoted by the letter tau
or t
• The correlation between the adjacent time series is known as Lag 1 Auto
Correlation
• The correlation between the values separated by two time interval is
known as Lag 2 Auto Correlation
• A plot of the auto correlation coefficient vs lag is called the correlogram

39. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT
dataset OF SAME TIMESERIES SEPARATED BY A DISTANCE OF tau
• If A = Sum of the product of xi and xi+t
from i = 1 to N-t ( N is the total no. of
data point in the series)
• B = Sum of xi from i=1 to N-t
• C = Sum of xi from i=t+1 to N
• Let D = N-t
• If E = Sum of the square of xi from i=1
to N-t
• F= Sum of the square of xi from i=t+1
to N
• Then,
• R(t)
• = t-lag Auto Correlation Coefficient
•
𝐴−𝐷−1(𝐵×𝐶)
𝐸−𝐷−1 𝐵2 × 𝐹−𝐷−1 C2
M
NO

40. Points to remember
• At t = 0, R(t) = 1
• As t increases values to calculate R(t) decreases and correlogram
begin to oscillate
• Maximum value of t must be equal to or less than 10% of N
• Strong secular trend = high auto correlation for small lags
• Periodic trend = peak of correlogram occurring at the period of
the component

41. How to calculate
autocorrelation coefficient
1) The procedure to calculate R(t) begins with the creation of a table
where the first column will indicate the value of i.
2) Second column will depict the value of xi
3) Third column will show the value of xi+t
4) Fourth column will indicate the value of square of xi
5) After deducing the value of D, the fifth to ninth column will depict the
value of respectively A,B,C,E and F (As indicated in Pearson Product..
slide).
6) The tenth column will show the value of R(t) after calculating the
same as per the equation given in Pearson Product.. slide.

42. Autocorrelation Example : problem
• Calculate the lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient of the following data series :
4
3
5
4
6
5
8
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of B
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of C
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of E
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of F

43. Autocorrelation Example : Solution
What is
M,N,O ??

44. Cross correlation

45. definition
• Objective is to identify the significance of correlation and thus the
predictability between two time series
• Cross-correlation coefficients can be plotted against lag to
produce Cross-correlogram
• Calculation of coefficient is same like that of deduction of the
auto-correlation coefficient
• Only the xi+t term is replaced by yi+t where y represents the data
point of the other series

46. Difference between auto(A) and cross(C)
correlation
For A : value of coefficient at lag = 0 is always 1
For C : can take any value between - 1 to + 1
For A : peak of correlogram can be found at lag = 0
For C : peak of cross-correlogram can be observed at any lag other
than 0
For A : calculation of positive lags is enough
For C : calculation of both positive and negative lag is required if
both are physically feasible
(rainfall of today will have zero impact on the runoff of yesterday)

47. Calculation of cross-correlation coefficient between two time series xi
(independent/cause) and yi (dependant/effect)
• If A = Sum of the product of xi and yi+T
from i = 1 to N- T ( N is the total no. of
data point in the series)
• B = Sum of xi from i=1 to N- T
• C = Sum of yi from i=T+1 to N
• Let D = N- T
• If E = Sum of the square of xi from i=1
to N-T
• F= Sum of the square of yi from i=1+T
to N
• G = Sum of yi from i=1 +T to N
• Then,
• Rc(T)
• = T-lag Cross Correlation Coefficient
•
𝐴−𝐷−1(𝐵×𝐶)
𝐸−𝐷−1 𝐵2 × 𝐹−𝐷−1 G2
M
NO
Note : Here the absolute value of tau(T) is considered

48. How to calculate cross-correlation coefficient
1) The procedure to calculate R(T) begins with the creation of a table where
the first column will indicate the value of i.
2) Second column will depict the value of xi
3) Third column will indicate the value of yi
4) Fourth column will show the value of yi+T
5) Fifth column will indicate the value of square of xi
6) Sixth column will depict the value of square of yi
7) After deducing the value of D, the seventh to eleventh column will depict
the value of respectively A,B,C,E and F (As indicated in twelvth slide).C
and G is generally the same factor if tau is positive.
8) The tenth column will show the value of R(t) after calculating the same as
per the equation given in twelvth slide

49. Cross correlation Example : problem
• Calculate the lag-1 cross-correlation coefficient of the following
data series : Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of B
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of C
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of E
Indicate the range within the dataset taken for calculation of F
i xi yi
1 5 2.5
2 4.8 2.1
3 3.7 2
4 2.8 1.3
5 3.6 1.7
6 3.3 2
7 2.9 1.8

50. Cross correlation Example : solution
What is
M,N,O ??

51. Web-ware : Journal Suitability Indicator
• You had wrote a research article now you are trying to find a
suitable journal to publish this manuscript.
• Most of the publishers and also some individual websites has
developed a Journal Finder Tool where if you paste your article or
abstract of the article then the software will show you the most
suitable journals for that article.
• The problem is it does not say whether your article is suitable for
publication in that journal or not.
• Every journal has its own criteria which it looks into the articles
submitted for possible publication in that journal

52. Contd.
• By suitability we mean an article must match the criteria of the journal
• And by “criteria” we do not only mean about the factors mentioned in
the guideline to the authors but also the “criteria” which are hidden
but can be retrieved if you observe the published articles of that
journal.
• That is why we devised the Journal Suitability Indicator which will show
whether your article is suitable for that journal or not.
• The indicator will consider all the visible and hidden factors the journal
considers before it approves an article for publication.

53. Inputs
• You have to enter six inputs to find the JSI value of your article with the
targeted journal
• Inputs required are : Number of keywords of your article matching with
the topic of interest of the targeted journal
• Number of keywords of the most cited and latest three published
manuscripts of the journal, matching with the keywords of your article
• Number of Articles of the journal that you have cited in your article.
• Number of articles cited from the published articles of the members of
Editorial and Reviewer Board of the journal.

54. Output
• On submission of the six inputs described in the previous page JSI will be
calculated along with the Suitability of the journal with respect to your
article.
• JSI will be a number between 0 to 1,more the better .
• If JSI is less than 0.25 then your article is highly unsuitable for that
journal and If within 0.26 to 0.5 then also the article is not suitable for
the targeted journal.
• However if the JSI is more than 0.5 then the article become suitable and
for a JSI of more than 0.75 then your manuscript is highly suitable for the
selected journal.
• Although it doesn’t mean that your article will surely get published in the
journal as that depends on the quality of your work and writing along with
the preference of the selected reviewers and editors, but at least you can
be assured that your article will not get rejected due to “out of scope of
the journal”.

55. Link to Journal Suitability Indicator(JSI)
• Journal Suitability Indicator(JSI)
• https://tinyurl.com/y44zuaek
Scan the QR Code to access JSI

56. Thank you and see you in the next edition
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