Introduction - Lost in the Eurofog: The Textual Fit of Translated LawLucja Biel
The book is one of the few in-depth investigations into the nature of EU legal translation and its impact on national legal languages. It is also the first attempt to characterise EU Polish, a language of supranational law and a hybrid variant of legal Polish emerging via translation. The book applies Chesterman’s concept of textual fit, that is how translations differ from non-translations, to demonstrate empirically on large corpora how the Polish eurolect departs from the conventions of legal and general Polish both at the macrostructural and the microstructural level. The findings are juxtaposed with the pre-accession version of Polish law to track the «Europeanisation» of legal Polish – recent changes brought about by the unprecedented inflow of EU translations.
Training translators or translation service providers? EN 15038:2006 standard...Lucja Biel
The paper presents an overview of the EN 15038:2006 standard, Translation services—Service requirements, and analyses its implications for the translation industry and specialised translator training in tertiary education institutions. It is the first pan-European standard which addresses the quality of the translation process specifically and establishes translation service requirements. Among other things, it establishes an independent third-party revision as an obligatory component of the translation process. Its significance for the translation industry is that it raises its profile as one of the standardised industries and contributes to the professionalisation of the translator and, more importantly, the reviser. With the growing number of translation agencies seeking to obtain the 15038:2006 certification, the standard gains increasingly wider recognition, which exerts certain pressure on educational institutions. It promotes a broader view of translation as part of the translation service, reflecting the market expectation to train translation service providers rather than translators. It sees the training of translation service providers as a life-long learning process and stresses the importance of continuous professional development. The standard may be considered as a guideline for market-oriented training.
Areas of similarity and difference in legal phraseology: collocations of key ...Lucja Biel
Antonio Pamies, José Manuel Pazos Bretaña and Lucía Luque Nadal (eds.) (2012) Phraseology and Discourse: Cross-Linguistic and Corpus-based Approaches. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag, pp. 225–233
The paper discusses areas of similarity and difference in the phraseology of key terms in UK and Polish company law. The analysis is based on two comparable corpora of company law legislation. Similarities are motivated by the shared COMPANY-IS-A-PERSON metaphor and related conceptual scenarios, while differences arise from their system-specific instantiations, conditions-effects scripts and linguistic restrictions
Professional Realism in the Legal Translation Classroom: Translation Competen...Lucja Biel
URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1003515ar
DOI: 10.7202/1003515ar
Łucja Biel
Meta : journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal, vol. 56, n° 1, 2011, p. 162-178.
The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes
at the level of translation competence and translator competence. The distinction
between competences is adopted from Kiraly, where the former means the ability to
translate to the required standard while the latter is the ability to function efficiently as
a professional. The competences are developed concurrently, the main focus being placed on translation competence. Professional realism is ensured in content design (the most frequently translated branches of law), a varied selection of authentic and prototypical
texts, an eclectic teaching approach progressing from task-based learning to projectbased learning, including subject-field competence building, terminology work and,finally, translation and revision projects which integrate all tasks and activities in a single assignment.
Introduction - Lost in the Eurofog: The Textual Fit of Translated LawLucja Biel
The book is one of the few in-depth investigations into the nature of EU legal translation and its impact on national legal languages. It is also the first attempt to characterise EU Polish, a language of supranational law and a hybrid variant of legal Polish emerging via translation. The book applies Chesterman’s concept of textual fit, that is how translations differ from non-translations, to demonstrate empirically on large corpora how the Polish eurolect departs from the conventions of legal and general Polish both at the macrostructural and the microstructural level. The findings are juxtaposed with the pre-accession version of Polish law to track the «Europeanisation» of legal Polish – recent changes brought about by the unprecedented inflow of EU translations.
Training translators or translation service providers? EN 15038:2006 standard...Lucja Biel
The paper presents an overview of the EN 15038:2006 standard, Translation services—Service requirements, and analyses its implications for the translation industry and specialised translator training in tertiary education institutions. It is the first pan-European standard which addresses the quality of the translation process specifically and establishes translation service requirements. Among other things, it establishes an independent third-party revision as an obligatory component of the translation process. Its significance for the translation industry is that it raises its profile as one of the standardised industries and contributes to the professionalisation of the translator and, more importantly, the reviser. With the growing number of translation agencies seeking to obtain the 15038:2006 certification, the standard gains increasingly wider recognition, which exerts certain pressure on educational institutions. It promotes a broader view of translation as part of the translation service, reflecting the market expectation to train translation service providers rather than translators. It sees the training of translation service providers as a life-long learning process and stresses the importance of continuous professional development. The standard may be considered as a guideline for market-oriented training.
Areas of similarity and difference in legal phraseology: collocations of key ...Lucja Biel
Antonio Pamies, José Manuel Pazos Bretaña and Lucía Luque Nadal (eds.) (2012) Phraseology and Discourse: Cross-Linguistic and Corpus-based Approaches. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag, pp. 225–233
The paper discusses areas of similarity and difference in the phraseology of key terms in UK and Polish company law. The analysis is based on two comparable corpora of company law legislation. Similarities are motivated by the shared COMPANY-IS-A-PERSON metaphor and related conceptual scenarios, while differences arise from their system-specific instantiations, conditions-effects scripts and linguistic restrictions
Professional Realism in the Legal Translation Classroom: Translation Competen...Lucja Biel
URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1003515ar
DOI: 10.7202/1003515ar
Łucja Biel
Meta : journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators' Journal, vol. 56, n° 1, 2011, p. 162-178.
The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes
at the level of translation competence and translator competence. The distinction
between competences is adopted from Kiraly, where the former means the ability to
translate to the required standard while the latter is the ability to function efficiently as
a professional. The competences are developed concurrently, the main focus being placed on translation competence. Professional realism is ensured in content design (the most frequently translated branches of law), a varied selection of authentic and prototypical
texts, an eclectic teaching approach progressing from task-based learning to projectbased learning, including subject-field competence building, terminology work and,finally, translation and revision projects which integrate all tasks and activities in a single assignment.
Legal translator as a communicator. A review of Borja Albi and Prieto RamosLucja Biel
A review of Borja Albi, Anabel and Fernando Prieto Ramos (eds): Legal Translation in Context. Professional Issues and Prospects: Series New Trends in Translation Studies, 2013, Peter Lang, Oxford, Vol. 4, 315 pp
Tekst prawny jako hipertekst – o intertekstualności tłumaczeń prawnych na prz...Lucja Biel
LEGAL TEXT AS A HYPERTEXT: INTERTEXTUALITY OF TRANSLATED INTERNATIONAL LAW RELATED TO TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS
Abstract: The paper examines the intertextuality of translated legislation with a case study of international legal instruments combating trafficking in human beings. The instruments come from three systems (United Nations, Council of Europe and European Union) and are interrelated both by explicit references and implicit textual quotes, the latter being most evident in uniform definitions of trafficking in all the documents. The paper identifies four types of relations in translation, i.e. 1) relations between source texts, 2) relation between the source text and the target text, 3) relations between existing translations, and 4) relations between the target text and target-language legislation. Drawing on Mattila’s metaphor of a legal text as a hypertext, the author shows that translation creates a non-symmetrical hypertext due to partial distortion of interrelations between source texts on the one hand and through new intertextual relations due to recontextualisation and lack of standarisation, on the other hand. The intertextual relations in translation have been found to be more complex and less predictable. Translations demonstrate a surprisingly high variation of equivalents of identical prefabricated terminological units; and low textual fit to non-translated legislation in Polish.
Legal terminology in translation practice: dictionaries, googling or discussi...Lucja Biel
The article discusses terminology mining on a small scale as used by legal freelance
translators in practice, and recent developments in this area. Major properties of legal
terms are discussed from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective where terms are seen as
prompts that activate background knowledge structures. Next various resources are
presented, including the most traditional ones, i.e. dictionaries, to more recent online and
electronic resources such as googling, and discussion forums. Their major advantage is reduction of search time, increased functionality of translation and insight into how other translators have tackled a similar terminological problem before (established equivalents).
Legal translation and knowledge structuresLucja Biel
The article explains the potential of translation technique to activate background knowledge structures. It was published in "Comparative Legilinguistics. International Journal for Legal Communication".
Legal translator as a communicator. A review of Borja Albi and Prieto RamosLucja Biel
A review of Borja Albi, Anabel and Fernando Prieto Ramos (eds): Legal Translation in Context. Professional Issues and Prospects: Series New Trends in Translation Studies, 2013, Peter Lang, Oxford, Vol. 4, 315 pp
Tekst prawny jako hipertekst – o intertekstualności tłumaczeń prawnych na prz...Lucja Biel
LEGAL TEXT AS A HYPERTEXT: INTERTEXTUALITY OF TRANSLATED INTERNATIONAL LAW RELATED TO TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS
Abstract: The paper examines the intertextuality of translated legislation with a case study of international legal instruments combating trafficking in human beings. The instruments come from three systems (United Nations, Council of Europe and European Union) and are interrelated both by explicit references and implicit textual quotes, the latter being most evident in uniform definitions of trafficking in all the documents. The paper identifies four types of relations in translation, i.e. 1) relations between source texts, 2) relation between the source text and the target text, 3) relations between existing translations, and 4) relations between the target text and target-language legislation. Drawing on Mattila’s metaphor of a legal text as a hypertext, the author shows that translation creates a non-symmetrical hypertext due to partial distortion of interrelations between source texts on the one hand and through new intertextual relations due to recontextualisation and lack of standarisation, on the other hand. The intertextual relations in translation have been found to be more complex and less predictable. Translations demonstrate a surprisingly high variation of equivalents of identical prefabricated terminological units; and low textual fit to non-translated legislation in Polish.
Legal terminology in translation practice: dictionaries, googling or discussi...Lucja Biel
The article discusses terminology mining on a small scale as used by legal freelance
translators in practice, and recent developments in this area. Major properties of legal
terms are discussed from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective where terms are seen as
prompts that activate background knowledge structures. Next various resources are
presented, including the most traditional ones, i.e. dictionaries, to more recent online and
electronic resources such as googling, and discussion forums. Their major advantage is reduction of search time, increased functionality of translation and insight into how other translators have tackled a similar terminological problem before (established equivalents).
Legal translation and knowledge structuresLucja Biel
The article explains the potential of translation technique to activate background knowledge structures. It was published in "Comparative Legilinguistics. International Journal for Legal Communication".
1. Reprezentacja spółki: pełnomocnik, prokurent, przedstawiciel dr Łucja Biel Zakład Badań nad Przekładem i Komunikacją Międzykulturową Instytut Anglistyki, Uniwersytet Gdański, Polska anglb@ug.edu.pl 1
2. Reprezentacja spółki kapitałowej przez członków zarządu czynności dokonywane za spółkę przez pełnomocników i prokurentów (na podstawie umocowania opartego na oświadczeniu woli) czynności dokonywane w imieniu spółki przez przedstawicieli ustawowych (kurator, likwidator) 2
3. Rodzaje reprezentacji 3 Reprezentacja: jednoosobowa: czynności prawne dokonywane są samodzielnie łączna: niezbędne współdziałanie co najmniej dwóch osób Reprezentacja: czynna: składanie oświadczeń woli bierna: przyjmowanie oświadczeń woli
4. Umocowanie do działania w cudzym imieniu Przedstawicielstwo ustawowe: opiera się na ustawie Pełnomocnictwo: opiera się na oświadczeniu reprezentowanego 4
5.
6. RODZAJOWE (z określeniem rodzaju czynności) / SZCZEGÓLNE (do dokonania poszczególnych czynności)Pełnomocnicy w kontekście spółek: pełnomocnik spółki wyznaczany przez zarząd prokurent pełnomocnik powoływany uchwałą wspólników/akcjonariuszy do reprezentowania spółki (w wyjątkowych sytuacjach) lub kurator wyznaczany przez sąd pełnomocnik (wspólnika/akcjonariusza) do głosowania lub inni przedstawiciele do wykonywania prawa głosu 5
7. Pełnomocnik do głosowania Pełnomocnik wspólnika/akcjonariusza do udziału w zgromadzeniu i do wykonywania prawa głosu (w k.h. zwany przedstawicielem) Pełnomocnictwo wymaga formy pisemnej i dołączenia do protokołu zgromadzenia 6
8. PROXY duly executed proxy, revocable/irrevocable proxy, validity of proxies appoint a proxy, submit a proxy, represented by proxy, act as a proxy for the stockholder; vote in person or by proxy, count proxies the authority of a person to act as proxy proxy solicitation firm; proxy fight/proxy contest (struggle betw. 2 corporate factions to obtain the votes of uncommitted shareholders) proxyholder/holder of the proxy: votes, takes action at the meeting głosować przez pełnomocnika vote by proxy * vote through a proxy, *vote through an attorney, * vote through a duly authorised representative 7
10. Przedstawiciel Prawo głosu może być również wykonywane przez „innego przedstawiciela”, w tym m.in. przedstawiciela ustawowego wspólników/akcjonariuszy małoletnich lub ubezwłasnowolnionych, likwidatora, kuratora osoby prawnej, syndyka masy upadłości, wykonawcę testamentu, kuratora spadku nieobjętego w przypadku współuprawnionych z udziału/akcji (joint holders of a share) 9
11. PROKURA 10 Specjalny rodzaj pełnomocnictwa, a zarazem najszersze pełnomocnictwo w prawie polskim wymaga formy pisemnej i wpisu do rejestru przedsiębiorców (zgłoszenie o udzieleniu prokury) jest udzielana przez przedsiębiorcę podlegającego obowiązkowi wpisu do rejestru przedsiębiorców, a więc nie może być udzielana przez osoby fizyczne; w spółkach kapitałowych udzielana przez zarząd prokura obejmuje umocowanie do czynności sądowych i pozasądowych związanych z prowadzeniem przedsiębiorstwa prokura jednoosobowa/samoistna lub łączna
12.
13. DE (Prokurist): authorized signatory, authorised representative, attorney, officer with procuration, officer with special power of attorney, registered holder of a general commercial power of attorney, confidential clerk
