Procedure by which alien minors enter and reside in Latvia unaccompanied by parents or guardians is prescribed in the Regulation No. 707 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia (adopted on 16 April 2003) “Procedures by which Alien Minors Enter and Reside in the Republic of Latvia Unaccompanied by Parents or Guardians”. This regulation is issued pursuant to Section 7 of the Immigration Law.
The entry into and residence of alien minors in the Republic of Latvia shall be documented and controlled by the State Border Guard, the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs and the State Police in co-operation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Orphan's courts (Parish courts) and local governments.
An Act to amend the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection ofChildreri) Act, 2000.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The document summarizes India's Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act from 2012. It was implemented to address shortcomings of previous laws in protecting children from sexual abuse. Key aspects of the new law include defining a child as under 18, prescribing punishments for sexual assault, harassment, using children for pornography, and storage of child pornography. It also covers provisions for recording a child's statement, designation of special courts to try cases, timelines for case disposal, in-camera trials, and monitoring of the law's implementation.
Prevention Of Offences Against the Child rubynakka
This is a draft copy of proposed legislation called "Prevention of offences against the child". This is to be introduced in the parliament during the monsoon session. If it gets passed, it would be a landmark legislation to protect the vulnerable individuals of India.
Comments on the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2014 by Tamil Nadu Child Rights Observatory
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The juvenile justice (care and protection of children) act, 2015MAINAKCHANDRA2
The updated Indian legislation regarding Juvenile Protection and Procedure for protection of their identity and betterment of their future. This PPt gives an overall idea of the Act in a precise manner
India is the home to largest number of sexually abused children:WHO.POCSO act protects such children but what is the dilemma faced by a doctor when such a victim becomes his patient?
An Act to amend the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection ofChildreri) Act, 2000.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The document summarizes India's Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act from 2012. It was implemented to address shortcomings of previous laws in protecting children from sexual abuse. Key aspects of the new law include defining a child as under 18, prescribing punishments for sexual assault, harassment, using children for pornography, and storage of child pornography. It also covers provisions for recording a child's statement, designation of special courts to try cases, timelines for case disposal, in-camera trials, and monitoring of the law's implementation.
Prevention Of Offences Against the Child rubynakka
This is a draft copy of proposed legislation called "Prevention of offences against the child". This is to be introduced in the parliament during the monsoon session. If it gets passed, it would be a landmark legislation to protect the vulnerable individuals of India.
Comments on the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2014 by Tamil Nadu Child Rights Observatory
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The juvenile justice (care and protection of children) act, 2015MAINAKCHANDRA2
The updated Indian legislation regarding Juvenile Protection and Procedure for protection of their identity and betterment of their future. This PPt gives an overall idea of the Act in a precise manner
India is the home to largest number of sexually abused children:WHO.POCSO act protects such children but what is the dilemma faced by a doctor when such a victim becomes his patient?
Cara (central adoption resource authority)Rachna Sharma
a brief review of CARA, helpful for Bachelors of Social work student and law students. it only provides brief information not pure;y in detail. good for intro.
Ministry Of Women And Child Development Notification
New Delhi, the 26th day of October , 2007
Rules under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (56 of 2000) (as amended by the Amendment Act 33 of 2006) to be administered by the States
[For better implementation and administration of the provisions of the said Act in its true spirit and substance]
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012 defines a child as anyone under 18 and protects them from sexual abuse. It criminalizes sexual assault, harassment, using children for pornography, or attempting these acts. The Act mandates reporting abuse and allows medical examinations, recorded testimony, and compensation for victims. It establishes child-friendly procedures during investigations and trials, while also assigning Child Welfare Committees and the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights oversight roles. The goal is to support child victims through the legal system.
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015D Murali ☆
This document is the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 which consolidates and amends laws related to children alleged or found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. It aims to cater to the basic needs of children through proper care, protection, development, treatment, social re-integration and rehabilitation using a child-friendly approach. The Act establishes bodies like the Juvenile Justice Board and the Child Welfare Committee to handle matters related to children in a manner that protects their interests and rights. It defines various terms related to children in need of care and protection, juveniles, adoption and child care institutions. The Act also aims to be in line with international instruments
This document outlines the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act of 1956 which regulates adoptions and maintenance among Hindus in India. Some key points:
- It applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and others not covered by other religious personal laws.
- Only certain individuals have the capacity to adopt or be adopted, such as Hindus who are of sound mind and not minors.
- Adoptions must meet conditions like the adoptive parent not already having a son to ensure the adopted child's welfare.
- An adopted child is deemed the child of the adoptive parents and severs ties with their birth family, except for marriage.
- Spouses, children,
Probation and Probation Services in the EU accession countries, Chapter II, Probation in Bulgaria, author Daniel Stoyanov.
The Chapter describes the probation activities and the stage of Probation developments up to 2002. The book is the first from the series of CEP Probation in Europe.
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012 was enacted to specifically protect children from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography. It provides a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of children and prescribes stringent punishments ranging from 3 years to life imprisonment depending on the nature of the offence. The Act also provides for mandatory reporting of sexual offences against children, establishment of special courts for speedy trial, and special measures to support the child during judicial processes.
The POCSO Act was passed in 2012 to protect children from sexual offenses. It established special courts to handle cases and try them speedily. The Act defines various sexual offenses against children such as penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. It also outlines punishments for perpetrators which are severe if the perpetrator is a protector of the child. The Act introduced child friendly measures during legal proceedings and provides for victim compensation. Key stakeholders in implementing the Act include parents, police, medical professionals, NGOs and various government authorities.
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
This document discusses the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and how it relates to domestic immigration law in Tanzania. It outlines several key principles from the UNCRC, including that in all actions concerning children, their best interests must be the primary consideration (Article 3). It also discusses articles related to a child's right to a nationality, maintaining contact with parents, and having their views heard in legal proceedings. The document notes that Tanzania has lifted reservations to the UNCRC and it underpins their whole legal system. Recent court cases are also cited that relate to determining and weighing the best interests of a child in immigration cases.
Ll.b i fl u 2.1 hindu adption , guardianship ,sucssesion actRai University
- The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 codifies and reforms certain aspects of Hindu law related to minority and guardianship. It aims to clarify who the natural guardians of a Hindu minor are in respect of their person and property.
- Under the Act, the father is the natural guardian of a Hindu boy or unmarried girl. After the father, the mother becomes the natural guardian. For an illegitimate child or married girl, the natural guardian is the mother, and after her, the father.
- The Act defines a minor as someone who has not completed 18 years of age. It defines guardian and outlines the powers and obligations of natural guardians in respect of a minor's person
This act established rules for adoption and maintenance obligations among Hindus in India in 1956. It allowed Hindus to adopt children subject to certain criteria like the adoptive parent's ability to provide and the child's eligibility. It also required Hindus to provide maintenance to their wives throughout their lifetime, as well as to widowed wives, children until adulthood, and dependent parents or daughters. The specific maintenance amount would be determined by courts considering factors like the parties' statuses and the claimant's needs and income.
Citizenship is a legal bond between an individual and a state that involves mutual rights and obligations. It typically arises at birth and lasts a person's lifetime. Some key principles of Ukrainian citizenship include having a single citizenship that excludes dual citizenship, preventing statelessness, and equality before the law regardless of how or when citizenship was acquired. Ukrainian citizenship can be obtained by birth in Ukraine's territory or to Ukrainian citizens abroad, as well as through naturalization. The Ukrainian government works to protect citizens' rights both within and outside its borders according to its laws and international standards.
The document discusses child sexual abuse and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. It defines child sexual abuse and lists behavioral indicators. It also outlines the short-term and long-term effects of abuse on children. The role of psychiatrists in assessing and counseling abused children is described. Key aspects of the POCSO Act are summarized, including definitions, reporting procedures, special courts, offenses and punishments. Amendments to strengthen the act are also mentioned.
The document summarizes the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POSCO) Act 2012 in India. The Act defines a child as anyone under 18 years of age and provides legal protection against sexual abuse and exploitation. It introduced new offenses specific to child sexual abuse to address gaps in previous laws. The POSCO Act prescribes strict punishments including imprisonment and fines for offenses ranging from penetrative sexual assault to sexual harassment or use of children in pornography. The goal is to effectively protect children under 18 from sexual crimes through the criminal justice system.
This document outlines Ukraine's laws regarding marriageable age, state registration of marriages, and the process for registering a marriage. It discusses the following key points:
- Marriageable age is 18 years for both men and women according to the Family Code of Ukraine.
- Registering a marriage is a multi-stage process that involves applying, a mandatory waiting period, informing applicants of their rights and responsibilities, and registering the marriage.
- Medical examinations are required but results are confidential. Concealing illnesses can make a marriage invalid.
- Marriages must take place in registration authorities but exceptions can be made for other locations in special circumstances.
Brankground Information on Jamaican Children in State Sare & in Conflict With...Rodje Malcolm
This document discusses children in conflict with the law in Jamaica. It notes that children come into contact with the justice system due to being in need of care/protection or being accused of criminal activities. These children are vulnerable and often come from similar family backgrounds. The justice system focuses on punishment rather than rehabilitation. Children found guilty or merely in need of care are detained, sometimes with adults, in violation of domestic and international law. The document outlines the process children face, numbers in detention facilities, relevant laws and agencies responsible for children's welfare and justice processes.
Cara (central adoption resource authority)Rachna Sharma
a brief review of CARA, helpful for Bachelors of Social work student and law students. it only provides brief information not pure;y in detail. good for intro.
Ministry Of Women And Child Development Notification
New Delhi, the 26th day of October , 2007
Rules under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (56 of 2000) (as amended by the Amendment Act 33 of 2006) to be administered by the States
[For better implementation and administration of the provisions of the said Act in its true spirit and substance]
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012 defines a child as anyone under 18 and protects them from sexual abuse. It criminalizes sexual assault, harassment, using children for pornography, or attempting these acts. The Act mandates reporting abuse and allows medical examinations, recorded testimony, and compensation for victims. It establishes child-friendly procedures during investigations and trials, while also assigning Child Welfare Committees and the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights oversight roles. The goal is to support child victims through the legal system.
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015D Murali ☆
This document is the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 which consolidates and amends laws related to children alleged or found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. It aims to cater to the basic needs of children through proper care, protection, development, treatment, social re-integration and rehabilitation using a child-friendly approach. The Act establishes bodies like the Juvenile Justice Board and the Child Welfare Committee to handle matters related to children in a manner that protects their interests and rights. It defines various terms related to children in need of care and protection, juveniles, adoption and child care institutions. The Act also aims to be in line with international instruments
This document outlines the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act of 1956 which regulates adoptions and maintenance among Hindus in India. Some key points:
- It applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and others not covered by other religious personal laws.
- Only certain individuals have the capacity to adopt or be adopted, such as Hindus who are of sound mind and not minors.
- Adoptions must meet conditions like the adoptive parent not already having a son to ensure the adopted child's welfare.
- An adopted child is deemed the child of the adoptive parents and severs ties with their birth family, except for marriage.
- Spouses, children,
Probation and Probation Services in the EU accession countries, Chapter II, Probation in Bulgaria, author Daniel Stoyanov.
The Chapter describes the probation activities and the stage of Probation developments up to 2002. The book is the first from the series of CEP Probation in Europe.
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012 was enacted to specifically protect children from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography. It provides a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of children and prescribes stringent punishments ranging from 3 years to life imprisonment depending on the nature of the offence. The Act also provides for mandatory reporting of sexual offences against children, establishment of special courts for speedy trial, and special measures to support the child during judicial processes.
The POCSO Act was passed in 2012 to protect children from sexual offenses. It established special courts to handle cases and try them speedily. The Act defines various sexual offenses against children such as penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. It also outlines punishments for perpetrators which are severe if the perpetrator is a protector of the child. The Act introduced child friendly measures during legal proceedings and provides for victim compensation. Key stakeholders in implementing the Act include parents, police, medical professionals, NGOs and various government authorities.
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
This document discusses the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and how it relates to domestic immigration law in Tanzania. It outlines several key principles from the UNCRC, including that in all actions concerning children, their best interests must be the primary consideration (Article 3). It also discusses articles related to a child's right to a nationality, maintaining contact with parents, and having their views heard in legal proceedings. The document notes that Tanzania has lifted reservations to the UNCRC and it underpins their whole legal system. Recent court cases are also cited that relate to determining and weighing the best interests of a child in immigration cases.
Ll.b i fl u 2.1 hindu adption , guardianship ,sucssesion actRai University
- The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 codifies and reforms certain aspects of Hindu law related to minority and guardianship. It aims to clarify who the natural guardians of a Hindu minor are in respect of their person and property.
- Under the Act, the father is the natural guardian of a Hindu boy or unmarried girl. After the father, the mother becomes the natural guardian. For an illegitimate child or married girl, the natural guardian is the mother, and after her, the father.
- The Act defines a minor as someone who has not completed 18 years of age. It defines guardian and outlines the powers and obligations of natural guardians in respect of a minor's person
This act established rules for adoption and maintenance obligations among Hindus in India in 1956. It allowed Hindus to adopt children subject to certain criteria like the adoptive parent's ability to provide and the child's eligibility. It also required Hindus to provide maintenance to their wives throughout their lifetime, as well as to widowed wives, children until adulthood, and dependent parents or daughters. The specific maintenance amount would be determined by courts considering factors like the parties' statuses and the claimant's needs and income.
Citizenship is a legal bond between an individual and a state that involves mutual rights and obligations. It typically arises at birth and lasts a person's lifetime. Some key principles of Ukrainian citizenship include having a single citizenship that excludes dual citizenship, preventing statelessness, and equality before the law regardless of how or when citizenship was acquired. Ukrainian citizenship can be obtained by birth in Ukraine's territory or to Ukrainian citizens abroad, as well as through naturalization. The Ukrainian government works to protect citizens' rights both within and outside its borders according to its laws and international standards.
The document discusses child sexual abuse and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. It defines child sexual abuse and lists behavioral indicators. It also outlines the short-term and long-term effects of abuse on children. The role of psychiatrists in assessing and counseling abused children is described. Key aspects of the POCSO Act are summarized, including definitions, reporting procedures, special courts, offenses and punishments. Amendments to strengthen the act are also mentioned.
The document summarizes the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POSCO) Act 2012 in India. The Act defines a child as anyone under 18 years of age and provides legal protection against sexual abuse and exploitation. It introduced new offenses specific to child sexual abuse to address gaps in previous laws. The POSCO Act prescribes strict punishments including imprisonment and fines for offenses ranging from penetrative sexual assault to sexual harassment or use of children in pornography. The goal is to effectively protect children under 18 from sexual crimes through the criminal justice system.
This document outlines Ukraine's laws regarding marriageable age, state registration of marriages, and the process for registering a marriage. It discusses the following key points:
- Marriageable age is 18 years for both men and women according to the Family Code of Ukraine.
- Registering a marriage is a multi-stage process that involves applying, a mandatory waiting period, informing applicants of their rights and responsibilities, and registering the marriage.
- Medical examinations are required but results are confidential. Concealing illnesses can make a marriage invalid.
- Marriages must take place in registration authorities but exceptions can be made for other locations in special circumstances.
Brankground Information on Jamaican Children in State Sare & in Conflict With...Rodje Malcolm
This document discusses children in conflict with the law in Jamaica. It notes that children come into contact with the justice system due to being in need of care/protection or being accused of criminal activities. These children are vulnerable and often come from similar family backgrounds. The justice system focuses on punishment rather than rehabilitation. Children found guilty or merely in need of care are detained, sometimes with adults, in violation of domestic and international law. The document outlines the process children face, numbers in detention facilities, relevant laws and agencies responsible for children's welfare and justice processes.
This document summarizes a proposed bill titled the National Asylum Bill, 2015. The key points are:
1) The bill aims to provide rules for granting citizenship to refugees and asylum seekers in India by establishing a framework for registering and recognizing refugees, and granting citizenship under certain conditions.
2) It proposes establishing a Refugee Registrar and Refugee Committee to consider refugee applications and make determinations regarding refugee status and potential citizenship.
3) Refugees who have lived in India for 5 or more years could apply for citizenship under the bill. Children born to refugees in India could also gain citizenship rights.
4) The bill aims to regularize large refugee populations in India from countries
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of the Ombudsman's Office in Moldova. It states that the Ombudsman ensures respect for human rights by public authorities, organizations, and those in positions of responsibility. The Ombudsman examines complaints about human rights violations at its main office in Chisinau and four regional offices. The Ombudsman is appointed by Parliament and works to defend fundamental rights and freedoms through examining requests, improving legislation, and promoting human rights.
Submission to the UNCRC by Emma Holloway and Jia XiaoJia Pan Xiao
This submission highlights issues affecting the rights of unaccompanied migrant children and makes recommendations to address these issues. It explores vulnerabilities of unaccompanied migrant children under Articles 2, 3, 6, 7 and 18 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It recommends that states ensure unaccompanied children have access to services like accommodation, education and healthcare regardless of documentation status. It also recommends that children only be deported if in their best interests and with their participation, and that they be provided a qualified, independent guardian not associated with immigration authorities. The submission aims to ensure states uphold the rights and address the particular vulnerabilities of unaccompanied migrant children.
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to juveniles in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection, by providing for proper care, protection and treatment by catering to their development needs, and by adopting a child-friendly approach in the adjudication and disposition of matters in the best interest of children and for their ultimate rehabilitation through various institutions established under this enactment.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Human rights situation of internally displaced persons and conflict affected ...DonbassFullAccess
The document summarizes issues related to internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine, including:
- IDP registration numbers continue to increase slightly, though some departments still impose unnecessary registration requirements.
- Access to civil documentation, education, social benefits, and pensions remains challenging for IDPs due to bureaucratic hurdles like requiring in-person inspections or documents from occupied territories.
- Advocacy efforts like preparing an alternative UN report and letters to government ministries aim to address these issues and amend laws and procedures to better protect IDP rights.
Citizenship refers to membership in a political society that implies duties of allegiance and protection. There are two main ways to acquire citizenship - involuntary through birth or voluntary through naturalization. Citizenship can also be lost voluntarily through actions like obtaining foreign citizenship or involuntarily through actions during wartime. The Philippines follows principles of both jus sanguinis and jus soli and places mothers equal to fathers in determining citizenship of children. Citizens have both rights and duties, including being loyal to the state and defending it.
Citizenship refers to membership in a political society that implies duties of allegiance and protection. There are two main ways to acquire citizenship - involuntary through birth or voluntary through naturalization. Citizenship can also be lost voluntarily through actions like obtaining foreign citizenship or involuntarily through actions during wartime. The Philippines follows jus sanguinis in determining citizenship for children based on the citizenship of their parents. Naturalized citizens are prohibited from practicing dual allegiance to the Philippines and another country. The document outlines the rights and duties of citizens, including being loyal to the republic and defending the state.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 repealed the 2000 act and introduced important changes. Key changes included changing the nomenclature from 'juvenile' to 'child' to remove negative connotations, allowing trials of 16-18 year olds in conflict with law in adult courts depending on the crime's severity, and extending evaluation periods for convicted children from 1 to 3 months. The act strengthened provisions for both children in need of care/protection and children in conflict with law. It aims to protect children's rights through bodies like the Child Welfare Committee and juvenile justice boards.
This document discusses the legal capacity and capability of natural persons under Ukrainian civil law. It defines legal capacity as the ability to acquire rights and undertake obligations through one's own actions. Legal capacity begins at birth and ends at death. The document outlines four categories of legal capacity: partial for minors under 14 and 14-18, full for those over 18, restricted, and incapability. It provides details on the rights and limitations of individuals in each category according to Ukrainian civil code.
POCSO ACT 2012 and 2019 amendment.pptxssuserd4ebdd
The document summarizes the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act of 2012 in India and its amendments. Some key points:
- The POCSO Act defines a child as under 18 and covers sexual offenses against both boys and girls. It ensures access to justice through special reporting procedures, courts, and shifting the burden of proof to the accused for serious offenses.
- Offenses covered include penetrative sexual assault, aggravated penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and use of a child for pornography. Punishments range from fines to life imprisonment depending on the offense.
- The Act provides for recording the child's statement in a sensitive manner and presenting the child to
Citizenship refers to membership in a political society that implies duties of allegiance and protection. There are various ways to acquire citizenship, including by birth (jus sanguinis or jus soli) or naturalization. Citizenship can also be lost voluntarily through actions like obtaining foreign citizenship, or involuntarily through cancellation. The Philippines follows jus sanguinis and recognizes dual citizenship obtained by natural-born citizens who naturalize abroad. Citizens have rights and duties, including being loyal to the state and defending it.
This document discusses citizenship and the rights and duties of citizens under the Philippine constitution. It defines citizenship and outlines different ways of acquiring citizenship, such as by birth or naturalization. It also discusses how citizenship can be lost and reacquired. The duties of citizens include being loyal to the republic and defending the state. Citizens have rights, but these also entail corresponding obligations to comply with laws and duties as members of the political community.
The Juvenile Justice Act provides a framework for juvenile justice in India and defines laws related to juveniles/children in conflict with the law as well as children in need of care and protection. It establishes Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees to deal with juvenile matters. The Act aims to protect children, ensure their basic rights and rehabilitate them through reintegration whenever possible rather than punitive measures. It prohibits trying juveniles as adults and defines various orders and procedures related to their care, adoption, and rehabilitation.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child establishes several key principles regarding children's rights:
1) It requires countries to ensure all children can fully enjoy their rights without discrimination.
2) It establishes that the best interests of the child must be a top priority in all actions concerning children.
3) It protects the child's right to life, survival, and development.
This document defines key terms related to juvenile crime law. It explains that juvenile crime law deals with minors under 18 who commit crimes and are typically treated differently than adults in criminal courts. It outlines that juvenile offenders may be classified as delinquents or status offenders. The juvenile justice system focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Juvenile courts hear cases involving delinquent minors or those with status offenses. The goal is to rehabilitate offenders and deter future crimes through social and coping skills training.
This document discusses child abuse statistics and laws regarding child abuse in Trinidad and Tobago. Between January and August 2005, 135 children under 18 received services, with physical, emotional, and sexual abuse being most reported. However, statistics are not fully collected and organizations only know of reported cases. The document outlines laws criminalizing child abuse and neglect, as well as organizations assisting abused children.
This document discusses child abuse statistics and laws regarding child abuse in Trinidad and Tobago. Between January and August 2005, 135 children under 18 received services, with physical, emotional, and sexual abuse being most reported. However, statistics are not fully collected and organizations only know of reported cases. The document outlines laws criminalizing child abuse and neglect, as well as organizations assisting abused children.
1) The document discusses the rights of aliens throughout history from early ages to modern times. In early times, aliens were often seen as enemies and treated poorly.
2) It outlines specific rights aliens should be granted, including rights to life, privacy, marriage, religion, property ownership, movement, fair wages, and protection from torture.
3) The rights of aliens are discussed in different countries/regions, including the US, Pakistan, and Britain. In Pakistan, aliens have rights to citizenship, work, but many illegal immigrants are deprived of basic rights. In Britain, aliens have property rights but some limitations.
Similar to Reply of Latvia to the Questionnaire on protection of the rights of the child (20)
How to Answer The 64 Toughest Interview Questionssuzi smith
THIS BOOK IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECTS COVERED. HOWEVER, IT IS DONE WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF LEGAL ADVICE OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL ASSSTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT, PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOUID BE SOUGHT. ANY NAMES USED IN THE TEXT ARE FICTITIOUS AND FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. ANY RESEMBLANCE TO ACTUAL PERSONS OR COMPANIES IS PURELY COINCIDENTAL AND UNINTENTIONAL.
Dedication:
This report is dedicated to courage and knowledge,
the two qualities most needed
to succeed in any human challenge,
especially a job search.
Very few would dispute the fact that we live in a global world, where local economy, politics and culture do not longer belong to and influence their immediate surroundings alone, but a large extent of the rest of the globe. This context of merging borders has entailed drastic changes in the way goods and services are produced and distributed and in how information and ideas are transmitted. Fashion, both a business and a cultural good, has not been impervious to that: on the one hand, fashion is a multi-billion dollar industry that has to survive in a more and more competitive global market and produce for a trans-continental audience; and, on the other hand, it is also an immaterial good and the way it is transmitted, shared and created changes along with society. Both fashion and globalization are complex and multidimensional phenomena, and the analysis of their connection can be approached by a wide variety of disciplines. Throughout this essay I will analyse what and how has changed in fashion with globalization, focusing on the influence economical and cultural globalization have had in the transmission of trends and the structure and behaviour of the industry. Firstly, fashion is one of the few cultural goods that we carry with us every day and have a role in our daily life, so the way trends are created and transmitted is affected both by changes in the diffusion of culture –as it happened with cultural globalization- and by changes in society. Secondly, fashion industry has, as every other, been affected by economic globalization. However, unlike any other industry, fashion produces ephemeral cultural goods, and so the production of clothes has also been affected by the new model of transmission of trends with cultural globalization.
This document is a thesis submitted to the Public Policy and Administration Department at the American University in Cairo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Public Policy degree. The thesis, written by Omkolthoum EL-Sayed and supervised by Prof. Khalid Amin, assesses the legal-institutional framework of the Egyptian governmental healthcare system to determine the extent to which it protects the poor from health-related financial burdens. The thesis provides background on Egypt's healthcare system, outlines its methodology, analyzes data on key public health programs in Egypt, and concludes with policy recommendations.
HEALTH MANAGEMENT EDUCATION IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH CARE POLICY ...suzi smith
Head, Centre for Social Studies, Institute of International Economic and Political Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Moscow 2003
Overview
The aim of this paper is to analyse the current state of health management education in Russia. It is discussed in the context of
-- recent public sector initiatives and
-- health policy and management
Traditionally in Russian health care public sector plays a leading role that makes particularly important the developments that take place in public administration as reflected in health care. Such an approach is not common to Russian experts for the variety of reasons that will be also examined further in this chapter.
• Please keep your three-day food record for three consecutive days.
• The days should include two weekdays and one weekend day.
• Select days that closely resemble your child’s usual eating habits.
• Each time he/she eats or drinks anything (meals, snacks, etc.) during the three days, write down what and how much was served and what and how much was eaten.
• To measure how much was eaten, use a set of measuring cups and spoons to help estimate amounts. Also see the examples below to estimate portion sizes.
• Note if food choices are homemade or purchased. Please include brand names whenever possible.
Healthy food is food considered to be beneficial to health in ways that go beyond a normal healthy diet required for human nutrition. Because there is no precise, authoritative definition from regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, different dietary practices can be considered healthy depending on context.
Foods considered "healthy" may be natural foods, organic foods, whole foods, and sometimes dietary supplements. Such products are sold in health food stores or in the health/organic sections of supermarkets.
I. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW? WHY DO STATES COMPLY WITH IT?
1. Defining International Law
Definition from Restatement Section 101:
- “‘International law,’ as used in this Restatement, consists of rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of states and of international organizations and with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical.”
Public International Law
- governs the activities of governments in relation to other governments
Private International Law
- governs the activities of individuals, corporations, and other private entities when they cross national borders
Entities that create international law:
- States
- International organizations (which are composed of states)
Purpose
Article 1: The purpose of this Law, in view of rights and obligations stemming from international and national law in matters of assuring marine safety and preventing marine pollution, is to establish;
a) The principles concerning response and preparedness for eliminating the risk of pollution, or for reducing, containing, or eliminating pollution in emergency incidences stemming from ships or operations of coastal facilities,
b) The principles for determining and compensating for damages resulting from an incident,
c) The principles concerning fulfillment of international commitments, and
d) Powers, duties, and responsibilities of the officials of institutions, organizations, ships, and facilities as stipulated in the Law, along with those of any (other) persons subject to the Law.
Scope
Article 2: This Law includes the authorities , duties and responsibilities of the Ministries , Public Authorities and liable parties of the ships of 500 gross tons or larger, that are carrying petroleum or other harmful substances and are already in or are requesting to enter an area of enforcement for any reason; along with the liable parties of coastal facilities performing operations that might cause pollution with petroleum or other noxious substances.
War ships, auxiliary war ships, along with any ships owned or operated by a state and used for noncommercial activities, shall not be subject to this Law.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT (ZVZD-1) GENERAL PROVISIONSsuzi smith
(introductory provision)
This Act shall lay down the rights and duties of employers and workers with respect to healthy and safe work and measures to ensure health and safety at work.
(2) This Act transposes into the legal order of the Republic of Slovenia the Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, which was amended by Regulation (EC) No 1137/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 adapting a number of instruments subject to the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty to Council Decision 1999/468/EC, with regard to the regulatory procedure with scrutiny — Adaptation to the regulatory procedure with scrutiny — Part One (OJ L 311, 21.11.2008, p. 1). Furthermore, this Act also partially transposes into the Slovene legal order the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2006/123/EC of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market (OJ L 376, 27.12.2006, p. 36).
(3) This Act shall also determine the competent bodies in the field of health and safety at work.
(4) Implementing regulations concerning health and safety at work shall be enacted by the minister competent for labour and the minister competent for the field to which a given implementing regulation shall pertain, after consultation with social partners within the Economic and Social Council.
(5) The employer shall ensure health and safety at work in accordance with this Act, other regulations and guidelines.
REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA LAW AMENDING THE LAW ON COURTSsuzi smith
This document is an amended version of Lithuania's Law on Courts. It establishes Lithuania's court system and outlines the jurisdiction, organization, and principles of the country's courts. Key points include:
- Lithuania has a unified court system consisting of courts of general jurisdiction (Supreme Court, regional and district courts, Court of Appeal) and courts of special jurisdiction (Supreme Administrative Court, regional administrative courts).
- The document defines the jurisdiction and composition of each court, from district courts up to the Supreme Court. It also covers principles of judicial independence, fair trials, and other rights.
- Self-governance of the courts is founded on representation and accountability of judicial bodies to ensure courts' organizational autonomy
Introduction
1. Rights shall be exercised and duties performed in good faith.
2. This Law is applicable to all legal issues, to which its text or interpretation relates.
Rights based on custom may neither set aside nor vary law. Rights based on custom are applicable in the cases specified by law.
3. Every civil legal relation shall be adjudged in accordance with the laws, which are in force at the time when such legal relations are created, varied or terminated. Previously acquired rights shall not be affected.
4. The provisions of this Law shall be interpreted firstly in accordance with their direct meaning; where necessary, they may also be interpreted in accordance with the structure, basis and purposes of this Law; and, finally, they may also be interpreted through analogy.
5. Where a matter is required to be decided in the discretion of a court or on the basis of good cause, the judge shall decide the matter in accordance with a sense of justice and the general principles of law.
6. The general provisions regarding obligations are applicable mutatis mutandis to family, inheritance and property legal relations.
This document provides an outline for the contents of an effective marketing plan. It details sections that should be included such as the executive summary, company background, market analysis, marketing strategy, and financial projections. The marketing plan outline provides guidance on what to include in each section, such as sales and profit objectives in the goals and objectives section, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the SWOT analysis. The document emphasizes that an effective marketing plan is backed by market research and shows how the strategies outlined will help the business meet its goals.
Social Networking Tools for Academic Librariessuzi smith
Social Networking Tools for Academic Libraries
Abstract
This is an exploratory study investigating the use of social networking tools in academic libraries. The major areas examined include the extent of use of social networking tools, library staff’s perceptions of their usefulness, and perceived challenges in using them. Considerations that influenced decisions to use or not to use social networking tools were also examined. Invitations to participate in a web-based survey were sent to the libraries of 140 universities from Asia, North America and Europe. Responses were received from 38 libraries, yielding a response rate of 27.1%. Twenty-seven libraries (71.1%) used social networking tools, five (13.1%) were potential users who planned to use these tools and six (15.8%) did not plan to use these tools at all. Facebook and Twitter were the most commonly adopted tools in university libraries. Most library staff had generally positive perceptions on the usefulness of social networking tools, but hesitancy among some library staff and limited participation of library users (i.e., students) were perceived to be hindrances. The findings of this study offer insights for academic librarians to use as basis for informed decisions in applying social networking tools.
Dividing the Debts in a California Divorcesuzi smith
My spouse ran up huge credit card debts during the marriage. In dividing assets and debts in the settlement agreement, who should be responsible for these debts?
In California, Family Code section 910 provides that the community is liable for all debts incurred during the marriage and prior to separation. It doesn’t matter whether the debt was incurred by one spouse for his or her own benefit or for the family. It also doesn't matter whose name appears on the bill or the credit card statements. If it was incurred during the marriage and prior to separation, it’s a community property debt and both spouses are equally liable. This means that when the parties are negotiating a settlement and tallying the marital balance sheet such debts should be divided equally. A better option might be that one spouse agrees to pay off the joint debts in return for a greater share of the community property. The spouse paying off the debts can at least make sure that joint debts are paid, because as long as debts are jointly owed both spouses are financially responsible to the creditors.
Credit Cards 101:
Teaching Young People the
Truth about the Plastic Peril
1. Results of Personal Finance Quiz (5 – 10 min)
a. Discuss with the students how they did as a group compared to the national averages. Questions you could ask them:
- Why do you think our class did better/worse than other students?
- What do you think these results indicate about your understanding of personal finance?
2. Credit Card Introductory Activity (10 min)
a. The goal of this activity is to see what students know and don’t know about Credit Cards…
b. Put up poster paper with the following questions. Give them 10 minutes to walk around the room and write either a response to the question, or a response to someone else’s answer.
- What is a credit card?
- Who can get credit cards?
- What are the advantages to having a credit card?
- What are the disadvantages to using a credit card?
- What should you look for when trying to choose the right credit card?
- What do I want to know about credit cards?
Law No. : 5411
Adoption Date : October 19, 2005
Official Gazette : November 1, 2005, 25983 re.
PART ONE
General Provisions
Objective
Article 1-The objective of this law is to regulate the principles and procedures of ensuring confidence and stability in financial markets, the efficient functioning of the credit system and the protection of the rights and interests of depositors.
Scope
Article 2- The deposit banks, participation banks, development and investment banks, the branches in Turkey of such institutions established abroad, financial holding companies, Banks Association of Turkey, Participation Banks Association of Turkey, Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency, Savings Deposit Insurance Fund and their activities shall be subject to provisions of this law.
The provisions of this law shall also apply to banks that have been established as per their special laws, on the condition to preserve the provisions of their special laws
The general provisions shall apply to cases for which provisions are not set out in this law.
Definitions and abbreviations
Article 3- For the implementation of this Law, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated below:
Relevant Minister: The Prime Minister or State Minister to be authorized by the Prime Minister,
Board: Banking Regulation and Supervision Board,
Agency: Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency,
Chairman: The Chairman of the Banking Regulation and Supervision Board,
Central Bank: Central Bank of Turkish Republic Inc. Co.,
Fund: Savings Deposit Insurance Fund,
Fund Board: Savings Deposit Insurance Fund Board,
Fund Chairman: The Chairman of Savings Deposit Insurance Fund Board,
Credit institution: Deposit banks and participation banks,
LAW ON STATE AND LOCAL PROPERTY CHAPTER ONE. GENERAL PROVISIONSsuzi smith
The purpose of this Law is to regulate relations arising
from the matters of powers of the legislative and
executive organs concerning ownership rights on state and
local property, level of authority of a legal person with
state property and its administration, principle and
regulations of activity of an organ implementing policy on
state property.
Article 2. Law's scope of effect
1. This law effects to the regulation of matters concerned
to the enjoying ownership rights on state and local
properties, specified in the Constitution and the Civil
Law of Mongolia.
2. This law shall not effect to the regulation of matters
concerning the composition, distribution and expenditure
of the State central and local budgets and State treasury
fond.
CHAPTER TWO. STATE PROPERTY ITEMS
Article 3. Concept and classification of state property
items
State property consists of state property for public use
and state's own property. State property for public use
and state's own property divides to immovable and movable
properties in accordance with the article 77 of the Civil
Law.
This document summarizes the key provisions of Mongolia's Law on Land from 2002. It establishes that all land in Mongolia is owned by the state except land given to citizens for ownership. It classifies land into categories including agricultural land, land in urban areas, land for infrastructure, forest land, and water resources land. It outlines the authorities and responsibilities of government bodies including the State Ikh Khural, Cabinet, and local governments in managing land use, planning, and dispute resolution according to the principles of public oversight, unified territories, fairness, and sustainable use.
The document outlines several key aspects of constitutional law and the Supreme Court's authority. It discusses the Supreme Court's power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison, allowing it to invalidate statutes that violate the Constitution. It also examines the Court's requirement of standing, mootness, and ripeness to hear cases and controversies, as outlined in Article III. The Supreme Court has authority to review state court judgments involving federal questions. However, the independent and adequate state grounds doctrine limits this if a state court decision was based on state law alone.
HOW UKRAINIAN AMBER IS ILLEGALLY TRANSPORTED TO POLANDsuzi smith
Raw amber, which is illegally mined in Ukraine, is unlawfully transported abroad. And it is successfully sold in Poland. These precious stones of organic origin are also popular in Russia and China.
The Volyn customs unit of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine said that people, in the majority of cases, have been hiding amber from customs control in their personal belongings. They are also using specially created storage units that are hidden in the frames of cars. These hiding places were previously taken apart.
According to information from the customs unit, amber that becomes the property of the state on the basis of a court decision is transferred to the “State Storage of Precious Metals and Precious Stones of Ukraine.”
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdfSunsetWestLegalGroup
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptxOmGod1
This PowerPoint presentation, titled "Capital Punishment in India: Constitutionality and Rarest of Rare Principle," is a comprehensive exploration of the death penalty within the Indian criminal justice system. Authored by Saif Javed, an LL.M student specializing in Criminal Law and Criminology at Kazi Nazrul University, the presentation delves into the constitutional aspects and ethical debates surrounding capital punishment. It examines key legal provisions, significant case laws, and the specific categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty. The presentation also discusses recent recommendations by the Law Commission of India regarding the gradual abolishment of capital punishment, except for terrorism-related offenses. This detailed analysis aims to foster informed discussions on the future of the death penalty in India.
Integrating Advocacy and Legal Tactics to Tackle Online Consumer Complaintsseoglobal20
Our company bridges the gap between registered users and experienced advocates, offering a user-friendly online platform for seamless interaction. This platform empowers users to voice their grievances, particularly regarding online consumer issues. We streamline support by utilizing our team of expert advocates to provide consultancy services and initiate appropriate legal actions.
Our Online Consumer Legal Forum offers comprehensive guidance to individuals and businesses facing consumer complaints. With a dedicated team, round-the-clock support, and efficient complaint management, we are the preferred solution for addressing consumer grievances.
Our intuitive online interface allows individuals to register complaints, seek legal advice, and pursue justice conveniently. Users can submit complaints via mobile devices and send legal notices to companies directly through our portal.
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
Reply of Latvia to the Questionnaire on protection of the rights of the child
1. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
Reply of Latvia
to the
Questionnaire on
protection of the
rights
of the child in the
context of the
migration
(in accordance with
the Human Rights
Council Resolution
12/6)
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1. Challenges in the implementation of the international framework for the
protection of the rights of the child in the context of migration, including
in relation to:
a) The situation of separated and unaccompanied migrant children
Procedure by which alien minors enter and reside in Latvia unaccompanied by parents
or guardians is prescribed in the Regulation No. 707 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Republic of Latvia (adopted on 16 April 2003) “Procedures by which Alien Minors
Enter and Reside in the Republic of Latvia Unaccompanied by Parents or Guardians”.
This regulation is issued pursuant to Section 7 of the Immigration Law.
The entry into and residence of alien minors in the Republic of Latvia shall be
documented and controlled by the State Border Guard, the Office of Citizenship and
Migration Affairs and the State Police in co-operation with the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Orphan's courts (Parish courts) and local governments.
In order to enter into the Republic of Latvia, an alien minor needs: 1) a travel
document, that shall be valid for entry into the Republic of Latvia; 2) a valid visa,
residence permit, a European Community long-term resident residence permit in the
Republic of Latvia, a residence permit of a family member of the European Union
citizen or for a third-country national, who has received a new travel document in a
foreign state – the previous travel document with a valid residence permit in the
Republic of Latvia; 3) a valid health insurance, which guarantees the covering of
expenses related to health care in the Republic of Latvia, including the conveying of
the third-country national back to the country of residence in the case of his or her
serious illness. The Cabinet of Ministers shall determine the cases when a third-
country national may enter and reside in the Republic of Latvia without a health
insurance policy; 4) absence of any other obstacles prescribed by the law or other
regulatory enactments for entry into the Republic of Latvia; 5) necessary financial
means in order to reside in the Republic of Latvia and return to the country of
residence or to depart to a third country to which he or she has the right to enter. The
Cabinet of Ministers shall determine the amount of necessary financial means and
how to determine the existence of financial means.
If an unaccompanied minor who does not have one of the above mentioned
documents wishes to cross the Latvian border but his identity is known to the officials
of the State Border Guard, in order to send this person to the corresponding country
the officials immediately get in touch with the competent institution in the country of
citizenship, country of residence or in the country where the relatives of the
unaccompanied minor reside, or in the country that is ready to accept the
unaccompanied minor and that is able to provide corresponding reception and care
(hereinafter – host country). Up to now the State Border Guard has not faced the
above mentioned cases.
If an unaccompanied minor whose identity is unknown wishes to cross the Latvian
border the official of the State Border Guard immediately begins to identify the
identity of the unaccompanied minor.
In 2008 in the territory of the Airport “Riga” 4 unaccompanied minors without any
identification documents were detained. Identification of persons was complicated as
they provided contradictory and false information about themselves and their parents
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as well as about the conditions of entry. While the identity of the unaccompanied
minor is being clarified, the State Border Guard places the unaccompanied minor in
the nearest structural unit of the State Police that is meant for minors.
There is a specially trained official of the State Boarder Guard who is appointed for
the work with unaccompanied minors (for example, to clarify the identity).
If a minor is a third-country national who has not reached the age of 14 years and is
not accompanied by parents or his legal representative illegally crosses the State
border of the Republic of Latvia or has in other ways violated the procedures for the
entry and residence of third-country nationals in the Republic of Latvia specified in
regulatory enactments, a State Border Guard official shall act so as to ensure the
rights and interests of the child in accordance with regulatory enactments regulating
the protection of children’s rights. An unaccompanied minor who arrives in Latvia in
order to receive asylum or alternative status shall submit an application to a border
guard at the border control point before entry into the Republic of Latvia. If the
unaccompanied minor is already located within Latvia application shall be submitted
to the territorial unit of the State Border Guard.
After receiving the application the official of the State Border Guard immediately
informs the custody court who appoints a representative to the unaccompanied minor
for the process of asylum granting. Specially trained officials of the State Border
Guard and the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs perform the negotiations
with the unaccompanied minor in presence of the appointed representative. The State
Border Guard sends the information obtained during the negotiations to the
Department of the Refugee Affairs of the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs
that makes a decision about granting or refusal to grant refugee or alternative status in
the terms indicated in the law. From 2002 to 2008 7 unaccompanied minors have
applied for asylum in Latvia.
A minor or an unaccompanied minor who is granted with a refugee status or an
alternative status must be granted with the following rights:
- According to the Asylum Law, an unaccompanied minor shall be accommodated at
an accommodation centre for asylum seekers, with a guardian appointed by the
Orphan’s Court or at a child care institution. A decision regarding accommodation of
an unaccompanied minor at an accommodation centre for asylum seekers, with a
guardian or in a child care institution shall be taken by the Orphan’s Court, upon
clarifying the opinion of the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs, taking into
account the interests and opinion of the minor in accordance with the age and maturity
thereof and observing the following conditions: 1) an unaccompanied minor shall be
accommodated together with adult relatives; 2) children from one family shall not be
separated, except in cases where it is done in the best interests of the children; and
3) the place of accommodation of an unaccompanied minor shall only be changed if it
conforms with the interests of this person.
A minor unaccompanied refugee who is not married has the right to take in his or her
mother and father who have arrived from a foreign country.
According to Law on Protection of the Rights of the Child, the child shall receive
protection and assistance irrespective of whether the child is accompanied by parents
or other adults or alone. The Orphan’s Court together with the local government’s
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social service and immigration institutions shall carry out measures to locate the
parents of a child and to determine what are the possibilities for the child to return to
his or her family. If it is not possible to find the parents, a child shall be provided with
the same care as any other child who has been left without parental care.
b) Access to social services (ensuring, inter alia, protection of the right to
health, housing, education, water and access to sanitation), including for
migrant children in an irregular situation
The state shall ensure the rights and freedoms of all children without any
discrimination – irrespective of race, nationality, gender, language, political party
alliance, political or religious convictions, national, ethnic or social origin, place of
residence in the state, property or health status, birth or other circumstances of the
child, or of his or her parents, guardians, or family members (Protection of the Rights
of the Child Law, Section 3, Paragraph 2). This principle of prohibition of
discrimination shall be applied also to migrant children, inter alia, regarding the right
to health and health services, right to benefit from social security, right to education,
child’s right to protection from all forms of violence etc.
The state provides social services and social assistance to Latvian citizens and non-
citizens and aliens who have been granted a personal identity number, except for
persons who have received a temporary residence permit.
Additionally certain types of social services and social assistance are being provided
also for persons, who have received temporary residence permit:
1) persons, to whom alternative status have been granted and the family
members thereof have the right to receive the services of overnight shelters,
shelters, information and consultation specified and the guaranteed minimum
income benefit (for an adult – 40 LVL per month; for a child – 45 LVL per
month);
2) Orphans and children left without parental care who have acquired alternative
status have the right to receive social care services and specific social
rehabilitation services:
− the social rehabilitation of persons with impaired vision and hearing;
− the social rehabilitation of children who have suffered from violence;
− the social rehabilitation in appropriate institutions for children who
have become addicted to narcotic, toxic or other intoxicating
substances;
− technical aid for the persons (persons with continuous or lasting
organism dysfunctions or anatomic defects have the right to receive
technical aids if they have received an opinion of a medical
practitioner regarding the need for the technical aids): 1. Disabled
children under the age of 18 years; 2. Children for whom the technical
aid is necessary to reduce or eliminate functional inability; 3. Persons
with anatomic defects — a prosthesis or orthopaedic footwear;
− the social rehabilitation of victims of the trafficking in human beings;
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− a support programme for children who have not been declared disabled
suffering from coeliac disease;
3) Victims of the trafficking in human beings, who are not European Union
citizens, and the minor children accompanied by them have a right to social
rehabilitation in the cases specified by the Law On the Residence of Victims
of the Trafficking in Human Beings in the Republic of Latvia; the right to
receive social rehabilitation services is also provided for victims who are EU
citizens as well as for his or her minor children accompanied by the person
(according to the Law on Social Services and Social Assistance).
The procedures by which social services provided by the local government are
received shall be determined by the binding regulations of the local government. The
local government in the territory of which a person has registered his or her main
place of residence has a duty to provide the person with a possibility to receive social
services and social assistance corresponding to his or her needs. With the
aforementioned exceptions this local government’s duty refers only to Latvian
citizens and non-citizens and aliens who have been granted a personal identity
number.
State social allowances are provided for Latvian citizens, non-citizens, aliens and
stateless persons to whom a personal identity number has been granted and who
permanently reside in the territory of Latvia. All such persons have the right to state
social allowances provided for caring for a child1
, if a personal identity number has
been granted to the children thereof. Persons who have received a temporary
residence permit in Latvia do not have the right to State social allowances (Law on
State Social Allowances, Section 4, Paragraphs 1, 2, 3).
On January 1, 2010 the Cabinet Regulations „On the Procedure how the Expense of
the Local Authorities are Reimbursed from the State Budget for Maintenance of
Unaccompanied Minors in the Day-care Centre and on the amount of these Expenses”
(adopted on December 22, 2009) came into force. The regulations define the
procedure how the expenses of the local authorities for the maintenance of
unaccompanied minor in the day-care centre are reimbursed form the State budget by
the Ministry of Welfare.
Concerning the child’s right to health services the Medical Treatment Law determines
which persons are eligible to receive health care services provided by the law (the
amount of medical treatment services paid from the State basic budget and from the
funds of the recipient of services):
1) Latvian citizens;
2) Latvian non-citizens;
3) citizens of Member States of the European Union, of European Economic
Area states and Swiss Confederation who reside in Latvia in relation to
employment or as self-employed persons, as well as the family members
thereof;
4) third-country nationals who have a permanent residence permit in Latvia;
1
Childbirth allowance, childcare benefit, care of disabled child benefit, remuneration for the care of an
adopted child, remuneration for adoption, State family allowance, as well as a supplement to the State
family allowance for a disabled child, guardian’s allowance for a dependent child and remuneration for
the fulfilment of guardian’s duties.
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5) refugees and persons who have been granted alternative status; and
6) persons detained, arrested and sentenced with deprivation of liberty.
Children of the aforementioned persons shall have the right to receive free of
charge the medical treatment services. Other persons shall receive medical
treatment services for a fee.
However emergency medical care shall be provided to everybody.
In order to support migrants’ children and their families it is crucial to develop
cooperation among different branches of policies, educational establishments, social
services, and asylum and immigration services. The content of education has to ensure
respect for diversity, intensive state language courses and e-programs for recently
arrived migrant pupils, adjusted study methods and programs as well as informative
materials for parents. It is vital to prevent segregation and facilitate progress of
migrant pupils.
Migrant pupils with special needs are evaluated by the state medical pedagogical
commission which recommends studies in educational institutions adjusted for pupils
with motion, hearing, vision and language disabilities.
The Asylum Law and normative acts of the Cabinet of Ministers provides the right to
receive an asylum in the Republic of Latvia. The status of an asylum seeker is granted
by the Office of Citizenship and Migration of the Ministry of the Interior. Education
to under aged asylum seekers is provided by the Ministry of Education and Science.
Under aged asylum seekers:
• obtain the obligatory primary education to the age of 18;
• can continue studies after the age of 18;
• have additional lessons of Latvian;
• receive financial support to purchase study books;
• get individual tutoring classes;
• if asylum seekers’ children attend minority schools they study their native
language.
From January 2008 to December 2009 acquisition of secondary school education has
been ensured to 7 minor asylum seekers.
In 2010 the Ministry of Education and Science has been developing adaptation
program for under-aged asylum seekers, guidelines for pedagogues and informative
materials for parents. The program provides for an additional number of Latvian
language lessons, social science subjects and individual tutoring classes.
The programs, guidelines and informative materials are financed within the
framework of the European Solidarity and Migration Flow Monitoring Program 2007-
2013.
The Ministry of Education and Science completes an agreement with the educational
establishment attended by the particular under aged asylum seeker. The Ministry of
Education and Science allocates additional funding from the state budget for the
pedagogues remuneration and purchase of study aids for asylum seekers.
Upon entering an educational establishment an under-aged asylum seeker submits
education documents (if available) and an application. According to the established
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procedure the principal has to admit a pupil who has studied abroad. The principal is
entitled to claim from the pupils documents that certify the content of their education
and the evaluation of their progress. If necessary, the school can test the pupil’s
knowledge to decide on the appropriate grade for the pupil. Upon agreement with the
parents of the child, the school can take additional measures to facilitate studies of the
child in Latvia such as, for example, individual consultations.
The Ministry of Justice is in charge of the European Fund for the Integration of Third-
Country Nationals under the Programme of Solidarity and Management of Migration
Flows in Latvia. The activities implemented within the framework of annual
programmes of the European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals
under the Programme of Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows promotes
access of third-country national immigrants to language training, labour market and
public services.
c) Legislative framework and practice in the context of detention and
repatriation, including mechanisms to ensure protection from
refoulement and to ensure family unity
The Ministry of Interior is the main state administration institution in the field of
internal affairs, which also develops and implements the policy in the field of
migration. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Welfare, Ministry of
Economics, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of
Justice, as well as state security institutions and local governments are also dealing
with questions of migration and asylum.
The Immigration Law of the Republic of Latvia and its subordinate Regulations
define procedure of entry, residence, transit, departure and detention of a third-
country national, as well as the procedure according to which third-country nationals
are held under the guard in the Republic of Latvia and expelled from it, in order to
ensure the execution of migration policy according to rules of international law and
state interests of Latvia.
On June 15, 2009 the Parliament of the Republic of Latvia adopted a new Asylum
Law which entered into force on July 14, 2009. This Law contains legal norms arising
from the European Union obligations such as:
1) European Union Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on
minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of
displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member
States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof;
2) European Council Directive 2003/9/EC of 27 January 2003 laying down
minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers;
3) European Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right
to family reunification;
4) European Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum
standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons
as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content
of the protection granted; and
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5) European Council Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on minimum
standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee
status.
In accordance with the Section 38 of the Asylum Law:
(1) A person who has acquired refugee and alternative status has the right to
reunite with family members who are located in foreign countries. A person who has
acquired alternative status has such right if he or she has resided in the Republic of
Latvia for at least two years after acquisition of such status.
(2) A minor unaccompanied refugee who is not married has the right to take in
his or her mother and father who have arrived from a foreign country.
(3) A family member of a refugee shall be issued a permanent residence
permit. A family member of a person who has acquired alternative status shall be
issued a temporary residence permit for the same period of time for which a
temporary residence permit has been issued to the person who has acquired alternative
status.
(4) The procedures for reunification of the family referred to in Paragraphs
one and two of this Section shall be determined by the Cabinet.
(5) The residence permit of a family member of a person who has acquired
refugee or alternative status shall be cancelled in accordance with the procedures
specified in the Immigration Law if the refugee or person who has acquired
alternative status loses or is being withdrawn the status granted thereto.
Section 46 paragraph 2 of the Asylum Law provides a right to reunite with family
members for a person who has been granted temporary protection. Temporary
protection in the Republic of Latvia shall be granted to a family member who arrives
in the Republic of Latvia in order to reunite with a person who has been granted
temporary protection.
On 26 January 2010 the Cabinet of Ministers adopted Regulation No. 74 „ Procedure
by which Reunification of Family is Provided for a Person who is Granted Refugee
Status, Alternative Status or Temporary Protection”.
d) Criminalization of irregular migration
-
e) Access to the right to identity, including birth registration
The birth of the child is registered in the Latvian Birth Register if the child is born in
the territory of the Republic of Latvia. The nationality of both – the child and parents
– as well as ethnic background, absence of residence permit or any other grounds can
not prejudice the registration of the birth of the child in the Latvian Birth Register.
The only condition which is taken into account is that the child should be born within
the territory of Latvia. The name and surname of the child is registered in Latvian
Birth Register according to the will of parents.
f) Protection of children left behind in countries of origin
-
2. Examples of best practices in the implementation of the international
framework for the protection of the rights of the child in the context of
migration, with particular regard to:
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a) National legislation, policies and practice, including mechanisms to assess
and address challenges in the implementation of the international
framework for the protection of the rights of the child in the context of
migration
At the legislative level, Latvia has joined several international treaties aimed to
protect children’s rights and interests in the context of the migration (cross-border
situations), namely, Convention of October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International
Child Abduction, Convention of October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law,
Recognition, Enforcement and Cooperation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and
Measures for the Protection of Children. At the same time Latvia has adopted
European Council Regulation (EC) No. 2201/2003 concerning jurisdiction and the
recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of
parental responsibility, repealing European Council Regulation (EC) No. 1347/2000.
b) Joint efforts and strategies available at the bilateral, regional and
international levels to assess and address challenges in the
implementation of the international framework for the protection of the
rights of the child in the context of migration
On bilateral level there is cooperation between the State Border Guard and countries
of origin and transit of immigrants, joint trainings with border guards of neighboring
countries. The bilateral agreements and understandings with third countries regulate
the cooperation of the State Border Guard with countries of transit of illegal
migration; agreements regarding the cooperation in the field of prevention and
combating of organized crime mostly envisage also cooperation possibilities in the
field of prevention and combating of illegal immigration.
On July 14, 2009, the Asylum Law has entered into force which, inter alia, provides
the implementation of the conditions of the European Council Directive 2001/55/EC
of July 20, 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event
of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts
between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences
thereof. The State Border Guard has developed procedures that shall be applied in
case of crises if there is a mass influx of asylum seekers in some EU Member State, in
order it would be possible to send officials of the State Border Guard to the relevant
Member State as assistants and thus implement more efficient solidarity with the
relevant country. Until now, Latvia has not been involved in activities of resettlement
and in the implementation of the resettlement programmes and also does not plan
such participation in the nearest future.
On the basis of the European Council Regulation No.2007/2004 of October 26, 2004
establishing the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at
the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, the State Border
Guard on a regular basis participates in joint operations and other activities in the
Member States, where the risk of illegal immigration has increased or where influx of
asylum seekers can be expected. In such case and upon a request of the FRONTEX,
well-prepared and experienced border guards are selected for the participation.
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On the basis of the European Council Regulation (EC) No.863/2007 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of July 11, 2007 establishing a mechanism for the
creation of Rapid Border Intervention Teams (hereinafter – the RABIT) and
amending Council Regulation (EC) No.2007/2004 as regards that mechanism and
regulating the tasks and powers of guest officers, the State Border Guard has assigned
21 border guards who upon a request of the FRONTEX, according to emergency, are
ready to be involved in procedures of border control as well as interviewing of asylum
seekers in Member States with increased risk of illegal immigration.
c) The work of National Human Rights Institutions and other relevant
stakeholders
The Ombudsman, who was elected by the Latvian Parliament in 2007, acts to protect
the rights and legal interests of a person in situations when State and municipal
authorities have breached the human rights defined by the Constitution and
international human rights documents. Inter alia, the Ombudsman pays attention to
the issues of the rights of children, including the migration aspect. Although,
comparing to the other aspects of the children’s rights, the scope and amount of
complaints on presumable violation of children’s rights in the context of migration
and identified problems has been relatively small. The activities of the Ombudsman
Bureau in the area of migrant children rights have been mostly of preventive nature or
the Bureau has tried to solve individual situations (for example, a successful case in
2009 is related to ensuring the right to education – the parents and the child who are
citizens of another country with a permanent residence permit in Latvia have been
requested by the educational establishment to pay fee for the studies of the child
because he is an alien. Only after the Ombudsman got engaged in solving this
situation, pointing to the Article 3 of the Law on Education of Latvia, which says that
every person who has received a permanent residence permit and their children have
equal right to acquire education, the solution was found allowing this child to acquire
the state funded education.).
The Ombudsman Bureau has been actively engaged in elaboration of the Asylum Law
of Latvia. With a view to make sure that the rights and well-being of migrant children
are ensured, the Bureau pays visits to the asylum seekers reception centre
„Mucenieki” and the detention centre for illegal immigrants „Olaine”. The
Ombudsman Bureau also provides consultations and participates in awareness-
raising events.
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