Religion Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe Nature of God View of Human Nature View of Good and Evil View of “Salvation” View of After Life Practices and Rituals Celebrations and Festivals Week 2 Hinduism and Jainism It is not clear whether Hindu has a specific founder or a specific date when it began. Jainism began in the sixth century through Mahavira Hindus believe that the cosmos consists of many deities and spiritual beings. Hindus believe that someone’s actions determine his or her life both current and future Hindus believe that good deeds have desirable effects while bad deeds have adverse effects. According to Hindus salvation means eternal stay in paradise and can only be obtained by Gods while Followers of Jainism believe salvation is a peaceful and action less existence. Hindus believe that when the soul dies, it moves into another body Shiva, Kundalini Yoga, Namaste greeting, hatha Yoga, Puja, Ayurveda Holi, Diwali and Mahashivarati. Week 3 Buddhism The Buddhism have neither a beginning nor an end. Buddhists do not believe in the concept of a personal God. Buddhists believe that man is made of feelings, mental formations, disposition, ideations and physical form. According to Buddhists, good and evil are inseparable aspects of life. There isn’t a clear belief about salvation yet. Buddhists believe that one is reborn into a different body Prayer wheels, Mudras and Mantras. Vesak, Magha Puja Day, Asalha Puja Day, kathina ceremony, Uposatha. Week 4 Daoism and Confucianism The world is seen as a vast intergrated part and not as discrete. There is a force called Tao in God’s stead. Man, is naturally good initially and changes to be evil when his or her wishes aren’t fulfilled Good is a result of people following their feelings while evil is a result of going against man’s feelings. Confucians do not believe in personal salvation. Confucians pay very little attention to what happens after death. Jiao Qing Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Race, Childern's Day and National day. Week 5 Shinto The beginnings are difficult to trace since the original forms have been altered by other forms shaped by political forces Shinto believe in a gods and goddesses called.Kami.kami simply means anything that is special Evil is brought into the world by evil spirits. Shinto believe in purity. Anything that draws people away from kami is impurity Believe that all living things have an essence, a soul or a spirit referred to as Kami and that Kami lives amongst us. Shinto believe that the spirit of human beings remains forever. Omairi and Kagura ritual dance Wedding, new year, child birth and coming of age. Week 6 Judaism The Jewish history begins with stories in the Hebrew bible also called Tanakh There is a strong relationship between Jews and God. They also believe that God grants special favors. Both men and women are equal in the eyes of God. In Judaism, there is no conflict between good and evil They believe man isn’t inherently sinful and that they do ...

1. Religion
Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe
Nature of God
View of Human Nature
View of Good and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations and Festivals
Week 2
Hinduism and Jainism
It is not clear whether Hindu has a specific founder or a specific
date when it began. Jainism began in the sixth century through
Mahavira
Hindus believe that the cosmos consists of many deities and
spiritual beings.
Hindus believe that someone’s actions determine his or her life
both current and future
Hindus believe that good deeds have desirable effects while bad
deeds have adverse effects.
According to Hindus salvation means eternal stay in paradise
and can only be obtained by Gods while Followers of Jainism
believe salvation is a peaceful and action less existence.
Hindus believe that when the soul dies, it moves into another
body
Shiva, Kundalini Yoga, Namaste greeting, hatha Yoga, Puja,
Ayurveda
Holi, Diwali and Mahashivarati.
Week 3
Buddhism
The Buddhism have neither a beginning nor an end.
Buddhists do not believe in the concept of a personal God.
Buddhists believe that man is made of feelings, mental

2. formations, disposition, ideations and physical form.
According to Buddhists, good and evil are inseparable aspects
of life.
There isn’t a clear belief about salvation yet.
Buddhists believe that one is reborn into a different body
Prayer wheels, Mudras and Mantras.
Vesak, Magha Puja Day, Asalha Puja Day, kathina ceremony,
Uposatha.
Week 4
Daoism and
Confucianism
The world is seen as a vast intergrated part and not as discrete.
There is a force called Tao in God’s stead.
Man, is naturally good initially and changes to be evil when his
or her wishes aren’t fulfilled
Good is a result of people following their feelings while evil is
a result of going against man’s feelings.
Confucians do not believe in personal salvation.
Confucians pay very little attention to what happens after death.
Jiao
Qing Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Race, Childern's Day and
National day.
Week 5
Shinto
The beginnings are difficult to trace since the original forms
have been altered by other forms shaped by political forces
Shinto believe in a gods and goddesses called.Kami.kami simply
means anything that is special
Evil is brought into the world by evil spirits.
Shinto believe in purity. Anything that draws people away from
kami is impurity
Believe that all living things have an essence, a soul or a spirit
referred to as Kami and that Kami lives amongst us.
Shinto believe that the spirit of human beings remains forever.
Omairi and Kagura ritual dance
Wedding, new year, child birth and coming of age.

3. Week 6
Judaism
The Jewish history begins with stories in the Hebrew bible also
called Tanakh
There is a strong relationship between Jews and God. They also
believe that God grants special favors.
Both men and women are equal in the eyes of God.
In Judaism, there is no conflict between good and evil
They believe man isn’t inherently sinful and that they don’t
have to get saved from sin. They still regard the concept of
repentance and forgiveness highly.
It is believed that after life one is able to see sages studying.
Simchat Bat, simcha and baby naming ceremonies
Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot.
Week 7
Christianity
The origin of the universe is derived from the life, teachings,
death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Christians believe in one God called God almighty who created
the heavens and earth.
Human beings are inclined to sin and that the only way to stop
sinning is by fully submitting themselves to Jesus.
It is the power of Satan that is responsible for evil and Gods
power is responsible for all good.
Christians believe in salvation through Jesus Christ.
Christians believe that there are two destinations for human
beings after death that is heaven and hell.
Public worship, Liturgy, confirmation and Eucharist
Christmas, Good Friday and Easter.
Week 8
Islam
Islam traces its roots to a patriarch called Abraham.
God knows everything and has created everything for a reason.
They believe in one God.
Every human being is part of a global family and that no one is
chosen. over the other.

4. Muslim understand good and evil according to the instructions
of the Quran.
Salvation is attained through the worship of God
Muslims believe that everybody’s account is opened at puberty
stage that will be used to determine eternal fate on the day of
judgement.
Muslims have few practices and rituals that are of great
importance.
Id-Al-Fatr ,Id-Al-Adha,Ramadhan and Ashura
Week 9
Sikhism
Sikhism was originally related to Bhaki movement within
Hinduism and a branch of Islam.
Only God existed when the world was void.
Human life is perceived to be a chance of merging together with
divine.
People are rewarded when they do good things and people who
do bad things suffer consequences.
Salvation is open for anyone who meditates to God regardless of
religion.
Sikhs believe in the reincarnation of the body when the soul
dies.
Baptism Amrit, Marriage Arand karaj and Naming children.
Sangrand, Gurprbs, funeral ceremony, Akhand Path, nam Karan,
Amrit Sanskar
Week 10
New Religious Movements
All that is created was the work of God
God maintains the position of being supreme.
Human beings are considered to be good.
Good and evil are relative depending on the individual
Salvation can be achieved by self only after understanding
individual godlikeness and goodness.
Consciousness persists even after death for further learning.
Baptism.

5. Wedding.
Marcia Sprenkle
1 posts
Re:Module 5 DQ 1
Compare and contrast the three components of Elkind’s
adolescent egocentrism: 1) imaginary audience, and 2) personal
fable, with Piaget’s formal operational thought. Discuss both
cognitive and physical changes that occur during these stages.
In Elkind’s imaginary audience, which is a consequence of
adolescent egocentrism, an adolescent sees themselves as the
object of others’ attention. In his personal fable, adolescents
believe they are unique in that nobody else feels the same way
they do. Elkind claims they are part of adolescent development
and a sign of cognitive immaturity, as it impairs their social
judgment. Adolescents begin to mature out of this stage as they
move from the beginning stages of formal operations or early
adolescence to middle adolescence around age 16 and formal
operations are consolidated. As adolescent’s mature and
cognitive changes occur, they are able to take into account other
people’s thoughts and differentiate those thoughts instead of
focusing on their own concerns. Girls are more aligned with the
imaginary audience in Elkind’s adolescent egocentrism with
higher scores of enmeshment, engulfment and separation
anxiety. Boys are more concerned with personal fable and self-
centeredness (Lapsley, 1993)
Reference
Lapsley, D. K. (1993, Oct). Toward an integrated theory of
adolescent ego development: the “new look” at adolescent
egocentrism. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(4),
562-571. Retrieved from

6. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=8267096&site=eds-
live&scope=site
Chris Traffanstedt
1 posts
Re:Module 5 DQ 1
The structural of Piaget and Elkind’s theory of adolescents are
foundationally similar in that they both see that adolescents
have assumptions that are not connected to reality (Berger,
2013). They both stress that the adolescent age is an age about
self. This can be good or bad as it is put into play but no matter
what, it is all about themselves.
Elkind’s first component is that of imaginary audience. This
position is that the adolescent believes that everyone is
watching them on a continual basis. The audience could actually
be there but the thoughts given to them may not be. Piaget’s
position is foundational to this position but it seems that Piaget
would argue that the adolescent would use more deductive
reasoning than Elkind would stress. Elkind would root the
adolescent egocentrism in fiction or fantasy. In some areas of
their life this creativity can be very healthy, however, in many
social setting it is very dangerous. Piaget’s hypothetical thought
(Berger, 2013) is similar but stresses growing into more
deductive reasoning which helps them move beyond the
hypothetical to exact conclusions.
Elkind’s second/third component is that of personal fable along
with invincible illusion. Both of these are about personal
constructions of a legendary life (Berger, 2013). The personal
fable is a belief that the adolescent life is absolutely unique;
there is no one life them and their distinctive problems. This
reflects Piaget’s stress of intuitive thought, which starts in the
area of assumptions, which is similar to a fable. The invincible

7. illusion is very similar to fable for it stresses that only bad
things (death, disease) happens to others. Overall, the key here
is that adolescents see themselves in a better light and those
around them see them in a darker way.
Both Elkind and Piaget stress that this early stage can be a good
thing for it brings about creativity and helps any given person
grow their thinking. The problem is that this thinking left to
itself leads to a boxed in life that keeps the person outside of
reality. The goal is to move beyond the fables and into reality.
Berger, K. S. (2013). Invitation to the life span (2nd ed.). New
York: Worth Publishers.
Tonya Klemmer
3 posts
Re:Module 5 DQ 1
Compare and contrast the three components of Elkind’s
adolescent egocentrism: 1) imaginary audience, and 2) personal
fable, with Piaget’s formal operational thought. Discuss both
cognitive and physical changes that occur during these stages.
The adolescent years are often believed to be some of the
toughest years in development. Elkind developed the theory of
adolescent egocentrism. He believed that there were two
related ideation patterns known as imaginary audience and
personal fable. According to Vartanian (2000), the imaginary
audience refers to adolescents’ tendency to believe that others
are always watching and evaluating them; the personal fable
refers to the belief that the self is unique, invulnerable and
omnipotent. These are the years that an adolescent is believed
to be self- conscious and become risk takers. Elkind believed
that adolescents felt that others were just as concerned with
their appearance as they are. They don’t realize that others
there age are experiencing the same things. Cognitively they
believe that bad things can’t and won’t happen to them. Piaget
believed that adolescence used formal operational thought,

8. which means they think about the real and the possible. As
reported by Ojose (2008), reasoning skills within this stage
refer to the mental process involved in the generalizing and
evaluating of logical arguments and include clarification,
inference, evaluation, and application. Therefore while Elkind
theory focuses more on the surface level type of thinking,
Piaget’s believed this stage showed the adolescent’s ability to
reason and think more critically.
Ojose, B. (2008). Applying Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Development to Mathematics Instruction. The Mathematics
Educator, 18(1), 26-30.
Vartanian, L. R. (2000). Revisiting the imaginary audience and
personal fable constructs of adolescent egocentrism: A
conceptual review. Adolescence, 35(140), 639.
Reply | Quote & Reply