SE4SG 2013 : MODAM: A MODular Agent-Based Modelling Framework Jenny Liu
SE4SG 2013 Presentation by Fanny Boulaire at 2nd International Workshop on Software Engineering Challenges for the Smart Grid.
Please cite our workshop at
Ian Gorton, Yan Liu, Heiko Koziolek, Anne Koziolek, and Mazeiar Salehie. 2013. 2nd international workshop on software engineering challenges for the smart grid (SE4SG 2013). In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE '13). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1553-1554.
SE4SG 2013 : MODAM: A MODular Agent-Based Modelling Framework Jenny Liu
SE4SG 2013 Presentation by Fanny Boulaire at 2nd International Workshop on Software Engineering Challenges for the Smart Grid.
Please cite our workshop at
Ian Gorton, Yan Liu, Heiko Koziolek, Anne Koziolek, and Mazeiar Salehie. 2013. 2nd international workshop on software engineering challenges for the smart grid (SE4SG 2013). In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE '13). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1553-1554.
Delivering major projects in government presentation,
Joanna Lewis & Chris Battersby,
London
23rd June 2016
The APM Benefits Summit.
APM Benefits Management SIG.
Accelerating the transition of new technologies into systems and products will be crucial to the Department of Defense’s development of a lighter, more flexible fighting force.
An insightful look at the key rules and regulations underpinning DUoS (Distribution Use of System) charges – typically 20 to 25% of the electricity bill. Learn about how the regulation is set and amended, opportunities and risks for your energy users, and get an update on recent and current changes and how they could impact you.
Drivers and Barriers in the current CSP marketLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will provide a general view of drivers and barriers for CSP development, with a particular focus on the structure of the CSP Value Chain. From a technical point of view, the main key performances will be reviewed for the different technologies.
Enhancing & Predicting Auto Reliability Using Physics of Failure Software Mod...Cheryl Tulkoff
Background
A leading U.S. automotive manufacturer initiated an update to their product qualification process to help accelerate development and deliver new products to market sooner. To accomplish this goal, the duration of the accelerated life test was reduced by increasing the severity and decreasing the duration of the temperature cycle.
During an initial trial of this updated qualification test on an electronic module, several components experienced failure. A failure analysis identified the failure mode as solder joint fatigue. Contrary to the original intent, these unexpected failures introduced significant delay as the two parties, customer and supplier, worked to determine the root-cause of these failures and their relevance to actual field environments.
Solution
To help accelerate this process, and provide quantitative findings, an analysis of the module design using Sherlock was performed. Sherlock Automated Design Analysis software uses a Physics of Failure analysis to allow design and reliability engineers to predict and prevent product failure earlier in the design process saving time, money, and improving product performance.
Results
Sherlock’s initial evaluation of the module design correctly predicted which parts would fail, confirming the field results of the accelerated life test conducted by the manufacturer. Results from Sherlock also helped both parties understand how the test environment related to ten (10) years of a realistic worst-case use environment. This information, provided by the Sherlock analysis in less than one day, allowed critical, time-sensitive product development to continue as originally planned.
The automotive manufacturer is now using Sherlock Automated Design Analysis to evaluate additional electronic module redesigns. The use of Sherlock will provide the manufacturer with rapid feedback on product design and enable them to deliver more reliable products to market in less time.
Today’s energy company is not the same company it was 30, 40 or 50 years ago. The Exelon family of companies has had a long history of proven reliability and performance that had to evolve along the way to meet customer demands. With the increased popularity of distributed generation (solar, wind, biodiesel, etc.) along with micro grids are helping to change the foundation of the traditional utility to meet the demands of our modern economy. Join Exelon Corporation as we explore the advances we’re taking to help build a stronger and smarter foundation for our customers and energy grid.
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: Power Systems Engineering Research and Development, presented by Dan Ton, DOE OE, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
ARC Advisory Group's 2014 European Industry Forum in the Netherlands included this interesting presentation from Willem Hazenberg of Stork on control system migration.
ARC's Larry O'Brien Process Automation Presentation @ ARC Industry Forum 2010ARC Advisory Group
ARC's Larry O'Brien Process Automation Presentation @ ARC Industry Forum 2010 in Orlando, FL.
Using Process Automation to Optimize Energy Consumption
The Cost of Energy
How Well is Energy Managed in Today’s Plants?
Using Your Process Automation Infrastructure
with an Eye Toward Optimizing Energy
Consumption
The Business Value of Integrated Power &
Automation
Enabling Technologies
Training Your People and Managing Knowledge
Moving Forward
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @...ARC Advisory Group
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @ ARC's 2011 Industry Forum by Craig Resnick.
Intelligent motor control & drives once provided a safe, flexible & centralized means to control & protect motors
•Today, these devices have evolved to ‘smart’ energy managers that bring advances ranging from complex drive systems to basic control of fan or pump motors
•In high demand where uptime & equipment reliability are critical, in applications where even a short period of downtime can prove extremely costly & damaging
•These devices perform critical protective & troubleshooting functions & detailed diagnostics to help improve productivity & minimize downtime
Variability from all kinds of sources effects solar project development. This is a review of potential sources and ways to reduce your project uncertainty.
Delivering major projects in government presentation,
Joanna Lewis & Chris Battersby,
London
23rd June 2016
The APM Benefits Summit.
APM Benefits Management SIG.
Accelerating the transition of new technologies into systems and products will be crucial to the Department of Defense’s development of a lighter, more flexible fighting force.
An insightful look at the key rules and regulations underpinning DUoS (Distribution Use of System) charges – typically 20 to 25% of the electricity bill. Learn about how the regulation is set and amended, opportunities and risks for your energy users, and get an update on recent and current changes and how they could impact you.
Drivers and Barriers in the current CSP marketLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will provide a general view of drivers and barriers for CSP development, with a particular focus on the structure of the CSP Value Chain. From a technical point of view, the main key performances will be reviewed for the different technologies.
Enhancing & Predicting Auto Reliability Using Physics of Failure Software Mod...Cheryl Tulkoff
Background
A leading U.S. automotive manufacturer initiated an update to their product qualification process to help accelerate development and deliver new products to market sooner. To accomplish this goal, the duration of the accelerated life test was reduced by increasing the severity and decreasing the duration of the temperature cycle.
During an initial trial of this updated qualification test on an electronic module, several components experienced failure. A failure analysis identified the failure mode as solder joint fatigue. Contrary to the original intent, these unexpected failures introduced significant delay as the two parties, customer and supplier, worked to determine the root-cause of these failures and their relevance to actual field environments.
Solution
To help accelerate this process, and provide quantitative findings, an analysis of the module design using Sherlock was performed. Sherlock Automated Design Analysis software uses a Physics of Failure analysis to allow design and reliability engineers to predict and prevent product failure earlier in the design process saving time, money, and improving product performance.
Results
Sherlock’s initial evaluation of the module design correctly predicted which parts would fail, confirming the field results of the accelerated life test conducted by the manufacturer. Results from Sherlock also helped both parties understand how the test environment related to ten (10) years of a realistic worst-case use environment. This information, provided by the Sherlock analysis in less than one day, allowed critical, time-sensitive product development to continue as originally planned.
The automotive manufacturer is now using Sherlock Automated Design Analysis to evaluate additional electronic module redesigns. The use of Sherlock will provide the manufacturer with rapid feedback on product design and enable them to deliver more reliable products to market in less time.
Today’s energy company is not the same company it was 30, 40 or 50 years ago. The Exelon family of companies has had a long history of proven reliability and performance that had to evolve along the way to meet customer demands. With the increased popularity of distributed generation (solar, wind, biodiesel, etc.) along with micro grids are helping to change the foundation of the traditional utility to meet the demands of our modern economy. Join Exelon Corporation as we explore the advances we’re taking to help build a stronger and smarter foundation for our customers and energy grid.
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: Power Systems Engineering Research and Development, presented by Dan Ton, DOE OE, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
ARC Advisory Group's 2014 European Industry Forum in the Netherlands included this interesting presentation from Willem Hazenberg of Stork on control system migration.
ARC's Larry O'Brien Process Automation Presentation @ ARC Industry Forum 2010ARC Advisory Group
ARC's Larry O'Brien Process Automation Presentation @ ARC Industry Forum 2010 in Orlando, FL.
Using Process Automation to Optimize Energy Consumption
The Cost of Energy
How Well is Energy Managed in Today’s Plants?
Using Your Process Automation Infrastructure
with an Eye Toward Optimizing Energy
Consumption
The Business Value of Integrated Power &
Automation
Enabling Technologies
Training Your People and Managing Knowledge
Moving Forward
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @...ARC Advisory Group
Energy Management and the Evolution of Intelligent Motor Control and Drives @ ARC's 2011 Industry Forum by Craig Resnick.
Intelligent motor control & drives once provided a safe, flexible & centralized means to control & protect motors
•Today, these devices have evolved to ‘smart’ energy managers that bring advances ranging from complex drive systems to basic control of fan or pump motors
•In high demand where uptime & equipment reliability are critical, in applications where even a short period of downtime can prove extremely costly & damaging
•These devices perform critical protective & troubleshooting functions & detailed diagnostics to help improve productivity & minimize downtime
Variability from all kinds of sources effects solar project development. This is a review of potential sources and ways to reduce your project uncertainty.
The history and nature of the traditional power grid is large-scale, bulk power generation concentrated at large power plants. The addition of DER (solar and wind) creates difficult control, subsystem management and safety challenges.
The DER Integration Testbed provides a simulated smart grid microcosm demonstrating many technologies and protocols: Data Distribution Service (DDS), Open Field Message Bus (OpenFMB), Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN), advanced analytics and how they can be combined and deployed in the field.
The merits of integrating renewables with smarter grid carimetRick Case, PMP, P.E.
A critical look at the response a grid will need with increasing penetration levels of Variable Renewable Resouces (VRRs) on a grid and the SMART solutions required to maintain grid stability.
Distribution Automation - Emerging Trends and Challenges Providing an overview of challenges, further providing a detail by introducing IEC 61850 standard and finally concluding by discussing the need of a maker approach or workshops thus enabling better skills and development at institutions.
Operational Efficiency Based on Innovative Automation, Industry Expertise, En...Sergey Mishin
Eastern Europe (Russian speaking) conference for #executives in #refining and #petrochemistry. The presentation describes why #automation is crucial for financial results changing #industries in a way similar to iPhone for personal life 10 years ago.
Offshore wind technology cost reduction one year on Bruce Valpy Feb 2013BVG Associates
Presentation to EWEA in February 2013 on the progress made in wind technology cost reduction following a year after the UK government white paper and the Crown Estate study into cost reduction possibilities
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
2. Why maintainability matters now
• Device design will determine reliability and maintainability
– But how reliable do devices need to be?
• Cost / benefit analysis of design options
– Base decisions on real wave data
• What is the most appropriate maintenance strategy?
– How can the value of test programmes be maximised?
• Consider maintenance systems as well as devices
• How can project risks be minimised?
• What kind of performance guarantee could be offered?
• Present costs are too high
– How will they change in future?
This presentation introduces methods and evidence
addressing all of these issues
3. Economic Model Structure
ReliabilityCriteria:
Breakdowns by season
Energy Output
loss per
breakdown
Energy Output
potential
per season
Capitalcost
OperatingFixed Costs
Cost per Breakdown
LevellisedCost
Calculation
Levellised
Cost
Energy Weighted
Availability
Wave time series data
MaintainabilityCriteria:
Hs limit for access,
Requiredwindow duration
Device
Power
Matrix
The model uses real wave data from two locations, and a real device
power matrix, together with appropriate cost estimates to determine
how the cost of energy is sensitive to all of these input factors
4. Annual Energy Output Variation
Resource data from M3 Wavebuoy
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
EnergyOutput(MWh) 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9
Peak Season 2006/7
had 36% lower output
than following year
• Major variation in output between years
– Increases project risk
• Uncertainty in output predictions
• Long-term resource data is essential
– Challenge for device performance assessment and guarantees
• Any device performance claims must be related to the actual resource
5. Relative Contribution by Month
Data from M3 Wavebuoy
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cumulative%ofyear'soutput
Months, ranked in ascending output order
2007 2008
Lowest 3 months:
10% of output
Top 3 months:
43% of output
• Highly seasonal resource
– Despite output smoothing characteristics of device
• Availability measures based on time are meaningless
– Downtime has almost no revenue impact in some months
– But could quickly lead to major revenue loss if swift repair cannot be
accomplished in peak generating conditions
6. Output losses while waiting for Access
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
Averagelosswaitingforwindow
(MWh)
Required Window Duration (h)
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5Hs Limit (m)
Data from M6 Wavebuoy, Peak Seasons 06-7 & 07-8
• Each curve shows the output losses occurring while waiting for an
access window of different Hs limit and duration
• Hs limit has much greater effect than duration
• This should guide design decisions
• For devices and their maintenance systems
• Measure output losses, not just waiting time
• Time isn’t money – output is!
7. Wave Resource and Access Limits
Data from M3, M6 Wavebuoys, 12 months from Oct ‘06, 15 year life, 15% Discount Rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5
Levellisedcost(p/kWh)
Number of breakdowns in peak season
M3 2.5m limit M3 4m limit M6 2.5m limit M6 4m limit
Change
+40%
+32%
+81%
+50%
• Levellised cost increases with higher device failure rates (obvious!)
• BUT rate of increase depends on how well maintenance capability
matches wave environment
• Affects project risk profile
• Must consider device and maintenance system together
• Note that lowest cost curves are from more energetic location (M6 site)
• Despite high production losses from limited access
8. Discount Rate and Project Lifespan
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5
LevellisedCost(p/kWh)
Number of breakdowns in Peak season
15% DR, 15 years 8% DR, 25 years
Data from M3 Wavebuoy, 12 months from Oct ’06, 4m Hs access limit
• Altering Discount Rate and Project Life to reflect
maturing technology reduced Levellised Cost by 40%
• No other performance or cost changes made
• Any lifetime cost claims must state Discount Rate and Life
• Otherwise comparisons are meaningless!
9. Evidence for future viability
• Experience will enable improvements:
– Reduced breakdowns + enhanced maintainability
• Enable arrays to be located in higher energy areas
– Improved energy capture / conversion efficiency
• Economies of scale
– Device manufacture
– Array infrastructure
• Increased investor confidence
– Lower discount rate
– Longer project life
THESE COMBINE TO GIVE MAJOR COST REDUCTION
• So while early arrays will require significant capital and
revenue support, there is a clear path towards
economically-viable wave energy
Increased
Energy
Output
Reduced
Capital
Costs
Reduced
Financial
Costs
10. Further Information
• This presentation was only an introduction
– Also available:
• Copy of conference paper
• Full in-company presentation
• Project-specific analysis
• Email me if interested:
• info@davidrmalcolm.co.uk
Editor's Notes
Cost of energy – hot topic. Usually one of first questions about any renewable technology.
“What’s it going to cost?”
No simple answer. Presentation will show how reliability and maintainability can have very significant effects on energy output and levellised cost.
Study is on offshore wave; similar issues apply to tidal and offshore wind
To understand LC, set up a model
Using real device performance data, real wave data, estimated costs and varying reliability and maintainability (access) criteria
2 outputs: LC and EWA
Will now review these stages, and their outputs
Was 2006/7 an outlier, or just an indication of normal variability
Challenge for resource assessment!
Challenge for device assessment – 2 years sea trials yet to be achieved by any offshore device
Challenge for revenue and maintenance!
Highly seasonal resource, despite Pelamis smoothing
Affects approach to maintenance:
downtime has almost no revenue impact in some months
but if failures occur in best months, and if unable to repair swiftly due to sea state, major revenue loss
Simple % time based availability meaningless; the value of time varies through the year
Output losses while waiting to carry out an intervention.
Each curve is for a different limiting significant wave height for intervention.
The x-axis shows different intervention durations.
The curves show how much output would be lost for a randomly-occurring breakdown
Significant wave height capability has major effect on losses while waiting – far more than window duration – guides design decisions now
Note units – MWh losses, not just time, recognising higher output in conditions that inhibit access.
Clearly, device failures increase levellised cost.
Rate of increase depends on how access capability matches the wave environment – if poorly matched, very severe impact
Note lowest cost curve comes from most energetic location – difference in resource is outweighing increased downtime.
This shows the effect of pricing the risk of new technology: without changing anything else, confidence in a technology reduced the levellised cost by up to 40%.
Discount rate has a significant effect on levellised cost data – vital for comparisons between data.
Clearly still need to achieve successful first generation!
Not underestimating challenge
This study has produced evidence that a heavily-supported first generation is not a blind alley, but leads to attractive possibilities in future.
Cost of energy – hot topic. Usually one of first questions about any renewable technology.
“What’s it going to cost?”
No simple answer. Presentation will show how reliability and maintainability can have very significant effects on energy output and levellised cost.
Study is on offshore wave; similar issues apply to tidal and offshore wind