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Rehabilitation 國考題 _Speech
R 吳易澄
•
失語症
失語症
世界上沒人懂我
失語症
世界上沒人懂我
• 一位 75 歲男性,因左側腦中風導致右半身麻痺及語言障礙,
他可以聽懂別人說的話,但是無法回答。若請他重述句子則沒
有困難;他最可能是下列何種失語症? (97-1-54)
1. 經大腦皮質運動性失語症( transcortical motor aphasia )
2. 經大腦皮質感覺性失語症( transcortical sensory aphasia )
3. 運動性失語症( motor aphasia )
4. 感覺性失語症( sensory aphasia )
• 一位中風後病患可講句子,對話語句順暢
( fluent ),但內容空洞,常併有亂語
( paraphasia ),無法覆誦( repetition ),無法
命名( naming )。請問此病患最可能之病變位置
為何? (97-2-60)
1.額葉( frontal lobe )
2.顳葉( temporal lobe )
3.頂枕葉( parieto-occipital lobe )
4.角廻( angular gyrus )
• 下列何者為傳導性失語症( conduction
aphasia )最常發生的病變位置? (102-1-
57)
1.弓狀束( arcuate fasciculus )
2.基底核( basal ganglion )
3.布洛卡氏( Broca )區
4.魏尼凱氏( Wernicke )區
• 某腦中風患者語言理解能力與說話流利度皆有
缺損,但是對於醫護人員給予的口頭指令,皆
可以完整重複說出。該病患最可能罹患那一種
類型的失語症? (102-1-69)
1.Wernicke 氏失語症
2.傳導性失語症( conduction aphasia )
3.Broca 氏失語症
4.皮質間性失語症( transcortical aphasia )
• 某病人於中風後有語言障礙,他表達語法錯亂(
agrammatic expression ),並伴隨著失用症
( apraxia ),除了抽象難度高的事務外,理解
力甚佳。他是屬於下列何種失語症( aphasia )
? (99-2-70)
1.表達性失語( Broca’s aphasia )
2.理解性失語( Wernike’s aphasia )
3.全面性失語( global aphasia )
4.命名性失語( anomic aphasia )
• 有關下列不同失語症( aphasia )患者之預後,何者最差?
(98-1-69)
1. 說話流暢,但答非所問,併有保存( preservation )現象
2. 說話不流暢,可理解指令,但需費力( effort )說話
3. 說話流暢,理解正常,但命名( naming )困難
4. 說話不流暢,可理解指令,伹有電報式語言( telegraphic
speech )
• 某中風病人合併失語症( aphasia ),不會講
話也聽不懂,但是他的覆述口 (repetition) 能力
卻完全正常,該病人屬於下列那一種失語症?
(102-2-57)
1.布羅卡( Broca )失語症
2.渥尼卡( Wernicke )失語症
3.傳導型( conduction )失語症
4.經皮質型( transcortical )失語症
• 下列有關失語症的相關敘述,何者錯誤?
1. 如中風發生位置在優勢大腦中腦動脈的主幹( middle cerebral
artery main stem ),病患有可能呈現 全面性失語症( global
aphasia )
2. 全面性失語症的病患其聽說能力異常,但讀寫能力是正常的
3. 交叉性失語症( crossed aphasia )係指慣用手為右手的病患,
當右側腦部有病變時產生典型失語症之症狀
4. 命名性失語症( anomic aphasia )常由其他類型失語症轉變而
來
Crossed Aphasia
• lesion in the right hemisphere in a right-handed
individual.
• Occurs in 1-2% of all aphasias, and characterised
by confusion, memory and attention defects, and
personality change (in addition to the usual
language deficits).
• Agrammatism is common, but comprehension
and naming tend to be preserved.
• 一位中風病患,理解能力完全正常,講話時啟動困
難,且需費力才能講出,講話語暢不順
( dysprosody ),同樣的字詞構音錯誤不一致
( articulatory inconsistency ),但會自我糾正。此
位病患最可能為下列何 種語言障礙? (101-2-70)
1. 渥尼克失語症( Wernicke’s aphasia )
2. 布洛克失語症( Broca’s aphasia )
3. 構音障礙( articulation disorder )
4. 語言失用症( apraxia of speech )
• 關於言語失用症( apraxia of speech )的敘述,何
者錯誤? (99-1-69)
1. 較常出現於優勢大腦( dominant hemisphere )的
病變
2. 常伴隨構音上的錯誤
3. 言語失用症並不是運動計劃( motor planning )執
行的問題
4. 自發性說話( automatic speech )的能力比起有目
的性的說話( purposeful speech )能力受到的影響
較少
Apraxia of speech(AOS)
• neurogenic communication disorder affecting
the motor programming system for speech
production.
• By the definition of apraxia, AOS only affects
volitional(willful or purposeful) movement
patterns, however in AOS usually also
automatic speech is affected
• Stroke-associated AOS is the most common
form of acquired AOS, making up about 60%
of all reported acquired AOS cases.
• Individuals with acquired AOS demonstrate
hallmark characteristics of articulation and
prosody (rhythm, stress or intonation) errors.
Apraxia of speech
the following five speech characteristics that an individual with apraxia
of speech may exhibit:
•Effortful trial and error with groping 常出現搜尋構音動作
•Self correction of errors 自我糾正
•Abnormal rhythm, stress and intonation 講話語暢不順
•Inconsistent articulation errors on repeated speech productions of
the same utterance 構音錯誤不一致
•Difficulty initiating utterances 啟動困難
• 有關「失用症」( apraxia )的敘述,下列
何者最為正確? (103-1-59)
1.言語功能也可能發生失用症
2.病人因不了解指令所以無法執行動作
3.病人多伴有感覺神經功能缺失
4.多因小腦受傷引起
Transcortical sensory
TS or Wenicke’s
TM or Broca’s
Broca’s
Broca’s
Angular gyrus
Arcuate fasciculus
語法
缺失
無力
模仿
多言癖
新語症
文法倒錯
言語錯亂
迂迴語
亂語症
患者會說出很長且流利的話語,
但卻不關連、缺乏語意且難以理
解。
有些失語症患者因無法提取想要表達
的詞彙,就會使用能說出的詞語迂迴
描述「目標物」的特色,而不自覺。
吞嚥困難
Dysphagia
吞嚥困難
我是 Oral phase
dysphagia!!
• 一位吞嚥困難病患,臨床主訴胸部灼熱感
( heart burn ),且併有食物卡住( food
sticking )之感覺,依吞嚥期分期,下列那一
期最可能受損? (101-2-55)
• 口腔期( oral stage )
• 口腔準備期( oral preparatory stage )
• 咽喉期( pharyngeal stage )
• 食道期( esophageal stage )
• 一位中風病人自中風發作後即出現吞嚥障礙,
他目前僅能緩慢地吞嚥半固體食物,喝水或果
汁時則很容易嗆到。此病人之吞嚥障礙應發生
在下列何階段? (102-2-69)
1.口腔階段( oral phase )
2.咽喉階段( pharyngeal phase )
3.食道階段( esophageal phase )
4.鼻腔階段( nasal phase )
• 一位腦中風患者喝水很容易嗆到,但吃較黏稠
的食物則沒有問題,且水溫較低較不容易嗆到
,此一患者最可能伴有下列那一種吞嚥障礙?
(100-2-68)
1.口腔動作不靈活
2.吞嚥反射( swallowing reflex )延遲
3.會厭軟骨( epiglottis )閉合不全
4.環咽肌( cricopharyngeal muscle )閉鎖
• 某老先生中風後常有喝水會嗆到的現象,
吃稀飯則不會。如要評估其吞嚥功能,下
列那一種檢查應優先考慮? (99-2-69)
1.Videofluorographic swallowing study
2.Chest X-ray
3.Brain MRI
4.Laryngoscopy
• 一位腦中風病患發生明顯吞嚥困難( dysphagia )
,下列何種診斷檢查對吞嚥復健治療最有幫助?
(96-1-70)
1. 光纖內視鏡檢查( fiberoptic endoscopic examination
of swallowing )
2. 錄影螢光攝影檢查( videofluorographic swallowing
study )
3. 口腔咽喉反射檢查( oropharyngeal reflex test )
4. 咽喉肌電圖檢查( electromyographic examination of
laryngeal muscles )
swallowing reflex test:
病人需是清醒,且可配合指令動作。
患者 SaO2 > 90% ,無明顯的呼吸急迫或聲帶 / 咽喉功不足,不需
使用 氣面罩或呼吸器。氧
患者近 3 天內無疑似吸入性肺炎症狀。
在測試前先依標準程序清潔口腔,以避免在測試中 入食物嗆 / 分
泌物。
先給病人 2 ml 的水,觀察否有問題,並重複相同步驟 3 次
若無發生吞嚥障礙,再將測試的水量依序增加至
2~4ml 、 5~9ml 、 > 10 ml
若受測者在任一過程中會 到,則中止測試並記錄吞嚥時的反應嗆
hyoid elevation
cough
voice gagling
螢光 嚥攝影檢吞 查
• 目的 : 確定患者吞嚥功能上 , 解剖與神經肌肉生理之障礙
• 方法 : 利用食物混合 劑,讓病人鋇 吞嚥不同濃度之 鹽液的流鋇
向 ( 稀 液鋇 (thin liquid) 、濃鋇 (thick liquid) 、膏狀 液鋇
(paste) 、餅乾,再用 X 光螢光機看看食物在吞嚥時的動作是否
順利,以了解口腔期、咽喉期、食道期中,食物移動的協調有
無異常的情況。
• 優點 : 可觀察不同階段之完整動態吞嚥及吞嚥反射資料,可觀
察不同食物濃度對吞嚥的影響。
• 限制 : 需病人可坐姿並配合吞嚥,有可能造成吸入性肺炎,需
暴露於 X 光。
光纖鼻咽 視鏡 嚥檢內 吞 查
• 目的 : 評估鼻咽、口咽、下咽與喉部聲門解剖構造與神經
感覺 , 及吞嚥反射前後之生理機轉
• 方法 : 將光纖鼻咽喉鏡由鼻腔底部置入
• 缺點 : 無法觀察口腔階段及吞嚥反射當時之情況 , 獲得完
整之動態吞嚥生理資料
• 下列有關吞嚥困難( dysphagia )之敘述,何
者最不正確? (95-1-72)
1.吞嚥困難的病患常發生吸入性肺炎
2.吞嚥困難的腦中風病人,一般而言其功能性活
動較差
3.單側腦中風的病人一邊口腔咽喉正常,故不會
發生吞嚥困難
4.吞嚥困難常發生於腦幹中風( brain-stem
stroke )的病人
• Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) has an overall prevalence of 25–
65% in stroke patients:
– 67% of brainstem strokes
– 28% of all left hemispheric strokes
– 21% of all right hemispheric strokes
• More common in bilateral hemisphere lesions than in unilateral
hemisphere lesions.
• More common in large-vessel than in small-vessel strokes.
• Delayed pharyngeal swallow is the most common cause (Veis,
1985).
• 下列何種姿勢可以最有效地改善中風偏癱病人
的吞嚥障礙( dysphagia )? (94-1-94)
1.將頭部前傾、下巴收攏( chin tuck )
2.將頭部轉向健側邊( turning the head to the
stronger side )
3.將頭部傾向患側邊( tilting the head toward the
affected side )
4.將頭部後仰,下巴前伸( neck extension )
嚥障礙治療吞
吞嚥障礙原因 進食姿勢 原理 最容易進食的
食物性質
舌頭後推食團能
力下降
頭向後仰 使用重力以排空口腔 液體
延遲 動咽部期啟
吞嚥
低頭 擴大會厭谿並預防食團進入
呼吸道窄縮呼吸道入口
濃稠液體
舌底部後送不足
,會厭谿有殘留
物
低頭 將舌根往後推向咽壁 液體
直接治療直接治療
以口腔進食方式,選擇最佳的吞嚥姿勢,依患者吞嚥
困難原因,調整進食方式
吞嚥障礙類別 進食姿勢 原理 最容易進食的
食物性質
單側喉部功能
異常
低頭
頭轉向患側
將會厭軟骨推向後方的保護位
置,窄縮呼吸道入口
藉外部推力增強聲帶閉合,窄
縮呼吸道入口
液體
喉部閉合不足 低頭 將會厭軟骨推向後方的保護位
置,窄縮呼吸道入口
布丁和糊狀食
物
咽部收縮不良 側躺 改變咽部殘留物的重力方向 液體
單側咽部麻痺 頭轉向患側 轉咽部,減少食物通過咽部扭
患側
液體
環咽功能異常 低頭 將環咽軟骨推離後咽壁,將地
環咽縮靜止的壓力
液體
 
特殊 嚥治療法吞
A. 上聲門吞嚥法:
將咀嚼好的食物含在口中,深呼吸並屏住呼吸,然後用
力吞,吞嚥後馬上咳嗽。
B. 用力吞嚥法:
吞嚥時,使用口腔與咽喉肌肉用力向後吞。
C. 低頭吞嚥法:
將食物放入口腔,咀嚼食物後,低頭用力吞嚥。
D. 孟德生吞嚥法:
吞嚥時深呼吸,將喉部上抬到最高位置的時間拉長,以
爭取吞嚥時呼吸道的安全時間。
• 下列有關於吞嚥困難的敘述,何者錯誤? (102-2-68)
1. 頭頸部接受放射線治療後,可能造成附近組織纖維化而導致呑
嚥困難
2. 如發生胸部吞嚥困難( thoracic dysphagia ),其由食道功能障
礙所造成的機率極高
3. 孟德森手法( Mendelsohn maneuver )會減少上食道括約肌打
開的程度及打開的時間
4. 吞嚥中有大於五十條肌肉( more than 50 muscles )序列性的興
奮及抑制( sequential excitation and inhibition )
• Compensatory Strategies
– Chin tuck: provides airway protection by
preventing entry of liquid into the larynx
– Head rotation: Turn the head to the paretic side.
– Head tilt: uses gravity to guide bolus into
ipsilateral pharynx.
• Compensatory Strategies
– Supraglottic swallow: concomitant breath holding and
swallowing closes the vocal folds to protect the
trachea.
– Super supraglottic swallow: adds Valsalva maneuver
to maximize vocal fold closing.
– Mendelsohn maneuver: patient voluntarily holds the
larynx at its maximal height to lengthen duration of
cricopharyngeal opening.
• 一位腦中風導致右側半身麻痺及吞嚥障礙
的病人,餵食時應將食物置於口腔之何處
最為恰當? (93-2-36)
1.右側
2.左側
3.舌尖
4.舌根
• 下列何者屬於嗓音疾病 (voice disorder)?
(103-1-71)
1.發音障礙 (dysphonia)
2.失用症 (apraxia)
3.構音困難 (dysarthria)
4.失語症 (aphasia)
Rehabilitation國考題 speech

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