SECTION II: CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT “The new Industrial Emissions Directive and waste-to-energy” by Ms. Heidelore Fiedler, Scientific Officer of the Chemicals Branch at DTIE (Division of Technology, Industry and Economics), United Nations Environment Programme, Switzerland

1. Stockholm Convention
– Dioxin Inventories
Dr. Heidelore Fiedler
UNEP/DTIE Chemicals Branch
11-13, chemin des Anémones
CH-1219 Châtelaine (GE), Switzerland
E-mail: heidelore.fiedler@unep.org
31 March, 2011 1
Stockholm
Convention on
Persistent
Organic
Pollutants
(POPs)
Entered into force on
17 May 2004
Today, has 170 parties
www.pops.int

2. Dioxin inventories (SC)
Development and maintenance of inventories of
releases of unintentional POPs (= polychlorinated
dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans, PCDD/PCDF) a requirement for parties
(n=172 = legally binding obligation);
National action plan to be updated every five years;
Guidance developed and COP-endorsed through
Expert Group on review and updating of the Toolkit
Harmonized reporting format developed;
Expert Group recommends to include BAT/EP process
into Toolkit process.
Dioxin Inventories: 1995 vs. 2007
1995 emissions: AUT, BEL, BGR, CDN, CYP,
CZE, DEN, FIN, FRA, GER, HUN,
15 developed countries = ca.IRE, JAP, LVA, NLD,per year
10,500 g TEQ NZL, NOR,
Emissions to air predominantlySLK, SVN, SWE, CHE, TWA,
GBR, USA
2005/2009 releases:
ca. 20 developed countries - 800 million population
ca. 14,700 g TEQ per year to air
ca. 16,500 g TEQ per year in total
62 (most) developing countries - 2.6 billion population
ca. 22,700ARG, ARM, AUS, AZE, BLR, BEN, BRN, BFA, BDI, KHM,
ALB, g TEQ per year to air
ca. 48,500 g TEQ per year inCUB, DJI, ECU, ETH, FJI, GAB,
CHL, CHN, HKG, CIV, HRV, total
GMB, GHA, IDN, IRN, JOR, KEN, LAO, LBN, LBR, LTU, MKD,
MDG, MLI, MUS, MDA, MAR, NPL, NZL, NIC, NGA, NIU, PAN,
PRY, PER, PHL, ROM, WSM, SYC, SVN, LKA, SDN, SYR,
TJK, TZA, THA, TGO, TUN, URY, VNM, ZMB

3. Source Distribution per Country
PCDD/PCDF (TEQ), Reference year around 1995; mainly developed countries
100%
80% Ot hers
Mineral Prod.
Road T ransport
60% Wast e Incin.
Small Comb. Units
Ind. Comb. Plant s
Power Plants
40%
Non-ferr. Metals
Iron& St eel
20%
0%
AUS
S
B
A
CH
CAN
D
DK
HGK
HUN
JPN
SK
UK
USA
F
NL
NZ
Methodology to establish
complete, comparable
PCDD/PCDF
Inventories
(250 pages + EXCEL file)
Updating and review process
mandated by Conference of the
Parties, started in 2006
some new emission factors
proposed for COP-5 (April 2011)
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pcdd_activities/default.htm

4. Recommendations of Toolkit experts
Process for Toolkit review and updating is adequate, should
continue.
New information shared through the Stockholm Convention
clearing-house mechanism and the UNEP Chemicals website.
Parties be aware that formation of PCDD/PCDF is accompanied
by releases of other unintentional POPs, and their minimization or
elimination can be achieved by the same measures.
Assessment activities at the country level should thus focus on
PCDD and PCDF as “indicative for unintentional persistent
organic pollutants” as a basis for identifying and prioritizing
sources of all unintentional persistent organic pollutants.
Parties should be encouraged to use the Toolkit (according to the
source categories listed in Annex C to the Convention, grouped
into the source groups specified in the Toolkit).
COP.5/11
Category 2f - Lead
COP.5/11

5. Household cooking/heating–fossil fuels
COP.5/11
Summary (n=62) – Actual Status
Air Water Land Product Residue
22,688 1,129 5,855 4,879 13,927
47% 2% 10% 12% 29%
Grand total 48,478
• Most dioxins go to air ⇒ LRT
g TEQ per year, n=62 • Least dioxins go to water (directly)

6. Air Emissions per capita and year
Annual Release to Air (ug TEQ per capita)
107 ug, Niue
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Emissions to air – Toolkit
Release to air (%)
100%
80%
Cat 8
Cat 7
60%
Cat 6
Cat 5
Cat 4
Cat 3
40%
Cat 2
Cat 1
20%
0%

7. Release per vector (%) Air Water Land Product Residue
Total releases of
Av e
VNM
T UN
PCDD/PCDF
T HA
T JK
SDN
(TEQ) according to
SVN
WSM
PHL
vector and country.
PRY
NI U
NI C
NPL
M DA
MLI
M KD
LBR
LAO
JOR Releases to air and in
I DN
GM B
FJ I
residues are dominating
ECU
CUB (exception = Moldova)
CI V
CHN
KHM
BFA
BEN
AZE
ARM
ALB
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Annual releases from all source groups

8. NZL
CIV
ETH
AZE
L BN
LTU
GA B
N IU
Dendrogram: percentage of source
BEN
BRN
FJI
group to air release inventory
SY C
DJI
WSM
HRV
HKG
CUB
CHL
Countries cluster according to
MUS
VNM
PHL source categories
TJK
BL R
ROM
CHN
SV N
MLI
MA R
Category 6 has largest influence on
MDG
L AO
IRN
TGO
classification
BFA
ZMB
ARG
PRY
MKD
JOR
KHM
LKA
PA N Cat3
TZA
TUN Cat2
AL B Cat10
N IC
MDA Cat9
SDN
KEN Cat7
L BR Cat8
GMB
GHA Cat4
SY R
NGA Cat5
BDI
Cat1
IDN
A US Cat6
PER
URY 0 329386
THA
ECU
NPL
0 1505 03
Toolkit Source Group 6 = Open Burning
Category 6 of the UNEP Dioxin Toolkit
addresses
Open burning of biomass (forest fires, sugarcane
burning, etc.)
Open burning of municipal waste
Often >60% in national release
inventories in developing countries
(← high activities or relatively high
emission factors in the Toolkit)

9. Open burning - % in air inventory
n = 61
6A 6B Cat 6
Country
Argentina
Belarus
Country
ARG
BLR
Air
203
0.12
Land
162
1.06
Total 6a
365
1.18
Air
353
0.04
Land
706
0.04
Total 6b
1,059
0.08
Total 6
1,424
1.26
PCDD/PCDF
Bolivia BOL 399 133 532 0 0 0 532
Cameroon
Chile
CAM
CHL
943
13.5
0
15.8
943
29.3
0
4.4
0
4.37 8.77
0 943
38.1
as TEQ
China CHN 16.7 953 970 0 0 0 970
Costa Rica CRI 58.1 19.6 77.7 93 91 184 262
Cote D'Ivoire CDO 7.50 6.00 13.5 220 0 220 234
Croatia HRO 2.20 1.70 3.90 0 0 0 3.90
Cuba CUB 8.67 3.7 12.4 39.7 24.1 63.8 76.2
Dominican Republic DOM 64.5 21.5 86.0 0.34 0.62 0.96 87.0
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
GUA
HTI
HON 21.2
0
43.5
0
14.5
12.5
58.0
33.7
0 327
0.04
140
196
0.04
246
523
0.08
386
523
58.1
420
Split 6a
Iran IRN 95.3 31.8 127 706 0 706 833
Jordan
Liberia
Lithuania
JOR
LIB
LIT
0.18
22.5
0.86
0.07
7.50
0.3
0.25
30.0
1.16
160
51
12.9
1.88
120
13
52.9
280
25.9
53.1
310
27.1
(biomass)
Malaysia MAL 0 0 0 1.28 1.18 2.46 2.46
Mauritius
Mongolia
Montenegro
MAU
MON
MTG
0.09
0
0.12
0.33
0.04
0.09
0.42
0.04
0.21
1.98
17.4
0.12
3.06
34.9
0.09
5.04
52.3
0.21
5.46
52.3
0.42
and 6b
Morocco
Nicaragua
Nigeria
MOR
NIC
MIG
0.28
6.42
152
0.22
3.10
121
0.50
9.52
273
135
166
2,600 2,400
30
300
165
466
5,000
166
476
5,273
(waste)
Pakistan PAK 0 0 0 313 626 939 939
Paraguay PGY 22.4 8.5 30.9 38.7 76.2 115 146
Peru PER 115 61.5 177 3.58 3.44 7.02 184
Russia RUS 171 137 308 1,050 630 1,680 1,988
Rwanda RW A 1.13 1.85 2.98 45.7 12.7 58.4 61
Serbia SEB 0.15 0.17 0.32 84.1 94.0 178 178
Seychelles
Syria
Tajikistan
SEY
SYR
TAJ
0.006
0.002
0
0.003
0.002
0
0.009
0.004
0
0.38
339
3.97
0.74
208
7.42
1.12
547
11.4
1.129
547
11.4
42 countries
Tanzania TNZ 227 181 408 124 48.1 172 580
Thailand
Tonga
Uganda
THA
TON
UGA
19.9
0
0
6.64
0.03
1.97
26.5
0.03
1.97
124
0
0
236
3.16
492
360
3.16
492
387
3.19
494
8 report 0
Ukraine UKR 0.23 0.18 0.41 0 0 0 0.41
Uruguay URU 4.28 1.79 6.07 3.37 6.1 9.47 15.5
Venezuela Venezuela 54.1 37.6 91.7 307 0 307 399
Vietnam Vietnam 13.2 5.33 18.5 10.6 9.16 19.7 38.2
Grand Total Grand Total 2,686 1,953 4,640 7,478 6,626 14,102 18,741

10. Source Group 6 (g TEQ per year n=42)
Source Group 6a and 6b Releases
3,000
Total 6a
2,500
Total 6b
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Release vector and source category
Source group 6
1.200
1.000
0.800
%
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
B-Air B-Land W-Air W-Land

11. Open burning of biomass
COP.5/11

12. Rural waste in China
China, high ash content
Urban waste in Mexico
xxx
New sampler developed for
sampling fumes from open
burn events:
High-volume sampler with
sampling head downwards;
filter and PUF cartridge

13. Mexico Rural waste; poor combustion

14. Mexico urban industrial, very good combustion
Open burning of waste
COP.5/11

15. Muchas gracias
Further information
Stockholm Convention WebPage:
www.pops.int
UNEP Chemicals:
www.chem.unep.ch