The physics syllabus covers 11 topics related to mechanics, properties of matter, heat, thermodynamics, oscillations and waves, electricity and magnetism, modern physics, and gravitation. The topics include mathematical physics, measurements, vectors, kinematics, Newton's laws of motion, work and energy, rotational dynamics, gravitation, electrostatics, and more. Concepts are explained through definitions, formulas, examples, and diagrams. The syllabus provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts and equations required to study physics for the JEE 2024 exam.

1. Physics Syllabus JEE 2024
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2. Topic 1 – Mathematical Physics
• General Mathematics: A Review
• Algebra
• Multiplying Powers of a Given Quantity
• Powers of Ten
• Arithmetic Progression (AP)
• Geometric Progression (GP)
• Coordinate Geometry
• Measurement of Positive and Negative Angles
• Factorial
• Series Expansions
• Function: An Introduction
• Representation of a Function
• Slope of a Line
● Definition of Differential
● Mathematical Definition
● Geometrical Interpretation of Derivative Rules of
Differentiation
● Important Differential Formulae
● Applications of Derivative
● Increasing and Decreasing Function
● Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function
● dy/ dx as Rate Measure Integration: An
Introduction Rules for Integration
● Derivative of a Function
● Concept of Limit of Functions: Meaning of the
Symbol x → a

3. Topic 2 – Measurements and General Physics
• Scientific Process
• Measurement of a Physical Quantity
• Fundamental and Derived Units
• System of Units Dimensions
• Dimensional Formula
• Dimensional Equation
• Dimensions of Some Physical Quantities
• Quantities Having Same Dimensions
• Symbols
• Principle of Homogeneity and Uses of Dimensional Analysis
• Conversion of Units from One System to Another
• To Derive the New Relations
• Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
● Least Count
● Significant Figures
● Rounding Off
● Precision and Accuracy of a Measurement
● Significant Figures in Calculations: Few Examples
● Order of Magnitude: Revisited
● Order of Magnitude
● Errors in a Repeated Measurement
● Mean Value
● Standard Deviation (σ)
● Standard Error in the Mean
● Absolute Errors
● Relative and Percentage Error
● Combination or Propagation of Errors
● Vernier Calliper

4. Topic 3 – Vectors
• Geometrical Definition
• Types of Vector
• Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors
• Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors
• Triangle Inequality
• Polygon Law of Vector Addition
• Properties of Vector Addition
• Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
• Properties of Multiplication of Vector by a Scalar
• Position Vector
• To Find AB if the Position Vectors of Points A and B are
Known
• Subtraction of Vectors
• Rectangular Components in 2-D Space
● Rectangular Components in 3-D Space
● Vector Multiplication of 2 Vectors
● Dot Product
● Geometrical Interpretation
● Physical Interpretation
● Cross Product or Vector Product
● Geometrical Interpretation of Cross Product
● Physical Interpretation
● Directions
● Lami’s Theorem
● Scalar Triple Product (STP)
● Geometrical Interpretation of Scalar Triple Product
● Properties of Scalar Triple Product
● Vector Triple Product (VTP)

5. Topic 4 – Kinematics I
• Rectilinear Motion and Motion Under Gravity
• Introduction to Classical Mechanics
• Concept of Point Object (Particle Model)
• Concept of Reference Frame
• Distance and Displacement (Relative Position Vector)
• Properties of Displacement
• Average Speed and Average Velocity
• Concept of Average Speed
• Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity
• Factors Affecting Acceleration of a Body
• Uniformly Accelerated Motion Systems
• Directions of Vectors in Straight Line Motion
• Reaction Time
● Equations of Motion for Variable Acceleration
● Graphical Interpretation of Some Quantities
● Motion with Uniform Velocity
● Graphs in Uniformly Accelerated Motion (a ≠ 0)
● Interpretation of Some More Graphs
● Interpretation of Graphs of Various Types of
Motion
● Graphs
● Vertical Motion Under Gravity
● Motion in a Plane and Relative Velocity
● Motion in a Plane: An Introduction
● Relative Motion
● Relative Motion in One Dimension
● Relative Acceleration
● Equations of Motion in Relative Velocity Form
● Relative Motion in Two Dimension
● Relative Motion for Bodies Moving Independently
● Relative Motion for Bodies Moving Dependently

6. • Velocity of Approach/Separation in Two Dimension
• Where to Apply the Concept of Relative Motion?
• Distance of Closest Approach Between Two Moving Bodies
• Relative Motion in River Flow (One-dimensional Approach)
• River Problem in One Dimension
• Category 2: River-boat Problems or River-swimmer Problems
• Condition for the Swimmer to Cross the River in the Minimum
Possible Time
• Condition for Zero Drift or Condition to Reach the Opposite
Point
• Condition When the Boatman Crosses the River Along the
Shortest Route
• Aeroplane-wind Problems
• Rain-man Problems

7. Topic 5 – Kinematics II
• Curvilinear Motion
• Angular Displacement, Angular Velocity, Angular and
Centripetal Acceleration
• Angular, Centripetal, Tangential and Total Acceleration
• Unit Vectors along the Radius (rˆ) and the Tangent ( ˆ t)
• Velocity and Acceleration of Particle in Circular Motion
• Kinematics of Motion of Particle in a Curved Track
• Radius of Curvature
• Projectile Motion
• Types of Projectile Motion
• Horizontal Projectile
• Oblique Projectile
• Range, Maximum Height and Time of Flight for Complimentary
Angles
● Two Unique Times for which Projectile is at Same
Height
● Radius of Curvature of an Oblique Projectile at a
Point P
● Equation of Trajectory of an Oblique Projectile in
Terms of Range
● Relative Motion Between Two Projectiles/Motion of
One Projectile as Seen from Another Projectile
● Condition of Collision Between Two Projectiles
● Motion of a Projectile Up an Inclined Plane
● Motion of a Projectile Down an Inclined Plane

8. Topic 6 – Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Dynamics
• Newton’s First Law or Law of Inertia
• Momentum
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Fundamental Forces in Nature
• Classification of Forces on the Basis of Contact System
• Concept of Impulse and Impulse as Area Under F t- Graph
• Impulse – Momentum Theorem
• Constrained Motion of Connected Particles
• One Degree of Freedom
• Two Degrees of Freedom
• Simple Constraint Motion of Bodies and Particles in Two
Dimensions
● Wedge Constraints
● Free Body Diagram (FBD)
● Weight of a Body (W)
● Normal Reaction/Normal Contact Force
● Normal Reaction for Various Situations
● Tension in a Light String
● Tension in a Rope Having Uniform Mass
Distribution
● Spring Force
● Spring Balance
● Newton’s Second Law: Revisited
● Atwood’s Machine
● Masses Connected with Strings
● Masses on a Smooth Surface in Contact with Each
Other
● Body on a Smooth Inclined Plane
● When Masses are Suspended Vertically from a
Rigid Support

9. • When Two Masses are Attached to a String which Passes Over a
Pulley Attached to the Edge of a Horizontal Table
• When Two Masses are Attached to a String which Passes Over a
Pulley Attached to the Edge of an Inclined Plane
• When Two Masses are Attached to a String which Passes Over a
Pulley Attached to the Top of a Double Inclined Plane
• Weighing Machine
• Equilibrium of Coplanar Forces
• Rotational Equilibrium (Law of Conservation of Moments of Force)
• Examples and Situations for Rotational Equilibrium
• Pseudo Force
• Frames of Reference
• Man in a Lift
• Friction
• Reasons for Friction
• Contact Force and Friction
• Static and Kinetic Friction
• Laws of Friction
• Coefficient of Friction, Limiting Friction and Angle of Friction
• The Coefficient of Friction (μ)
• Resultant Force Exerted by a Surface on the Block
• Acceleration of Block on Rough Horizontal Surface
• Angle of Repose (α)
• Acceleration of Block Down a Rough Incline
• Retardation of Block Moving Up a Rough Incline
● Maximum Height (H) to which an Insect can Crawl Up
a Rough Hemispherical Bowl
● Maximum Length of Chain that can Hang from the
Table Without Falling from it
● Minimum Force for Motion along Horizontal Surface
and its Direction
● Dynamics of Circular Motion
● Circular Motion: An Introduction
● Variables of Circular Motion
● Kinematics of Circular Motion
● Relative Angular Velocity
● Angular Displacement d θ: Revisited
● Angular Velocity ω: Revisited
● Angular Acceleration α: Revisited
● Radial and Tangential Acceleration
● Calculation of Centripetal Acceleration
● Dynamics of Circular Motion
● Motion of a Particle in a Curved Track and Radius of
Curvature
● Centrifugal Force
● Rotor or Death Well
● Motion of a Cyclist
● Circular Turning on Roads
● By Friction Only: Vehicle on a Level Road
● Maximum Velocity for Skidding and Overturning
● By Banking of Roads/Tracks
● By Friction and Banking of Road Both
● Conical Pendulum

10. Topic 7 – WORK, ENERGY, POWER AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Work Done by a Constant Force
• Positive and Negative Work
• Zero Work Done
• Work Done by Friction
• Work Done by Static Friction
• Work Done by Kinetic Friction
• Dependence of Work on Frame of Reference
• Work Done by Gravity
• Work Done by Pseudo Force
• Work Done by a Variable Force
• Work Done by Spring Force
• Work Done as Area Under f-x Graph
• Energy
● Concept of Kinetic Energy and Work Energy
Theorem (or the Classical Work Energy (CWE)
Theorem)
● Importance of the Work Energy Theorem
● Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
● Potential Energy
● The Potential Energy is Defined Only for
Conservative Forces
● Conservative System and Concept of Potential
Energy (U)
● Gravitational Potential Energy (Near the Earth’s
Surface)
● Spring Potential Energy or Elastic Potential Energy
● Spring Potential Energy or Elastic Potential Energy
● Power
● Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
● Modified Work-energy Theorem (MWET)
● Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
● Work-energy Theorem for Non-conservative
System
● Relation Between r FC and U

11. • Potential Energy Curve
• Nature of Force
• Types of Equilibrium
• Motion in a Vertical Circle
• Motion in a Vertical Circle
• Velocity at the Point P
• Tension in the String at Any Point P
• Tension at the Lowest Point L
• Tension at the Highest Point H
• Condition for Looping the Loop
• Tension and Velocity at the Point M (Midway between L and
H)
• For 0 < u < 2gr (Between L and M)
• For u = 2gr
• For 2gr < u < 5gr (Between M and H)
• Motion of a Body on a Spherical Surface
• Condition for Looping the Loop in Some Other Cases

12. Topic 8 – CENTRE OF MASS, CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM AND
COLLISIONS
• Centre of Mass and Newton’s Second law
• Definition of Centre of Mass
• Any System can be Thought of as a Two Particle System
• Centre of Mass for Thin Sheets and Laminar Bodies
• Centre of Mass for a System Having a Cavity
• Centre of Mass of Extended Bodies
• Velocity and Acceleration of Center of Mass
• Motion of the Centre of Mass
• Displacement of Centre of Mass of a System of Particles
• Centre of Mass Reference Frame or Centroidal Frame or C-frame or
Zero Momentum Frame
• Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles
• Kinetic Energy and Momentum of Two Particle System with Respect
To centre of Mass
• Gravitational Potential Energy of a System of Particles
• Work-energy Theorem for a System of Particles
• Work Energy Theorem from the Centre of Mass Reference Frame
● Total Work Done by Pseudo Forces in Centre of
Mass Reference Frame or Centroidal Frame
● Conservation of Linear Momentum and Collisions
● Conservation of Linear Momentum
● Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
● Instantaneous Impulse
● Impulsive Tensions
● Conservation of Linear Momentum for a Two Particle
System
● Variable Mass
● Rocket Propulsion
● Liquid Coming Out of Orifice In a Beaker
● Chain Falling Through a Hole or Chain Being Lifted
Vertically Up
● Types of Collisions
● Coefficient of Restitution (e)
● Impact Parameter (b)
● Types of Collision
● Head-on Elastic Collision
● Special Cases
● Inelastic Head-on
● Ball Ground Inelastic Head-on Collision
● Perfectly Inelastic Head-on Collision
● Oblique Collision

13. Topic 9 – ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
• Moment of Inertia (I)
• Radius of Gyration (k)
• Perpendicular Axis Theorem
• Parallel Axis Theorem
• Moment of Inertia of a Thin Ring
• Moment of Inertia of a Thin Disc
• Moment of Inertia of a Thin Rod
• Moment of Inertia of a Shell About Diameter and Tangent
• Moment of Inertia of a Sphere About Diameter and Tangent
• Table: Moment of Inertia of Di¢erent Bodies
• Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Cone
• Moment of Inertia of a Solid Cone
• Combined Translational and Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body
• Linear Velocity of a General Point P Under Combined Translational
and Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body from the Centre of Mass
Reference Frame
• Linear Acceleration of a General Point P Under Combined
Translational and Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body
• Uniform Pure Rolling
• Rigid Body Constraint
• Rigid Body Constraint for Acceleration
• Atwood’s Machine (Simply Pulley)
● Linear Acceleration of a General Point P Under
Combined Translational and Rotational Motion of a
Rigid Body
● Uniform Pure Rolling
● Rigid Body Constraint
● Rigid Body Constraint for Acceleration
● Atwood’s Machine (Simply Pulley)
● Coaxial Pulleys
● Discs Connected by a Rope or Chain
● Acceleration and Velocity of Any Point on a Rigid
Body
● Rotational Kinetic Energy (R.K.E.)
● Modified Work Energy Theorem (MWET) and
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
● Total Energy of a Body in Pure Rolling
● Instantaneous Axis of Rotation (IAOR)
● Location of the IC
● Torque
● Force Couple
● General Motion of a Rigid Body
● Concept of Toppling

14. • Shifting of Normal Reaction and Toppling
• Toppling
• Work Done by a Torque
• String Constant (Torsional Constant) and Energy Stored in a String
• Power
• Work-energy Principle
• Modified Newton’s Second Law for Fixed Axis Rotation
• Motion of a Point Mass Attached to a Cylinder with a Thread
• Atwood’s Machine Accelerated Pure Rolling
• Body Rolling Without Slipping on an Inclined Plane
• Condition for a Body to Roll Without Slipping
• Rolling Wheel on a Movable Plank
• Angular Momentum r L
• Relation Between r L and r τ
• Angular Impulse
• Angular Impulse-angular Momentum Theorem
• Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
• Ball Rod Collisions
• Rolling with Slipping () v R 0 0 > ω

15. Topic 10 – GRAVITATION AND SATELLITES
• Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Properties of G
• Principle of Superposition
• Gravitational Field Strength (Eg)
• Gravitational Field Lines
• Field Due to Sphere and Shell
• Gravitational Field at the Axis of a Circular Uniform Ring
• Acceleration Due to Gravity (g)
• Variation in g
• Gravitational Potential Energy of a System of Two Particles
• Gravitational Potential Energy for a System of Particles
• Gravitational Self Energy for a Thin Uniform Shell
• Gravitational Self Energy for a Uniform Sphere
• Potential Energy of a Particle on Earth’s Surface
• Gravitational Potential (V)
• Gravitational Potential Due to an Assembly of Masses
• Gravitational Potential Due to a Thin Rod
• Gravitational Potential Due to a Ring at its Centre
• Gravitational Potential Di¢erence (V)
• The Gravitational Potential and Field Strength Due to a Thin Spherical
Shell
• The Gravitational Potential and Field Strength Due to a Solid Sphere
● Gravitational Potential at a Point P on the Axis of the
Ring at Distance X from its Centre
● Gravitational Potential Due to a Uniform Disc at a
Point P on its Axis
● Relation Between Gravitational Field and
Gravitational Potential
● Conservation Laws for Gravitational Systems
● Launching Speed of a Projectile
● Maximum Height Attained by a Projectile
● Escape Speed
● Satellites
● Kinetic Energy of a Satellite
● Potential Energy of a Satellite
● Total Mechanical Energy of a Satellite
● Binding Energy of a Satellite
● Communication Satellite
● Energy Graph
● Broadcasting Region of a Satellite
● Kepler’s Laws
● Double Star System or Binary Star System

16. Topic 11 –Electrostatics
• Electric Charge
• Conductors and Insulators
• Methods of Charging
• Properties of Electric Charge
• Concept of Charge Distribution(s)
• Coulomb’s Law
• Important Points Regarding Coulomb’s Law 1.5 Coulomb’s Law in
Vector Form
• Coulomb’s Law in Position Vector Form
• Principle of Superposition
• Equilibrium of Three Charges
• Electrostatic Field ( E)
• Electrostatic Lines of Force: Properties
• Electric Field at the Axis of a Circular Uniformly Charged Ring
• Electric Field Due to a Large Thick Charged Sheet
• Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
• Electric Dipole and Dipole Moment
• Electric Field Due to a Dipole at a Point Lying on the Axial Line (End
on Position)
• Electric Field Due to a Dipole at a Point Lying on the Equitorial Line
(Broad Side on Position)
• Electric Field Due to a Dipole at Any Point P(r, q)
• Torque on a Dipole Placed in a Uniform Electric Field
● G Potential Energy of a Dipole Placed in a Uniform
Electric Field
● Small Oscillations of a Dipole Placed in a Uniform
Electric Field
● Force on an Electric Dipole in Non-uniform Electric
Field
● Force on a Dipole in the Surrounding of a Long
Charged Wire
● Electric Force Between Two Dipoles
● Concept of Distributed Dipole
● Gauss’s Law and Applications
● Area as a Vector
● Electric Flux
● Concept of Solid Angle
● Solid Angle Subtended Due to a Random Surface at a
Given Point
● Solid Angle Subtended by a Surface Not Normal to
Axis of Cone or Not Lying on Surface of Sphere
● Relation Between Half Angle of Cone and Solid Angle
at Vertex

17. • Electric Flux Produced by a Point Charge
• Electric Flux Calculation Due to a Point Charge Using Solid Angle
• Gauss’s Law
• Electric Field Due to a Point Charge q at a Point P at Distance x
• Electric Field Strength of a Charged Conducting Sphere or
Conducting Shell
• Electric Field Due to a Non-conducting Uniformly Charged Sphere
• Electric Field Due to an Infinitely Long Thin Charged Wire
• Electric Field Due to a Long Uniformly Charged Conducting Cylinder
• Electric Field Due to a Long Uniformly Charged Non-conducting
Cylinder
• Electric Field Due to an Infinite Non-conducting Thin Uniformly
Charged Sheet
• Electric Field Due to an Infinite Charged Conducting Sheet
• Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential
• Electrostatic Interaction Energy of a System of Two Charged
Particles
• Electrostatic Interaction Energy for a System of Particles 1.83
Electrostatic Potential (V)
• Electrostatic Potential Difference (ΔV)
• Potential Due to an Assembly of Charges
• Points with Zero Potential Due to Two Point Charges
● Graphical Representation of Potential of a System of
Two Point Charges
● Electrostatic Potential at the Axis of a Uniformly
Charge Rod
● Electrostatic Potential at Point P Lying on
Perpendicular Bisector of Rod
● Electrostatic Potential Due to
● Charged Ring at Its Centre
● Electrostatic Potential at a Point P on the Axis of the
Ring at Distance x from Its Centre
● Variation of Electrostatic Potential on the Axis of a
Charged Ring 1.90 Electrostatic Potential Due to a
Uniformly Charged Disc at a Point P on Its Axis
● Electric Potential of an Annulus
● Electrostatic Potential on the Edge of a Uniformly
Charged Disc
● Electrostatic Potential Due to a Charged Conducting
Sphere/Charged Shell
● Electrostatic Potential Due to a Non-conducting
Uniformly Charged Sphere
● Potential Due to a Dipole
● Potential at Point P(r, q) Due to a Small Dipole
● Binding Energy of a Dipole
● Equipotential Surfaces: Introduction

18. • Equipotential Surface: Properties
• Relation Between Electrostatic Field and Potential
• Motion of Charged Particles and Conservation Laws
• Conductors and Their Properties
• Charge Distribution on a System of Parallel Plates
• Method of Images
• Charge Distribution on Metal Object
• Electric Pressure on a Charged Surface Due to External Electric
Field
• Mechanical Force on a Charged Conductor
• Electrostatic Energy Density (ue)
• Electrostatic Field and Potential Due to Induced Charges
• Earthing of Charged or Uncharged Metal Bodies
• Current Due to Movement of Charges Through Earth
• Field Energy Density of Electric Field
• Electrostatic Self Energy of a Charged Conducting Sphere
• Electrostatic Self Energy of a Uniformly Charged Non-conducting
Sphere
• Total Electrostatic Energy of a System of Charged Bodies
• Electrostatic Energy of a System of Concentric Shells

19. Topic 12 – Electrostatics
• Capacitors
• Calculation of Capacitance
• Definition of C
• Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
• Capacitance of an Isolated Sphere
• Charge Sharing Between Two Charged Conductors
• Sharing of Charges Between Capacitors and Common Potential
• Principle of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
• Parallel Plate Capacitor
• Electrostatic Force Between the Plates of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
• Capacitors in Series
• Capacitors in Parallel
• Electrostatic Energy Density (uE)
• Energy for Series and Parallel Combinations
• Calculating the Net Capacitance of Circuits
• Simple Circuits
• Circuits With Extra Wires
• Concept of Line of Symmetry
• Balanced Wheatstone Bridge
• Extended Wheatstone Bridge
• Infinite Chain of Capacitors
• Network With More Than One Cell
● Case of Compound Dielectrics
● Dielectric Slab Inserted in a Parallel Plate Capacitor
● Conducting Slab Inserted in a Parallel Plate Capacitor
● Charge Induced on a Dielectric and Gauss’s Law for
Dielectrics
● Effect of Insertion of Dielectric in a Parallel Plate
Capacitor
● Force on a Dielectric Slab Being Inserted Between
Capacitor Plates
● Dielectric Breakdown 2.34 Electric Energy Density of
Dry Air
● Kirchhoff’s Laws for Capacitor Circuits
● Flow of Charge
● Energy Supplied/Consumed by the Battery
● Generation of Heat 2.40 Spherical Capacitor
● Cylindrical Capacitor
● Energy Stored in a Spherical Shell

20. Topic 13 – Electric Current and Circuits
• Electric Current
• Different Situations Producing Current
• Ohm’s Law and Electrical Resistance
• Resistivity (r), Conductivity (s) and Conductance (G)
• Recasting a Wire of Given Mass
• Fractional Change in Resistance
• Current Density and Drift Velocity
• Ohm’s Law: Revisited
• Mobility
• Variation of Resistance with Temperature
• Colour Code for Carbon Resistances
• Thermistor
• Electrical Energy and Power
• Electromotive Force (EMF)
• Resistors in Series and in Parallel
• Network Analysis
• Earthing or Grounding in an Electrical Circuit
• Delta to Star or Delta-star Transformation
• Star to Delta or Star-delta Transformation
• Short and Open Circuits 3.28 Principle of Symmetry
• Symmetrical Circuits
• Identical Potential Points
• CInfinite Ladder and Grid
• Balanced Wheatstone Bridge Like Situations
• Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules
● The Principle of Superposition or Superposition Theorem
● Nodal Analysis in Circuits
● Nodal Analysis Method
● Primary and Secondary Cells/Batteries
● Ideal Voltage Source
● Practical Voltage Source
● Discharging of Cell
● Charging of Cell
● Short-circuiting of a Cell
● Internal Resistance of Cell (r)
● Terminal Potential Difference Across a Cell
● Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
● Identical Cells in Series
● Non-identical Cells in Series
● Identical Cells in Parallel
● Non-identical Cells in Parallel
● Mixed Grouping of Identical Cells
● Wheatstone Bridge: Condition of Balance
● The Metre Bridge
● End Corrections in Metre Bridge
● Post Office Box
● Potentiometer
● Applications of Potentiometer
● Difference Between Voltmeter and Potentiomete
● RC Circuit and Applications
● RC Circuit
● Leakage Current Through a Capacitor

21. Topic 14 – MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT
• Magnetic Field
• Force on a Charged Particle in Magnetic Field and the
Definition of a Magnetic Field (B)
• Direction of F (The Magnetic Force)
• Path of a Charged Particle in Uniform Magnetic Field
• Charged Particle Entering into Magnetic Field Region from
Outside
• Deviation of a Charged Particle in Magnetic Field
• Lorentz Force
• Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields: Velocity Selector
• The Cyclotron
• Path of a Charged Particle in Both Electric and Magnetic Field
• Sources of Magnetic Field, Biot Savart’s Law and Ampere’s
Circuital Law
• Biot Savart’s Law (BSL)
• Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge
• Magnetic Field due to Uniformly Moving Charge
• Magnetic Field Around a Thin, Straight Current Carrying
Conductor
• Field at an Axial Point of a Current Carrying Circular Loop
• Concept of Magnetic Bottle
• Solenoid (An Introduction)
● Field due to a Circular Current Carrying Segment at its Centre
● Ampere’s Circuital Law (ACL)
● Ampere’s Objection(s) to Biot Savart’s Law
● Magnetic Field due to a Thick Current Carrying Wire
● Solenoid (Revisited)
● Magnetic Field due to a Toroid

22. Topic 15 – MAGNETISM AND MATTER
• Introduction to Bar Magnet and Magnetic Poles
• Magnetic Moment of an Orbital Electron
• Magnetism
• Magnetic Poles
• Magnetic Axis
• E›
ective Length of a Magnet
• Magnetic Meridian
• Pole Strength (M)
• Magnetic Lines of Force
• Coulomb’s Law in Magnetism
• Strength of Magnetic Field
• Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
• Magnetic Field Strength
• Magnetic Force Between Two Short Magnets
• Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
• Work Done in Rotating a Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
• Potential Energy of a Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
• Time Period of Small Oscillations of Magnetic Dipole/Bar
Magnet in Uniform Magnetic Field
• Properties of Electric and Magnetic Dipoles
• Gauss’s Law For Magnetism
● FEarth’s Magnetism
● Properties of Earth’s Magnetic Field
● Components of Earth’s Magnetic Field
● Angle of Declination (θ)
● Angle of Dip or Angle of Inclination (ϕ)
● Horizontal Component of Earth’s Magnetic Field (BH)
● Apparent Dip (ϕ ′)
● About Magnetic Maps
● Neutral Point
● Neutral Point when Bar Magnet is Placed Horizontally on a
Horizontal Plane/Table
● Neutral Point when Bar Magnet is Placed Vertically on a
Horizontal Plane/Table
● Tangent Law
● Tangent Galvanometer
● Deflection Magnetometer
● Vibration Magnetometer
● Time Period of a Magnetic Needle in Earth’s Magnetic Field
● Uses of Vibration Magnetometer
● Magnetic Properties of Materials
● Intensity of Magnetisation
● Magnetising Field
● Magnetic Susceptibility (χm)
● Magnetic Permeability
● Relative Permeability (μr)

23. • Relation Between Magnetic Susceptibility (χm) and
Relative Permeability (μr)
• Magnetic Shielding Process
• Magnetomotive Force (FM)
• Magnetisation
• Demagnetisation
• Magnetic Saturation
• Classification of Magnetic Materials
• Magnetic Properties of Materials
• Explanation of Diamagnetism
• Curie Law and Curie Temperature
• Curie-Weiss Law
• Explanation of Ferromagnetism
• Comparative Study of these Materials
• Hysteresis
• Properties of Soft Iron and Steel

24. Topic 16 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• Faraday’s Experiments
• Magnetic Flux
• Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
• Faraday’s Laws of Electro-magnetic Induction
• Lenz’s Law: Revisited
• Lenz’s Law in Accordance with Law of Conservation of
Energy
• Charge Induced in the Circuit
• Induced EMF in Conducting Rod Moving Through a
Uniform Magnetic Field: Motional EMF
• Motional EMF Represented as an Equivalent Battery
• Induced EMF in a Loop by Changing its Area
• EMF Induced Across the Ends of a Conducting Rod
Rotating in a Uniform Magnetic Field
• Production of Induced EMF by Rotating the Coil in a
Magnetic Field: An AC Generator
• Phenomenon of Self Induction: An Introduction
• Inductor and Self Inductance: Basic Introduction and
Significance
• Self Inductance: Definition
• Technique to Find the Self Inductance
• Modified Kirchho›
’s Rule for Inductors
• Series LR Circuit: Current Growth and Decay
● Decay of Current
● Energy Stored in an Inductor/Energy in a Magnetic Field
● Mutual Inductance
● Calculation of Mutual Inductance
● Mutual Inductance for a Two Coil System
● Mutual Inductance for a Solenoid-coil System
● Inductances in Series and Parallel
● Oscillations in an LC Circuit

25. Topic 17 – ALTERNATING CURRENTS.
• Alternating Current: An Introduction
• Mean Value of AC
• Average Value or Mean Value of an A.C. [Iav or Eav or 〈I 〉 or 〈E
〉]
• Root Mean Square or Virtual Value of A.C. (R.M.S Value)
• Impedance, Reactance and Admittance
• Phasor Diagrams and Phasors
• Impedances and Phases of AC Circuits Containing Di›
erent
Elements
• A.C. Through a Pure Resistor
• AC Through a Pure Inductor
• AC Through a Pure Capacitor
• AC Through a Non-ideal Inductor or Series LR Circuit
• AC Through a Non-ideal Capacitor or Series CR Circuit
• AC Through a Series LC Circuit
• AC Through a Series LCR Circuit
• Impedance: Revisited
• Quality Factor or Q-factor
• Average Power Consumed in an AC Circuit
● Half Power Frequencies (HPF), Band Width and Sharpness
of Resonance
● Choke Coil
● Parallel Resonant Circuit: Rejector Circuit
● The LCR Parallel Circuit
● Skin E›
ect
● Wattless Current (IV sin ϕ)
● Transformer
● Long Distance Transmission of Electric Power
● Induction Coil

26. Topic 18 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• Historical Facts about Electromagnetic Waves
• Electromagnetic Oscillations
• Ampere Circuital Law and its Contradiction
• Concept of Displacement Current
• Maxwell’s Equations
• Experimental Setup for Producing Electromagnetic Waves
• Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
• Plane Progressive EM Wave
• Energy of an EM Wave
• Intensity of an EM Wave
• Momentum Possessed by an EM Wave
• Radiation Pressure of an EM Wave
• Poynting Vector for an EM Wave
• Summary of Important Characteristics and Nature of
Electromagnetic Waves
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Sub Parts of Radio Spectrum
• Atmosphere and Various Parts of Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Covering Range of a Transmitter or T.V. Antenna

27. Topic 19 – Ray optics
• Nature of Light: An Introduction
• Optics: An Introduction
• Domains of Optics
• Fundamental Laws of Geometrical Optics
• Basic Terms and Definitions Ray Medium Beam Object(s)
Image(s)
• Reflection of Light
• Laws of Reflection
• Fermat’s Principle of Least Time
• Laws of Reflection Using Fermat’s Theorem
• Vector Form of Laws of Reflection
• Angle of Deviation (δ)
• Two Identical Perpendicular Plane Mirrors
• Reflection from a Plane Surface or Plane Mirror
• Lateral Inversion
• Field of View of an Object
• Minimum Size of a Plane Mirror to See a Complete Image
• Required Minimum Width of a Plane Mirror for a Person to See
the Complete Width of his Face
• Number of Images in Inclined Mirrors
● Locating all the Images Formed by Two Plane Mirrors
● Images Formed by Two Plane Mirrors
● Rotation of a Plane Mirror
● Velocity of Image in a Plane Mirror
● Reflection from Curved Surfaces
● Paraxial Rays
● Focus, Focal Length and Power of a Mirror
● Sign Conventions for Mirrors
● Rules for Obtaining Image by Ray Tracing
● Image Formation by Concave Mirror
● Image Formation by Convex Mirror
● Relation Between Focal Length (f) and Radius of Curvature
(R)
● Mirror Formula
● Newton’s Formula
● Linear Magnification or Lateral Magnification or Transverse
Magnification
● Longitudinal Magnification or Axial Magnification
● Superficial or Areal Magnification by a Spherical Mirror
● Relation Between Object and Image Velocity for Curved
Mirrors
● Finding Coordinates of Image of a Point 1.35 Graph of 1 v
Versus 1 u
● Graph of v Versus u

28. • Effect of Shifting the Principal Axis of a Spherical Mirror
• Splitting of a Mirror
• Velocity of Image in Spherical Mirror
• Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces
• Laws of Refraction
• Refractive Index (RI)
• Absolute Refractive Index
• Relative Refractive Index
• Bending of a Light Ray
• Refraction: Important Points
• Light Incident on a Medium Having Variable Refractive Index
• Concept of Optical Path Length (OPL) and Reduced Thickness
• Laws of Refraction Using Fermat’s Principle
• Vector Form of Snell’s Law
• Refraction Through a Composite Slab
• Lateral Shift on Passing Through a Glass Slab
• Apparent Depth
• Shift of Point of Convergence or Divergence
• Multislabs
• Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
● Refraction Through a Prism
● Condition of No Emergence
● Condition for Grazing Emergence
● Maximum Deviation
● Minimum Deviation
● White Light
● Variation of Refractive Index with Colour (Cauchy’s Formula)
● Dispersion
● Dispersive Power of a Prism
● Combination of Two Prisms
● Colours of Objects and Colour Triangle
● Colour Triangle
● Rayleigh Law
● Colour of the Sky
● Colour of Clouds
● Single Refracting Surface
● Sign Conventions
● Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces
● Refraction at Convex Surface
● Refraction at Concave Surface
● Lateral or Transverse Magnification
● Longitudinal or Axial Magnification of Image
● Effect of Motion of Object or Refracting Surface on Image
● Thin Spherical Lenses
● Naming Convention for Lenses
● Convex or Converging Lenses

29. • Concave or Diverging Lenses
• Optical Centre of Lens
• Principal Axis of a Lens
• Principal Focus
• Rules for Obtaining Images in Lenses
• Thin Lens Formula for a Convex Lens
• Thin Lens Formula for a Concave lens
• Image Formation by Convex Lens
• Image Formation by a Concave Lens
• Variation Curves of Image Distance vs Object Distance for a
Thin Lens
• Newton’s Formula
• Linear or Lateral or Transverse Magnification (m)
• Longitudinal or Axial Magnification by a Thin Lens
• Effect of Motion of Object and Lens on Image
• Lens Maker’s Formula for Thin Lens
• Lens Immersed in a Liquid
• Displacement Method
• Power of a Lens
• Lenses in Contact
• Two Thin Lenses Separated by a Distance
• Lenses with One Silvered Surface
• Defects of Images: Aberrations
• Monochromatic Aberrations
• Chromatic Aberration
● Achromatism and Achromatic Doublet
● Human Eye 1.139 Defects of Eye
● Optical Instruments
● Visual Angle
● Magnifying Power or Angular Magnification (M)
● Simple Microscope (Magnifying Glass)
● Compound Microscope
● Astronomical Telescope (Refracting Type)
● Terrestrial Telescope
● Galileo’s Telescope
● Limit of Resolution and Resolving Power
● Photometry

30. Topic 20– Wave optics
• Newton’s Corpuscular Theory
• Wave Optics
• Wavefronts and Rays
• Huygen’s Principle
• Laws of Reflection on the Basis of Huygen’s Theory
• Law of Refraction on the Basis of Huygen’s Theory
• Interference 2.3 Sustained Interference
• Coherent Sources 2.4 Methods of Producing
Coherent Sources
• Interference: Mathematical Treatment
• Condition for Maxima: Constructive Interference
• Condition for Minima: Destructive Interference
• Phase Difference and Path Difference
• Theory of Interference: Maxima and Minima
• YDSE (Quantitative Treatment): Method
• YDSE (Quantitative Treatment): Method
• Fringe Width and Angular Fringe Width
• Interference Experiment in Water
• Fringe Visibility (V) 2.14 Intensity Distribution
• Use of White Light in YDSE
• Shape of Interference Fringes due to Different Types
of Sources (in YDSE Setup
● Path Difference Between Two Parallel Waves Due to a
Denser Medium in Path of One Beam
● Displacement or Shifting of Fringe Pattern in YDSE
● YDSE for Source not Placed at the Central Line
● YDSE When Incident Rays are not Parallel to Central Line
● Multiple Slit Interference Pattern
● Resultant Wave Amplitude (Using Phasors)
● Resultant Wave Equation
● Location of Secondary Minima(s)
● Location of Secondary Maxima(s)
● Coherent Sources by Division of Wavefront
● Fresnel’s Biprism
● Determination of Lloyd’s Single Mirror
● Theory of Division of Amplitude
● Diffraction: Introduction and Classification
● Types of Diffraction
● Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single Slit
● Explanation and Mathematical Treatment
● Diffraction Maxima Due to Single Slit
● llumination Pattern Due to Diffraction by a Single Slit
● Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Circular Aperture
● Resolving Power and Rayleigh’s Criterion
● Rayleigh’s Criterion
● Resolving Power of a Microscope
● Resolving Power of a Telescope

31. • Human Eye
• Validity of Geometrical Optics and Fresnel’s Distance
(ZF)
• Fresnel’s Zone 2.52 Interference and Diffraction: A
Comparison
• Polarization of Light
• Plane of Vibration
• Plane of Polarisation
• Plane Polarised Light
• Polarization by Reflection
• Linearly, Circularly and Elliptically Polarised Light
• Polarization by Selective Absorption
• Law of Malus
• Explanation of the Law
• Intensity Curve
• Polarisation by Scattering
• Polarization by Double Refraction
• Quarter Wave Plate
• Half Wave Plate
• Optical Activity and Specific Rotation (α)

32. Topic 21 – Mechanical Properties of Matter
• The States of Matter
• Elasticity
• Deforming Force
• Perfectly Elastic Body
• Perfectly Plastic Body
• Cause of Elasticity
• Stress
• Tangential (Shear) Stress and Normal (Tensile) Stress
• Volumetric Stress or Bulk Stress or Pressure or
Normal Stress
• Strain
• Longitudinal Strain
• Volumetric Strain
• Shear Strain
• Relation of Stress to Strain and Elastic Modulus
• Hooke’s Law
• Young’s Modulus
• Thermal Stress
• Force Constant of a Wire
• Elongation of Rod Under it’s Self Weight
• Breaking Stress
• Breaking of a Wire Under its own Weight
• Elastic Potential Energy
• Behaviour of a Wire Under Stress
• Elastic Fatigue
• Behaviour of Rubber Under Stress
• Elastic Hysteresis
● Poisson’s Ratio (s)
● Relation Between Volumetric Strain, Longitudinal Strain and
Poisson’s Ratio
● Depression of a Beam
● Shear Modulus
● Torsion of a Cylinder
● Bulk Modulus
● Relations Between Elastic Constants
● Density of Compressed Liquids
● Fluid Statics
● Fluids: Introduction and assumptions
● Density
● Relative Density or Specific Gravity
● Density of a Mixture of Two or More Liquids
● Fluid at Rest
● Pressure
● Atmospheric Pressure (P0)
● Pressure is Isotropic
● Variation of Pressure With Depth
● The Incompressible Fluid Model
● Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure
● Simple Free Body Diagram of a Liquid in a Container
● Hydrostatic Paradox
● Pressure Measuring Device: Manometer
● The Mercury Barometer
● Pascal’s Law
● Hydraulic Lift

33. ● Force and Torque due to Hydrostatic Pressure
● The Compressible Fluid Model
● Liquids in Accelerated Containers
● Horizontally Accelerating U-Tube
● Pressure Difference in Rotating Fluids
● Archimedes’ Principle
● Archimedes Principle: A General Proof for an
Arbitrary Shaped Body
● Finding the Relative Density (R.D.) or Specific
Gravity of a Body
● Finding the Relative Density (R.D.) or Specific
Gravity of a Liquid
● Laws of Floatation
● Apparent Weight of a Body Immersed in Liquid
● Fractional Volume of a Floating Body Inside the Liquid
● Buoyant Force in Accelerating Fluids
● Stability of a Floating Body
● Viscosity
● Coefficient of Viscosity (h)
● Similarities Between Viscosity and Solid Friction
● Differences Between Viscosity and Solid Friction
● Some Applications of Viscosity
● Variation of Viscosity
● Stoke’s Law
● Terminal Velocity
● Flow of Liquid in Tube: Critical Velocity
● Steady Flow of Liquid Through a Capillary Tube: Poiseuille’s
Formula
● Combination of Tubes in Series
● Combination of Tubes in Parallel
● Fluid Dynamics
● Motion of a Fluid
● Flow of Ideal Fluid: Basic Definitions
● quation of Continuity
● Energies Possessed by a Liquid
● Bernoulli’s Equation
● Static, Dynamic and Total Pressure

34. Apparent Weight of a Body Immersed in Liquid
Fractional Volume of a Floating Body Inside the Liquid
Buoyant Force in Accelerating Fluids
Stability of a Floating Body
Viscosity
Coefficient of Viscosity (h)
Similarities Between Viscosity and Solid Friction
Differences Between Viscosity and Solid Friction
Some Applications of Viscosity
Variation of Viscosity
Stoke’s Law
Terminal Velocity
Flow of Liquid in Tube: Critical Velocity
Steady Flow of Liquid Through a Capillary Tube: Poiseuille’s
Formula
Combination of Tubes in Series
Combination of Tubes in Parallel
Fluid Dynamics
Motion of a Fluid
● Flow of Ideal Fluid: Basic Definitions
● quation of Continuity
● Energies Possessed by a Liquid
● Bernoulli’s Equation
● Static, Dynamic and Total Pressure
● Working of an Airplane or Aerodynamic Lift
● Roof’s Blowing Off During Wind Storms
● Attraction Between Two Closely Parallel Moving Boats or
Trains
● Magnus Effect (Spinning of a Ball or Spinning of a Bullet)
● Action of an Atomiser or Sprayer 1.85 Blood Flow and Heart
Attack
● Venturimeter
● Pitot Tube
● Speed of Efflux
● Force of Reaction due to Ejection of the Liquid From an
Orifice
● Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Theorem
● Range of Liquid Hitting the Ground
● Time to Empty the Beaker to the Orifice
● Surface Tension
● Surface Tension: Introduction
● Explanation to Surface Tension
● Force due to Surface Tension
● Surface Energy
● Relation Between Surface Energy and Surface Tension

35. Venturimeter
Pitot Tube
Speed of Efflux
Force of Reaction due to Ejection of the Liquid From an
Orifice
Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Theorem
Range of Liquid Hitting the Ground
Time to Empty the Beaker to the Orifice
Surface Tension
Surface Tension: Introduction
Explanation to Surface Tension
Force due to Surface Tension
Surface Energy
Relation Between Surface Energy and Surface Tension
Splitting of Bigger Drop into Small Droplets
Formation of Bigger Drop From Small Droplets
Cohesive Forces 1.104 Adhesive Forces
Water Wets the Glass Surface, but Mercury does not:
Explanation
Angle of Contact
Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Glass Tube
Radius of Curvature of a Curve
Principal Radii of Curvature of a Surface
Excess Pressure Inside Liquid Surface with Two Curvatures:
Young-Laplace Equation
Pressure Difference Between the Two Sides Force a Curved
Liquid Surface
Excess Pressure
Excess Pressure Inside a Liquid Drop and Air Bubble
● Flow of Ideal Fluid: Basic Definitions
● quation of Continuity
● Energies Possessed by a Liquid
● Bernoulli’s Equation
● Static, Dynamic and Total Pressure
● Working of an Airplane or Aerodynamic Lift
● Roof’s Blowing Off During Wind Storms
● Attraction Between Two Closely Parallel Moving Boats or
Trains
● Magnus Effect (Spinning of a Ball or Spinning of a Bullet)
● Action of an Atomiser or Sprayer 1.85 Blood Flow and Heart
Attack
● Venturimeter
● Pitot Tube
● Speed of Efflux
● Force of Reaction due to Ejection of the Liquid From an
Orifice
● Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Theorem
● Range of Liquid Hitting the Ground
● Time to Empty the Beaker to the Orifice
● Surface Tension
● Surface Tension: Introduction
● Explanation to Surface Tension
● Force due to Surface Tension
● Surface Energy
● Relation Between Surface Energy and Surface Tension

36. • Splitting of Bigger Drop into Small Droplets
• Formation of Bigger Drop From Small Droplets
• Cohesive Forces 1.104 Adhesive Forces
• Water Wets the Glass Surface, but Mercury does not:
Explanation
• Angle of Contact
• Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Glass Tube
• Radius of Curvature of a Curve
• Principal Radii of Curvature of a Surface
• Excess Pressure Inside Liquid Surface with Two
Curvatures: Young-Laplace Equation
• Pressure Difference Between the Two Sides Force a
Curved Liquid Surface
• Excess Pressure
• Excess Pressure Inside a Liquid Drop and Air Bubble
• Excess Pressure Inside a Soap Bubble 1.109
Capillarity
• Explanation to Capillarity
• Practical Applications of Capillarity
• Rise of Liquid Between Two Parallel Plates
• Liquid Between Two Horizontal Plates
• Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube of Insufficient
Length
● Flow of Ideal Fluid: Basic Definitions
● quation of Continuity
● Energies Possessed by a Liquid
● Bernoulli’s Equation
● Static, Dynamic and Total Pressure
● Working of an Airplane or Aerodynamic Lift
● Roof’s Blowing Off During Wind Storms
● Attraction Between Two Closely Parallel Moving Boats or
Trains
● Magnus Effect (Spinning of a Ball or Spinning of a Bullet)
● Action of an Atomiser or Sprayer 1.85 Blood Flow and Heart
Attack
● Venturimeter
● Pitot Tube
● Speed of Efflux
● Force of Reaction due to Ejection of the Liquid From an
Orifice
● Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Theorem
● Range of Liquid Hitting the Ground
● Time to Empty the Beaker to the Orifice
● Surface Tension
● Surface Tension: Introduction
● Explanation to Surface Tension
● Force due to Surface Tension
● Surface Energy
● Relation Between Surface Energy and Surface Tension

37. Topic 22 – Heat and Thermodynamics
• Heat
• Thermal Equilibrium
• Zeroth Law and Concept of Temperature
• Thermometry and Thermometers
• Temperature Scales
• Temperature Relation Between Scales
• Types of Thermometers (Optional Reading)
• Thermal Expansion
• Effect of Temperature on Pendulum Clocks
• Error in Metal Scale Due to Expansion or Contraction
• Thermal Expansion in Liquids
• Expansion of Gases
• Change in Density of Solids and Liquids with
Temperature
• Thermal Stress in a Rod Fixed Between Two Rigid
Supports
• Correction For Barometric Reading
• Correction For Expansion of Brass Scale
• Correction For Expansion of Mercury
• Effect of Temperature on Upthrust
• Bimetallic Strip
• Calorimetry: Heat, Work and Mechanical Equivalent of
Heat
• Concept of Gram Specific Heat
• Thermal Capacity or Heat Capacity
● Mean Free Path
● Gas Laws
● Boyle’s Law
● Charle’s Law
● Gay-Lussac’s Law
● Avogadro’s Law
● Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
● Graham’s Law of Diffusion
● Ideal Gas Equation
● Vander Waal’s Equation
● Critical Temperature and Pressure (Tc )
● Boyle Temperature (Tb)
● Variation of Pressure With Height or Elevation Above the Sea
Level
● Variation of Pressure With Depth Below the Sea Level
● Concept of Internal Energy (U)
● Degrees of Freedom
● Polyatomic Gases
● Theorem of Equipartition of Energy
● Molar Specific Heat of the Gas (C)
● Specific Heat at Constant Volume (CV)
● Cv for an Ideal Gas
● Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Cp)
● Internal Energy (U) for an Ideal Gas: Revisited
● Relation Between Cp and Cv
● Cp for an Ideal Gas

38. • Adiabatic Ratio (g) for an Ideal Gas
• Relation of Cp and Cv With g
• Dulong and Petit’s Law
• First Law of Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic
Processes
• Thermodynamics
• Concept of Work
• Heat Versus Work
• Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
• Thermodynamic Work
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Misconception Between Heat and Internal Energy
• First Law of Thermodynamics: Revisited
• Isolated System
• Isochoric Process
• Isobaric Process
• Isothermal Process
• Work Done in an Isothermal Process
• Adiabatic Process
• Equation of State for an Adiabatic Process
• Work Done in an Adiabatic Process
• Indicator Diagram for an Adiabatic Process
• Adiabatic Free Expansion
• Polytropic Process
• Molar Specific Heat of a Polytropic Process
● Work Done in a Polytropic Process
● Indicator Diagram for a Polytropic Process
● Cyclic Process
● Efficiency of a Cyclic Process
● Heat Engine
● Refrigerator or Heat Pump
● Relation Between h and b
● Reversible Process
● Conditions for a Process to be Reversible
● Irreversible Process
● Carnot Engine/Cycle
● Heat Engines in Series
● Limitation of First Law and Introduction to Second Law of
Thermodynamics
● The Second Law of Thermodynamics:
● Entropy
● Calculation of Entropy
● Transfer of Heat
● Modes of Heat Transfer
● Heat Conduction
● Wiedemann Franz
● Temperature of Junction
● Thermometric Conductivity (or Diffusivity)
● Thermal Resistance
● Slabs of Different Materials in Series
● Slabs of Different Materials in Parallel

39. • Ingen-Hauz Experiment
• Growth of Ice on Ponds
• Convection
• Radiation
• Prevost’s Theory of Heat Exchange
• Perfectly Black Body
• Absorptance, Reflectance and Transmittance
• Emissive Power
• Emissivity
• Energy Density (U)
• Absorptive Power
• Kirchhoff’s Law of Heat Radiations
• Applications of Kirchhoff’s Law
• Stefan’s Law or Stefan’s-Boltzmann Law or Stefan’s
Fourth Power Law
• Newton’s Law of Cooling (Special Case of Stefan’s Law)
• Solution to Differential Equation Involved in Newton’s
Law of Cooling
• Solar Constant and Temperature of Sun
• Black Body Radiation Spectrum and Wien’s Law (or
Wien’s Displacement Law)

40. Topic 23 – Simple Harmonic Motion
• Periodic Motion
• Oscillatory Motion
• Simple Harmonic Motion
• Equilibrium Position or Mean Position
• Dynamics of Simple Harmonic Motion
• Phase and Phase Difference
• Equation of SHM and Phase
• Differential Equation for SHM
• Equation of Motion of a Simple Harmonic Motion
• Characteristics of SHM
• Condition for Motion to be
• Velocity of a Particle in SHM
• Potential Energy of a Particle in SHM
• Kinetic Energy of a Particle in SHM
• Mechanical Energy of a Particle in SHM
• Understanding SHM for Physical Systems
• Mass-Spring System
• SHM of Free Bodies in Absence of External Forces
• Coupled Spring System
• Rotational Systems or Angular SHM
• Simple Pendulum
• SHM of a Pendulum of Large Length
• Torsional Pendulum
• Physical Pendulum or Compound Pendulum
• Oscillations of a Floating Pole
● Liquid Oscillating in a U-Tube
● Ball Oscillating in the Neck of an Air Chamber
● Composition of Two SHM of the Same Period Along the Same
Line
● Composition of Two SHM of Same Period at Right Angles to
Each Other
● Damped Harmonic Oscillation
● Forced Oscillations and Resonance

41. Topic 24 – Mechanical Waves
• Characteristics of Wave Motion
• Types of Wave Motion
• Wave Motion Parameters
• Relation Between Path Difference (∆x) and Phase
Difference (∆f)
• Equation of a Harmonic Wave 4.3 Characteristic
Wave Equation
• Particle Velocity, Wave Slope and Particle
Acceleration in a Sinusoidal Wave
• Group Velocity
• A Symmetrical Wave Pulse
• Speed of a Transverse Wave in a String
• Energy Density of a Transverse Wave
• Power and Intensity of Wave Travelling Through a
Stretched String
• About Amplitude
• Reflection of String Wave
• Wave Properties after Reflection/Refraction
(Transmission)
• Partial Reflection and Transmission
• Boundary Conditions
• Relation Between Displacement Wave and Pressure
Wave for a Longitudinal Wave
• Speed of a Longitudinal Waves
● Comparison of Progressive and Stationary Wave
● Stationary Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends and Modes of
Vibration of a Stretched String
● Stationary Waves in a String Fixed at One End and Modes of
Vibration of a Stretched String
● Melde’s Experiment
● Sonometer
● Vibrations of a Clamped Rod
● Longitudinal Stationary Waves in Air Columns/Organ Pipes
● Stationary Sound Waves in an Open Organ Pipe
● Closed Pipe
● End Correction in Organ Pipes
● Resonance Tube
● Kundt’s Tube
● Beats
● To Find Unknown Frequency
● Pitch (Frequency)
● Quality (Timbre)
● Octave and Interval
● Musical Sound and Musical Scale
● Audible, Infrasonic and Ultrasonic Waves
● Doppler Effect
● Listener and Source Both Stationary

42. Topic 24 – Mechanical Waves
• Characteristics of Wave Motion
• Types of Wave Motion
• Wave Motion Parameters
• Relation Between Path Difference (∆x) and Phase
Difference (∆f)
• Equation of a Harmonic Wave 4.3 Characteristic
Wave Equation
• Particle Velocity, Wave Slope and Particle
Acceleration in a Sinusoidal Wave
• Group Velocity
• A Symmetrical Wave Pulse
• Speed of a Transverse Wave in a String
• Energy Density of a Transverse Wave
• Power and Intensity of Wave Travelling Through a
Stretched String
• About Amplitude
• Reflection of String Wave
• Wave Properties after Reflection/Refraction
(Transmission)
• Partial Reflection and Transmission
• Boundary Conditions
• Relation Between Displacement Wave and Pressure
Wave for a Longitudinal Wave
• Speed of a Longitudinal Waves
● Relation Between Pressure Wave and Density Wave
● About Nature of Waves
● Power and Intensity of Wave Travelling Through a Medium
● Intensity of Sound Wave 4.22 Supersonic and Shock Waves
● Intensity Level and Loudness of Sound
● Noise Levels due to Different Sources
● Newton’s Formula for Speed of Sound in a Gas
● Laplace’s Correction for Speed of Sound in a Gas
● Effect of External Factors on Speed of Sound
● Reflection of Sound Waves
● Refraction
● Echo
● Diffraction
● Superposition of Waves: Introduction
● Superposition Principle
● Interference
● Intensity Factor
● Coherent Sources
● Stationary Waves
● Transverse Waves
● Longitudinal Waves
● Stationary Waves Produced on Reflection From the Free End
(Rarer Medium)
● Stationary Waves Produced on Reflection From Fixed End
(Denser Medium)

43. • Source Approaching a Stationary Listener
• Listener Approaching a Stationary Source
• Source and Listener Approaching
• Source Approaching Listener and Both
Moving in Same Direction
• Source not Moving Towards Observer
• Effect of Motion of Medium
• Wind Effect
• Principle of Sonar (or Radar)
• Doppler’s Effect of Light
• Red Shift and Blue Shift
• Acoustics of Buildings

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