"Real-time Collaborative Text Editing on Grammarly’s Front-End Team" Oleksii Levzhynskyi

•

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Real-time collaboration editing is a common task on the modern web. I will tell you about how the Grammarly Front-End team has solved it in creating the Grammarly Editor. This talk will focus on the complexity, communication protocols, and the nuances of implementing it on the front-end.

Technology

• The Grammarly Editor

• Grammarly’s desktop app

• Grammarly browser extension (past)

• @grammarly/focal contributor

• co-host on weekly talks in https://devua.club
Oleksii Levzhynskyi

Problem statement
• Store user’s text

• Two-way communication (and/or other clients?)

• Send huge text over the wire in real time

• Resolve conflicts on multiuser edit

• Extendability: (Grammarly suggestions, text meta, user cursor, so on)

Send huge text over the wire
Hello => Hello!

Difference: <insert “!” into position 6>

Real time
- Eventual consistency

- Cannot block!

- Optimistic update

We need an algorithm to resolve conflicts
- Operation Transformation (OT)

- Conflict-free replicated data type (CRDT)

OT - Operational transformation
- Conflict-free protocol

- Eventually consistent

- Based operations

- Operation mean intent

- Easily extensible by custom operations

- GDocs, TinyMCE, so on

CRDT - Conflict-free replicated data type
- Could work peer-to-peer without a central server
- About state difference

- Requires to use complex data types—loses intent of changes (harder
to read)

- Extensibility is “complex”

- Real-world example: Xi editor

Text as state (Xi editor)
Herlo => Herllo!

More server features
- History/revision out of the box

- Handles reconnects or unstable internet connection

- Offline mode

Delta for text changes . . . QuillJS Delta

Delta for text changes . . . QuillJS Delta
Hello? => Hello!

[{retain: 5}, {insert: ‘!’}, {delete: 1}]
*Operation starts from the beginning of the text

Delta for text changes . . . QuillJS Delta
Hello => Hello

[{retain: 5, attributes: { bold: true }]
*Operation starts from the beginning of the text

Validate, validate, validate. . . .
{

operation: “delta”,

delta: [{retain: 5}, {insert: ‘!’}, {delete: 1}]

rev: 1
}

Example: Highlight
{

operation: “highlight”,

forRev: 1,

range: {start: 0, end: 5}

transform: [{retain: 2}, {delete: 1}, {insert: “l”}]

}

$“Herlo” => “It’s_me._Herlo!” New text: {insert: “It’s_me._” } Range: shift by 9 symbols {start: 0, end: 5} => {start: 9, end: 14} Transform: shift by 9 symbols [{retain: 2}, {delete: 1}, {insert: “l”}] => [{retain: 11}, {delete: 1}, {insert: “l”}] Rebase + optimistic update } 9 symbols$

Algorithms & data structures
- Know them!

- Performance is important when you need to rebase thousands of ranges/
deltas in real time

- N^2

Is it already in production?
Yes! And it’s tested by Grammarly’s 30 million daily active users.

When to use?
- One/two-way data with continuous incremental update

- Client-server

- Peer-to-peer

- WebWorker - main thread

Links
- CRDT - The Xi Text Engine
- TinyMCE: To OT or CRDT, that is the question
- Grammarly Docs – Architecting a Realtime Distributed Editor
- Designing the Delta Format

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This talk will reveal four destructive communication patterns that can undermine team spirit, reduce productivity and cause conflict, and offer effective strategies for neutralizing them. Let's start with exciting storytelling about a fictional team of developers working on Scrum. You will learn about situations that their team member noticed during team meetings. Next, we will analyze "The Gottman Four Horsemen" model, which describes the four "horsemen of the apocalypse" of work relationships: criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling. For each of these patterns, specific "antidotes" will be offered that allow you to build healthier and more productive relationships in the team. Finally, we'll look at why this topic is critical to team productivity, drawing on Google's "Project Aristotle" research. Special attention will be paid to the concept of psychological safety, which is a key factor in the success of high-performance teams. This talk will not only provide valuable insights and tools for improving communication and management in Tech teams, but will also help each member better understand their own contribution to the overall success of the team.

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