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Ralph Waldo Emerson was an influential 19th century American philosopher, essayist, and poet. He published the influential work Nature in 1836 which argued that man should see nature as more than something to be used and that man's relationship with nature transcends usefulness. In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at Harvard attacking tradition and the past, saying the true scholar is an original thinker who knows himself through intuition and nature. Between 1841-1844, Emerson published two volumes of essays promoting self-reliance, self-cultivation, and the need to express oneself while the second volume emphasized less reliance on self and more respect for society. His 1846 collection of poems was criticized as being
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Ralph waldo emerson jenniffer
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, poet, and essayist born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was a leading figure of the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. Emerson wrote several influential essays, including "Self-Reliance" and "Nature," in which he developed his philosophy of nonconformity and finding a spiritual connection with nature. He advocated for abolition and continued writing and lecturing until his death in 1882 in Concord, Massachusetts.
249Week TenTranscendentalismPerkins−Perkins .docx
249
Week Ten:
Transcendentalism
Perkins−Perkins:
Selections from American
Literature
Ralph Waldo Emerson Author Bio © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2007
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
(1803–1882)
The durability of Emerson for the general reader is one measure of his genius.
Now, two centuries after his birth, the forum and the marketplace echo his words
and ideas. As Ralph L. Rusk suggested, this is partly because “he is wise man, wit,
and poet, all three,” and partly because his speculations proved prophetic, having
as firm a practical relationship with the conditions of our present age as with the
history of humankind before him. “His insatiable passion for unity resembles Ein-
stein’s” as much as Plato’s; and this passion unites serenity and practicality, God
and science, in a manner highly suggestive for those attempting to solve the dilem-
mas which have seemed most desperately urgent in our time.
Emerson was born to the clerical tradition; his father was pastor of the First
Unitarian Church of Boston and successor to a line of nonconformist and Puritan
clergymen. William Emerson died in 1811, when the boy was eight, leaving his
widow to face poverty and to educate their five sons. At Boston Latin School, at
the Latin school in Concord, and at Harvard College (where from 1817 to 1821
he enjoyed a “scholarship” in return for services), young Emerson kindled no fires.
His slow growth is recorded in his journal for the next eight years. He assisted at
his brother William’s Boston “School for Young Ladies” (1821–1825), conducting
the enterprise alone the last year. In 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School; in
spite of an interval of illness, he was by 1829 associated with the powerful Henry
Ware in the pulpit of the Second Unitarian Church of Boston. That year he mar-
ried Ellen Tucker, whose death, less than two years later, acutely grieved him
throughout his life.
In 1832, in the first flush of a genuine success in the pulpit, he resigned from
the ministry. At the time, he told his congregation he could no longer find inherent
grace in the observation of the Lord’s Supper, and later he said that his ideas of
self-reliance and the general divinity of humanity caused him to conclude that “in
order to be a good minister it was necessary to leave the ministry.” His decision
was not the result of hasty judgment. These ideas had long been available to him
in his study of such nonconformists as Fénelon, George Fox, Luther, and Carlyle.
They were later made explicit also in his poem “The Problem,” printed among the
selections in this volume. Six years after his resignation from the ministry, in his
“Divinity School Address” (1838), he clarified his position and made permanent
his breach with the church. The transcendental law, Emerson believed, was the
“moral law,” through which human beings discover the nature of God, a living
spirit; yet it had been the practice of historical Christianity—“as if God were
dead”—to formalize Him and to fundamental ...
Ralph waldo emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an influential American essayist and poet in the 19th century who led the Transcendentalist movement. He published influential essays and gave over 1,500 lectures promoting ideas of individualism and criticism of social pressures. Some of his most famous works include Nature, The American Scholar, and essays in his First and Second Series collections. Emerson developed ideas around individuality, freedom, and the relationship between the soul and nature. Though his writing was complex, Emerson had a profound influence on American thinkers and remains an important figure in American intellectual history.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American poet, essayist, and leader of the transcendentalist movement. He was born in Boston in 1803 and his ancestors were ministers. He graduated from Harvard at age 18 and taught school before entering the Harvard Divinity School. Some of Emerson's most notable works include his two series of essays published in 1841 and 1844, as well as poems such as "Brahma" from 1856 and "Concord Hymn" from 1847.
Leaders of Transcendentalist Movement - Paper 108
The document provides information about major leaders and values of the Transcendentalist movement in the mid-19th century United States. It discusses Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller as the three main leaders. Emerson helped found the Transcendentalist club and wrote influential essays promoting self-reliance and individualism. Thoreau's Walden emphasized simple living and observing nature. Fuller was a feminist who helped establish the Transcendentalist journal The Dial. Core Transcendentalist values included idealism, individualism, and seeing nature as divine.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts to a minister father. He attended Boston Latin School and later graduated from Harvard in 1821 in the middle of his class. After graduation, Emerson helped found the Transcendental Club and published his first essay anonymously in 1836 called Nature. In 1837 he delivered his famous "The American Scholar" address at Harvard calling for American literary independence from Europe.
Romanticism and transcendentalism )
Romanticism and Transcendentalism were literary movements that developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and America. Key characteristics of Romanticism included an emphasis on nature, emotion, individualism, the imagination, the supernatural, and a focus on the common man. Transcendentalism grew out of Unitarianism and was influenced by German and English Romanticism. It promoted non-traditional thinking and believed that knowledge comes from within individuals rather than through empirical means. Major American Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
Romanticismandtranscendentalism introduction to unit 2
Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American Literature
The document defines Romanticism and discusses its influence on American literature in the 18th-19th centuries. It also examines Transcendentalism as the most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U.S. Key characteristics of Romanticism included an emphasis on nature, the sublime, rebellion, and individualism. Transcendentalism built on these ideas and held that individuals are spiritual centers who can access divine truth through their inner senses and nature. Major Transcendentalist writers included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
Recommended
Ralph waldo emerson jenniffer
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, poet, and essayist born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was a leading figure of the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. Emerson wrote several influential essays, including "Self-Reliance" and "Nature," in which he developed his philosophy of nonconformity and finding a spiritual connection with nature. He advocated for abolition and continued writing and lecturing until his death in 1882 in Concord, Massachusetts.
249Week TenTranscendentalismPerkins−Perkins .docx
249
Week Ten:
Transcendentalism
Perkins−Perkins:
Selections from American
Literature
Ralph Waldo Emerson Author Bio © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2007
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
(1803–1882)
The durability of Emerson for the general reader is one measure of his genius.
Now, two centuries after his birth, the forum and the marketplace echo his words
and ideas. As Ralph L. Rusk suggested, this is partly because “he is wise man, wit,
and poet, all three,” and partly because his speculations proved prophetic, having
as firm a practical relationship with the conditions of our present age as with the
history of humankind before him. “His insatiable passion for unity resembles Ein-
stein’s” as much as Plato’s; and this passion unites serenity and practicality, God
and science, in a manner highly suggestive for those attempting to solve the dilem-
mas which have seemed most desperately urgent in our time.
Emerson was born to the clerical tradition; his father was pastor of the First
Unitarian Church of Boston and successor to a line of nonconformist and Puritan
clergymen. William Emerson died in 1811, when the boy was eight, leaving his
widow to face poverty and to educate their five sons. At Boston Latin School, at
the Latin school in Concord, and at Harvard College (where from 1817 to 1821
he enjoyed a “scholarship” in return for services), young Emerson kindled no fires.
His slow growth is recorded in his journal for the next eight years. He assisted at
his brother William’s Boston “School for Young Ladies” (1821–1825), conducting
the enterprise alone the last year. In 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School; in
spite of an interval of illness, he was by 1829 associated with the powerful Henry
Ware in the pulpit of the Second Unitarian Church of Boston. That year he mar-
ried Ellen Tucker, whose death, less than two years later, acutely grieved him
throughout his life.
In 1832, in the first flush of a genuine success in the pulpit, he resigned from
the ministry. At the time, he told his congregation he could no longer find inherent
grace in the observation of the Lord’s Supper, and later he said that his ideas of
self-reliance and the general divinity of humanity caused him to conclude that “in
order to be a good minister it was necessary to leave the ministry.” His decision
was not the result of hasty judgment. These ideas had long been available to him
in his study of such nonconformists as Fénelon, George Fox, Luther, and Carlyle.
They were later made explicit also in his poem “The Problem,” printed among the
selections in this volume. Six years after his resignation from the ministry, in his
“Divinity School Address” (1838), he clarified his position and made permanent
his breach with the church. The transcendental law, Emerson believed, was the
“moral law,” through which human beings discover the nature of God, a living
spirit; yet it had been the practice of historical Christianity—“as if God were
dead”—to formalize Him and to fundamental ...
Ralph waldo emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an influential American essayist and poet in the 19th century who led the Transcendentalist movement. He published influential essays and gave over 1,500 lectures promoting ideas of individualism and criticism of social pressures. Some of his most famous works include Nature, The American Scholar, and essays in his First and Second Series collections. Emerson developed ideas around individuality, freedom, and the relationship between the soul and nature. Though his writing was complex, Emerson had a profound influence on American thinkers and remains an important figure in American intellectual history.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American poet, essayist, and leader of the transcendentalist movement. He was born in Boston in 1803 and his ancestors were ministers. He graduated from Harvard at age 18 and taught school before entering the Harvard Divinity School. Some of Emerson's most notable works include his two series of essays published in 1841 and 1844, as well as poems such as "Brahma" from 1856 and "Concord Hymn" from 1847.
Leaders of Transcendentalist Movement - Paper 108
The document provides information about major leaders and values of the Transcendentalist movement in the mid-19th century United States. It discusses Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller as the three main leaders. Emerson helped found the Transcendentalist club and wrote influential essays promoting self-reliance and individualism. Thoreau's Walden emphasized simple living and observing nature. Fuller was a feminist who helped establish the Transcendentalist journal The Dial. Core Transcendentalist values included idealism, individualism, and seeing nature as divine.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts to a minister father. He attended Boston Latin School and later graduated from Harvard in 1821 in the middle of his class. After graduation, Emerson helped found the Transcendental Club and published his first essay anonymously in 1836 called Nature. In 1837 he delivered his famous "The American Scholar" address at Harvard calling for American literary independence from Europe.
Romanticism and transcendentalism )
Romanticism and Transcendentalism were literary movements that developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and America. Key characteristics of Romanticism included an emphasis on nature, emotion, individualism, the imagination, the supernatural, and a focus on the common man. Transcendentalism grew out of Unitarianism and was influenced by German and English Romanticism. It promoted non-traditional thinking and believed that knowledge comes from within individuals rather than through empirical means. Major American Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
Romanticismandtranscendentalism introduction to unit 2
Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American Literature
The document defines Romanticism and discusses its influence on American literature in the 18th-19th centuries. It also examines Transcendentalism as the most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U.S. Key characteristics of Romanticism included an emphasis on nature, the sublime, rebellion, and individualism. Transcendentalism built on these ideas and held that individuals are spiritual centers who can access divine truth through their inner senses and nature. Major Transcendentalist writers included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
What is The Difference Between Transcendentalism and Romanticism ?
The document provides information on transcendentalism and romanticism, including their origins, key figures, and differences. Transcendentalism emerged in the 1820-1830s as a reaction against unitarianism, emphasizing intuition and nature over tradition and reason. Key transcendentalists were Emerson and Thoreau. Romanticism began in the late 18th century as an artistic/intellectual movement focused on emotions. While both encouraged self-growth, transcendentalism was more dedicated to religion and spirituality, believing in God and miracles, whereas romanticism was less focused on organized religion.
EMERSON
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a founder of the Transcendentalist movement in America. He believed that "character is higher than intellect" and that "a great soul will be strong to live, as well as to think." Emerson embraced some principles of Christianity, Eastern religions, and English Romanticism. His 1836 book "Nature" helped launch the American transcendentalist movement. Emerson experienced tragedy in his personal life, including the deaths of his father, brothers, first wife, and oldest son. He went on to become a prolific lecturer and author, inspiring figures like Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman.
Ralph waldo emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, poet, and leader of the transcendentalist movement. He was born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts and educated at Harvard University and Harvard Divinity School. Emerson published several collections of essays and poems focused on nature, self-reliance, and individualism. He is considered one of the greatest writers and philosophers in American history.
1-4-2010 THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.ppt
This document provides an overview of early American literature during the Romanticism period from 1800-1855. It discusses major writers and works that helped establish a uniquely American style and identity, differentiating from European influences. Key points include:
- Washington Irving was considered the first famous American writer and wrote some of the first American short stories.
- Edgar Allan Poe created new genres like the detective story and modern short story form.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville wrote about sin, guilt, and the consequences of human flaws and actions.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau established Transcendentalist philosophy emphasizing individualism and self-reliance.
-
1 RALPH WALDO EMERSON On Education RALPH WALDO .docx
1
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
On Education
RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803–1882) was among the foremost American
intellectuals of the nineteenth century. His father, a Unitarian minister, settled the family in
Concord, Massachusetts, where Emerson lived virtually all his life. When his father died,
Emerson was seven years old, and his mother was essentially destitute. She worked at various
jobs to keep the family together, but there were nights when they did not have enough to eat.
Emerson’s maiden aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, was a highly intelligent woman and was
responsible, in part, for Emerson’s earliest education.
Despite having little or no money, Emerson went to Boston Latin School, then enrolled
in Harvard at age fourteen. After graduation he taught briefly at an uncle’s school, then opened
his own school for girls, which he operated for about four years. Eventually he realized that
teaching was not the right vocation for him, and he decided to become a minister. He went to
Harvard Divinity School but found he had difficulty accepting the religious dogma at the heart
of the program. He continued to have a problem with religious strictures, and even though he
became a popular Unitarian minister in Boston, he eventually gave up his career in the church.
What he decided to do instead was to become a lecturer and public speaker. In the
years before and after the Civil War (1861–1865), many speakers toured the United States
almost the way popular entertainers do today. Emerson was a popular intellectual whose style
of delivery and quality of thought engaged New Englanders for decades. He was known in
Europe as well, where he visited thinkers and absorbed ideas from the new wave of Romantic
philosophy that emanated primarily from Germany. He thought of himself as an Idealist,
although he was involved with a group of intellectuals who described themselves as
Transcendentalists.
Transcendentalism was not a systematic philosophy, but a way of approaching life by
emphasizing the human soul, the soul’s connection with nature, and the elevation of the spirit
over materialism. Considering that the United States was enjoying a tremendous wave of
materialist expansion during his lifetime, his views were what we would today call
countercultural. His first book, Nature (1836), was a short tribute to his love of nature,
especially his love of the woods around Concord. Some commentators hold that most of his
later beliefs are either expressed or hinted at in this volume. Emerson praised freedom,
intuition, respect for conscience, spontaneity, and personal responsibility, among other values.
For Emerson, to praise something as “natural” was high praise indeed.
Like his neighbor Henry David Thoreau, Emerson campaigned against slavery and,
during the Civil War, lobbied Washington to emancipate the slaves. He was a lifelong
abolitionist and, again like Thoreau, refused to recognize laws that he felt went against nature.
For ins.
P.b shelly (history of literature)
Percy Bysshe Shelley was a famous English Romantic poet born in 1792 in Sussex, England. He was one of the second generation of Romantic poets. Shelley was educated at Eton and Oxford but was expelled from university for publishing a pamphlet questioning the existence of God. Some of Shelley's most famous works included Queen Mab, The Revolt of Islam, Adonais, an elegy for his friend John Keats, and Alastor. Shelley believed that poets were the unacknowledged legislators of the world. He tragically died young at age 29 by drowning.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, philosopher, and poet in the 19th century who was a leader of the Transcendentalist movement. He believed that true individuality was corrupted by society and institutions and that people should rely on their inner selves. Through his essays and over 1,500 lectures, Emerson influenced many American writers and promoted new ways of thinking that emphasized optimism and individualism. He remained a prolific writer throughout his life, though his idealism gave way to acknowledging human limitations as he aged.
Introduction to the Romantic Period
This document discusses the key characteristics and concepts of Romanticism as an artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th century. It emphasizes emotion, imagination, individualism, nature, and the irrational. Notable Romantic writers mentioned include Rousseau, William Blake, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Their works frequently explored themes of nature, the self, imagination, and the supernatural.
Alienation and Feminism in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Lessing’s The Grass Is ...
Alienation and Feminism in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Lessing’s The Grass Is ...English Literature and Language Review ELLR
The objective of this study is to focus on the investigation of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Doris Lessing’s The Grass Is Singing in the perspective of alienation and feminism. It aims at examining mainly Shakespeare’s and Lessing’s treatment of women in the light of the social system of 16th -century England and 20th -century Africa, respectively. It proposes to incorporate a wide variety of related, but diverse and even contradictory elements, centering on the subject of gender, social, political, economic, and cultural issues, fragmentation of society, love and marriage, psychological conflict, divorce, and sexuality. Both Shakespeare’s and Lessing’s texts are analyzed within the parameters of these issues. It throws a new light on the critical comments made by critics, scholars, and reviewers with a view to analyzing the complex ramifications of the theory of alienation and feminism. It also attempts to examine outlooks, autobiographical elements, writing forms, similarities and differences in various phases of the two writers. In this way, it aims to prove a concluding remark that a symbiotic relationship of the theorists and the authors is not only self-perpetuating, but also important for the 21st -century English literature.Asian Soul of Transcendentalism
This document discusses the influence of Asian religions on the Transcendentalist movement in America in the 19th century. It argues that Transcendentalist figures like Emerson, Thoreau, and the Alcotts were deeply influenced by early translations of Asian religious texts from traditions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism. While their works are often portrayed as primarily influenced by Western traditions, the document provides evidence that they eagerly read and incorporated ideas from Asian scriptures. It lists many Asian texts that were in their personal libraries and discusses how these texts shaped their worldviews and inspired their writings, even if not always explicitly referenced. The document aims to reshape the traditional narrative of Tran
Asian Soul of Transcendentalism
"School for Happiness: Bhutan's Big Dream"
Kent Bicknell, Head of Sant Bani School
Saturday August 11, 1:00 - 2:15
Elit 48 c class 27
This document contains an agenda and lecture materials for a literature class discussing postmodern poetry and authors. It includes summaries of Charles Olson, Frank O'Hara, Elizabeth Bishop, A.R. Ammons, and Audre Lorde's approaches to poetry. It also briefly introduces postmodern fiction and postmodernism in general. Finally, it provides a short biography of author Ralph Ellison who will be discussed for homework.
The 19th Century Literature
This presentation is about the introduction of the 19th century literature and some of the prominent authors in the period including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Byshhe Shelley, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Matthew Arnolds.
Major Poets of Victorian age
This document provides biographical information and summaries of major works by four Victorian poets: Alfred Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Matthew Arnold. It notes their dates, backgrounds, and most famous poems. For each poet, it highlights one of their works, such as Tennyson's "In Memoriam" about mourning his friend, Browning's dramatic monologue "My Last Duchess", Elizabeth Barrett Browning's love poem "How Do I Love Thee?", and Arnold's poem "Dover Beach" about loss of religious faith.
Elit 48 c class 27
This document contains an agenda for a literature class that discusses various postmodern poets and concepts. It includes brief biographies of Charles Olson, Frank O'Hara, Elizabeth Bishop, A.R. Ammons, and Audre Lorde. It also summarizes Olson's three principles of poetry, debates intimacy in poetry between O'Hara and Bishop, compares poetry to walking according to Ammons, and discusses Lorde's views on the importance of poetry. The document introduces postmodern fiction and poetry as experimental aesthetic movements that questioned realism and focused on language. It concludes with an author introduction of Ralph Ellison.
Emerson & Women's Rights.docx
Ralph Waldo Emerson was ahead of his time in supporting women's rights in the 19th century. He believed that women deserved equal rights and status to men, including in education, employment, property ownership, marriage, and suffrage. Emerson was influenced by the strong women in his own life. In lectures, he argued that what was dismissed as women's intuition was actually quicker thought, and that society failed to recognize women's individual existence and talents separate from men. Emerson saw women as playing an important role in advancing society and believed true genius encompassed both masculine and feminine traits.
Elit 48 c class 27
This document contains an agenda and lecture notes for a literature class discussing postmodern poetry and poets. It provides biographies and perspectives on Charles Olson, Frank O'Hara, Elizabeth Bishop, A.R. Ammons, Audre Lorde, and an introduction to Ralph Ellison. Key points of discussion include Olson's principles of projective verse, O'Hara's concept of personism poetry, Bishop's criticism of confessional poetry, Ammons' comparison of poetry and walking, and Lorde's views on the purpose and importance of poetry.
'MATTHEW ARNOLD'
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century English poet and critic. He is considered the father of modern literary criticism for his theories outlined in his influential work "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time." Arnold believed the role of the critic was to objectively analyze and propagate the best of what is known and thought in order to establish fresh ideas and further culture. He distinguished between epochs of expansion driven by poetic creativity and epochs of concentration dominated by critical analysis.
Ralph waldo emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was a 19th century American essayist and poet who helped develop Transcendentalism. He criticized the state of society and advocated for new spiritual values focused on nature. Emerson found nature to be a refuge from societal ills and believed it could help people connect to eternity. He was a key spokesperson for Transcendentalism and rejected conventional views of aesthetics, finding beauty in nature that could renew people.
Arnold and his criticism
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
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The document provides information on transcendentalism and romanticism, including their origins, key figures, and differences. Transcendentalism emerged in the 1820-1830s as a reaction against unitarianism, emphasizing intuition and nature over tradition and reason. Key transcendentalists were Emerson and Thoreau. Romanticism began in the late 18th century as an artistic/intellectual movement focused on emotions. While both encouraged self-growth, transcendentalism was more dedicated to religion and spirituality, believing in God and miracles, whereas romanticism was less focused on organized religion.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, poet, and leader of the transcendentalist movement. He was born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts and educated at Harvard University and Harvard Divinity School. Emerson published several collections of essays and poems focused on nature, self-reliance, and individualism. He is considered one of the greatest writers and philosophers in American history.
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This document provides an overview of early American literature during the Romanticism period from 1800-1855. It discusses major writers and works that helped establish a uniquely American style and identity, differentiating from European influences. Key points include:
- Washington Irving was considered the first famous American writer and wrote some of the first American short stories.
- Edgar Allan Poe created new genres like the detective story and modern short story form.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville wrote about sin, guilt, and the consequences of human flaws and actions.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau established Transcendentalist philosophy emphasizing individualism and self-reliance.
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1 RALPH WALDO EMERSON On Education RALPH WALDO .docx
1
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
On Education
RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803–1882) was among the foremost American
intellectuals of the nineteenth century. His father, a Unitarian minister, settled the family in
Concord, Massachusetts, where Emerson lived virtually all his life. When his father died,
Emerson was seven years old, and his mother was essentially destitute. She worked at various
jobs to keep the family together, but there were nights when they did not have enough to eat.
Emerson’s maiden aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, was a highly intelligent woman and was
responsible, in part, for Emerson’s earliest education.
Despite having little or no money, Emerson went to Boston Latin School, then enrolled
in Harvard at age fourteen. After graduation he taught briefly at an uncle’s school, then opened
his own school for girls, which he operated for about four years. Eventually he realized that
teaching was not the right vocation for him, and he decided to become a minister. He went to
Harvard Divinity School but found he had difficulty accepting the religious dogma at the heart
of the program. He continued to have a problem with religious strictures, and even though he
became a popular Unitarian minister in Boston, he eventually gave up his career in the church.
What he decided to do instead was to become a lecturer and public speaker. In the
years before and after the Civil War (1861–1865), many speakers toured the United States
almost the way popular entertainers do today. Emerson was a popular intellectual whose style
of delivery and quality of thought engaged New Englanders for decades. He was known in
Europe as well, where he visited thinkers and absorbed ideas from the new wave of Romantic
philosophy that emanated primarily from Germany. He thought of himself as an Idealist,
although he was involved with a group of intellectuals who described themselves as
Transcendentalists.
Transcendentalism was not a systematic philosophy, but a way of approaching life by
emphasizing the human soul, the soul’s connection with nature, and the elevation of the spirit
over materialism. Considering that the United States was enjoying a tremendous wave of
materialist expansion during his lifetime, his views were what we would today call
countercultural. His first book, Nature (1836), was a short tribute to his love of nature,
especially his love of the woods around Concord. Some commentators hold that most of his
later beliefs are either expressed or hinted at in this volume. Emerson praised freedom,
intuition, respect for conscience, spontaneity, and personal responsibility, among other values.
For Emerson, to praise something as “natural” was high praise indeed.
Like his neighbor Henry David Thoreau, Emerson campaigned against slavery and,
during the Civil War, lobbied Washington to emancipate the slaves. He was a lifelong
abolitionist and, again like Thoreau, refused to recognize laws that he felt went against nature.
For ins.
P.b shelly (history of literature)
Percy Bysshe Shelley was a famous English Romantic poet born in 1792 in Sussex, England. He was one of the second generation of Romantic poets. Shelley was educated at Eton and Oxford but was expelled from university for publishing a pamphlet questioning the existence of God. Some of Shelley's most famous works included Queen Mab, The Revolt of Islam, Adonais, an elegy for his friend John Keats, and Alastor. Shelley believed that poets were the unacknowledged legislators of the world. He tragically died young at age 29 by drowning.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, philosopher, and poet in the 19th century who was a leader of the Transcendentalist movement. He believed that true individuality was corrupted by society and institutions and that people should rely on their inner selves. Through his essays and over 1,500 lectures, Emerson influenced many American writers and promoted new ways of thinking that emphasized optimism and individualism. He remained a prolific writer throughout his life, though his idealism gave way to acknowledging human limitations as he aged.
Introduction to the Romantic Period
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Asian Soul of Transcendentalism
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Elit 48 c class 27
This document contains an agenda for a literature class that discusses various postmodern poets and concepts. It includes brief biographies of Charles Olson, Frank O'Hara, Elizabeth Bishop, A.R. Ammons, and Audre Lorde. It also summarizes Olson's three principles of poetry, debates intimacy in poetry between O'Hara and Bishop, compares poetry to walking according to Ammons, and discusses Lorde's views on the importance of poetry. The document introduces postmodern fiction and poetry as experimental aesthetic movements that questioned realism and focused on language. It concludes with an author introduction of Ralph Ellison.
Emerson & Women's Rights.docx
Ralph Waldo Emerson was ahead of his time in supporting women's rights in the 19th century. He believed that women deserved equal rights and status to men, including in education, employment, property ownership, marriage, and suffrage. Emerson was influenced by the strong women in his own life. In lectures, he argued that what was dismissed as women's intuition was actually quicker thought, and that society failed to recognize women's individual existence and talents separate from men. Emerson saw women as playing an important role in advancing society and believed true genius encompassed both masculine and feminine traits.
Elit 48 c class 27
This document contains an agenda and lecture notes for a literature class discussing postmodern poetry and poets. It provides biographies and perspectives on Charles Olson, Frank O'Hara, Elizabeth Bishop, A.R. Ammons, Audre Lorde, and an introduction to Ralph Ellison. Key points of discussion include Olson's principles of projective verse, O'Hara's concept of personism poetry, Bishop's criticism of confessional poetry, Ammons' comparison of poetry and walking, and Lorde's views on the purpose and importance of poetry.
'MATTHEW ARNOLD'
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Ralph waldo emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was a 19th century American essayist and poet who helped develop Transcendentalism. He criticized the state of society and advocated for new spiritual values focused on nature. Emerson found nature to be a refuge from societal ills and believed it could help people connect to eternity. He was a key spokesperson for Transcendentalism and rejected conventional views of aesthetics, finding beauty in nature that could renew people.
Arnold and his criticism
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
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- 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson • brilliant philosopher, essayist and poet and one of the most influential thinkers of the 19th century; • influenced Hawthorne and Thoreau; • religious sense of mission: “in order to be a good minister, it was necessary to leave the church”
- 3. 1836 - Emerson published Nature: man should not see nature merely as something to be used (man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness) 1837 – Speech at Harvard University: Emerson attacked the influence of tradition and the past the scholar is not the man “of book learning”, but the original thinker man knows himself through intuition and the study of nature
- 4. 05.04.2023 1841, 1844 – Two volumes of Essays First volume - preached the ethics of self-reliance, the duty of self-cultivation, the need for the expression of self. Second volume – less reliance on self, respect for society, awareness of the imperfection of genius 1846 – Poems • criticised as being awkward and unmusical • poetry – not meant to produce pleasant sounds
- 5. 05.04.2023 Brahma If the red slayer think he slays, Or if the slain think he is slain, They know not well the subtle ways I keep, and pass, and turn again. Far or forgot to me is near; Shadow and sunlight are the same; The vanished gods to me appear; And one to me are shame and fame. They reckon ill who leave me out; When me they fly, I am the wings; I am the doubter and the doubt, I am the hymn the Brahmin sings. The strong gods pine for my abode, And pine in vain the sacred Seven; But thou, meek lover of the good! Find me, and turn thy back on heaven.
Editor's Notes
- Emerson was a brilliant philosopher, essayist and poet and one of the most influential thinkers of the 19th century. He influenced Hawthorne and particularly Thoreau. In Concord, he gathered around him prominent thinkers of his age that led to the formation of Brook Farm Community. Brook Farm was a group of scholars who studied and shared their ideas about living in harmony with nature. It lasted five years. Contemporaries knew Emerson to be a charming, kind, sweet-natured man (marked by personal tragedies: his first wife died of tuberculosis a year and a half after their marriage, age 19, and his son Waldo died of scarlet fever at the age of 5). Ralph Waldo Emerson had a religious sense of mission. Although many accused him of subverting Christianity, he explained that, for him “to be a good minister, it was necessary to leave the church.” The address he delivered in 1838 at his alma mater, the Harvard Divinity School, made him unwelcome at Harvard for 30 years. In it, Emerson accused the church of acting “as if God were dead” and of emphasizing dogma while stifling the spirit.
- In 1836, Emerson published Nature, the clearest statement od Transcendentalist ideas. In it he stated that man should not see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness. The slow sale of the book showed how small in numbers the Transcendentalists really were. In 1837, Emerson gave a famous speech at Harvard University: The American Scholar. He attacked the influence of tradition and the past and called for a new outburst of American creativity. To him, the word scholar did not refer to the man of “book learning”, but to the original thinker. Such a man knows himself through intuition and the study of nature, not of books.
- From his continuing lecture series, he gathered his Essays into two volumes (1841, 1844), which made him internationally famous. In his first volume of Essays, Emerson consolidated his thoughts on moral individualism and preached the ethics of self-reliance, the duty of self-cultivation, and the need for the expression of self. The second volume of Essays shows Emerson accommodating his earlier idealism to the limitations of real life; his later works show an increasing acquiescence to the state of things, less reliance on self, greater respect for society, and an awareness of the ambiguities and incompleteness of genius. As Emerson’s reputation continued to grow, he gained modest recognition for his own poems, which he collected at the end of 1846. In fact, his poetry is often criticized as being awkward and unmusical. But for him poetry did not always have to produce pleasant sounds. Harsh sounds could be used to surprise the ear.
- He also introduced the nation to entirely new poetic material, such as the Hindu idea that we are always reborn into this world each time we die. This is the theme of the poem Brahma: This poem, published in the first number of the Atlantic Monthly magazine (1857), confused readers unfamiliar with Brahma, the highest Hindu god, the eternal and infinite soul of the universe. Emerson had this advice for his readers: “Tell them to say Jehovah instead of Brahma.”