Rak prącia - technika stosowana
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The document outlines the steps for brachytherapy treatment for penile cancer. It states that patients with T1-T2 superficial or infiltrating lesions are suitable candidates. An individual mould is created with catheters placed around the penis. CT-based planning is done with the patient in the treatment position. The therapy session involves preparing the applicator, placing the organ inside, dosimetry, shielding the scrotum, and irradiation. Potential side effects include early reactions in the target penis and scrotum. The results section notes early visible effects.
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chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
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acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
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Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
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Rak prącia - technika stosowana
- 1. I. Qualification: Patients T1-T2, superficial or infiltrative lesions are suitable .Eventually patients with more advanced disease who definitely refuses other treatment options.
- 2. I. Qualification: Patients T1-T2, superficial or infiltrative lesions are suitable .Eventually patients with more advanced disease who definitely refuses other treatment options.
- 3. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 4. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 5. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 6. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 7. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 8. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 9. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 10. II Preparing: Individual mould based applicator with catheters placed around penis
- 11. III. Planning: CT based planning –patient with applicator in treatment position
- 12. III. Planning: CT based planning –patient with applicator in treatment position
- 13. IV. Therapy session Preparing applicator, placing organ into ,Mosfet dosimetry, scrotum shielding, irradiation,
- 14. IV. Therapy session Preparing applicator, placing organ into ,Mosfet dosimetry,scrotum shielding, irradiation,
- 15. IV. Therapy session Preparing applicator, placing organ into ,Mosfet dosimetry, scrotum shielding, irradiation,
- 16. IV. Therapy session Preparing applicator, placing organ into ,Mosfet dosimetry, scrotum shielding, irradiation
- 17. IV. Therapy session Preparing applicator, placing organ into ,Mosfet dosimetry, scrotum shielding, irradiation
- 18. IV. Therapy session Preparing applicator, placing organ into ,Mosfet dosimetry, scrotum shielding, irradiation
- 19. V. Side effects Target-penis early reaction Scrotum reaction
- 20. V. Side effects Target-penis early reaction Scrotum reaction
- 21. V. Side effects Target-penis early reaction Scrotum reaction
- 22. V. Side effects Target-penis early reaction Scrotum reaction
- 23. V. Side effects Target-penis early reaction Scrotum reaction
- 24. VI. Results Early visible effect
- 25. VI. Results Early visible effect