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World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists. This triggered a series of military and political events that led major European powers to declare war on each other, dividing into two opposing alliances: the Allies (Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States) versus the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). The war involved new military technologies and tactics, including trench warfare, machine guns, airplanes, and poison gas. Over 9 million soldiers were killed by the end of the war in 1918, with the Allies emerging victorious after nearly four years of fighting.
This document provides an overview of World War II through summarizing the contents of an atlas about the war. It discusses key events like the German occupation of Paris in 1940 and the US Marines battle at Iwo Jima in 1945. It also provides historical context about the lead up to the war and its devastating global impact. The introduction frames World War II as the culmination of tensions between Britain and Germany over European dominance dating back to World War I.
The document discusses the origins and key events of World War 1. It describes how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, sparking the war. The fighting resulted in trench warfare and massive casualties with little movement at the front. The U.S. entry into the war in 1917 boosted the Allies but Russia withdrew. The war ended with the punitive Treaty of Versailles, which assigned blame and reparations to Germany.
The document provides a summary of long term causes of World War 1 including Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna, Italian unification, the Reign of Terror in France, and events in the 19th century such as the abolition of slavery, the Industrial Revolution, and the unification of Germany and Italy. It also outlines the war plans of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain going into the war as well as key events and battles between 1914-1918.
World War 1 began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. This caused tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary that escalated when Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia and declared war after Serbia did not comply. The war involved two opposing alliances - the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. It resulted in huge losses and new military technologies led to trench warfare stalemates on the Western Front. The war ended in 1918 with the defeat of the Central Powers after the US joined the Allies and revolutions in Russia. The Treaty of Versailles established peace and punished Germany.
HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1. It contains: Sarajevo assassination, big battles, USA entering the war, the threat of Germany, Germany vs Britain, the Balkans, the system of alliances, 5 phases of WW1, the war of movement, the race to the sea, stalemate 1915, the war of attrition 1916-1918, the war of attrition blockades, the end of the war, the consequences of war, homework.
The document provides an overview of key events in World War II history from 1939 to 1945. It describes the rise of Hitler in Germany and fascist aggression across Europe and Asia. Major sections cover the early Axis victories, Allied counteroffensives in North Africa, the Pacific, Eastern Front, D-Day invasion of Normandy, and concluding conferences between Allied leaders. Key battles and turning points are highlighted, showing the shifting tides of the war.
This document provides details about World War 1, including its causes, key events, and outcome. It discusses the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serb nationalist, which increased tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, their allies were pulled into the war due to the system of alliances. The war resulted in huge losses and stalemate on the Western Front. It also discusses America's entry into the war in 1917 and the Russian Revolution, which led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. After the war, the Treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations and imposed penalties on Germany.
World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalists. This triggered a series of military and political events that led major European powers to declare war on each other, dividing into two opposing alliances: the Allies (Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States) versus the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). The war involved new military technologies and tactics, including trench warfare, machine guns, airplanes, and poison gas. Over 9 million soldiers were killed by the end of the war in 1918, with the Allies emerging victorious after nearly four years of fighting.
This document provides an overview of World War II through summarizing the contents of an atlas about the war. It discusses key events like the German occupation of Paris in 1940 and the US Marines battle at Iwo Jima in 1945. It also provides historical context about the lead up to the war and its devastating global impact. The introduction frames World War II as the culmination of tensions between Britain and Germany over European dominance dating back to World War I.
The document discusses the origins and key events of World War 1. It describes how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, sparking the war. The fighting resulted in trench warfare and massive casualties with little movement at the front. The U.S. entry into the war in 1917 boosted the Allies but Russia withdrew. The war ended with the punitive Treaty of Versailles, which assigned blame and reparations to Germany.
The document provides a summary of long term causes of World War 1 including Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna, Italian unification, the Reign of Terror in France, and events in the 19th century such as the abolition of slavery, the Industrial Revolution, and the unification of Germany and Italy. It also outlines the war plans of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain going into the war as well as key events and battles between 1914-1918.
World War 1 began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. This caused tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary that escalated when Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia and declared war after Serbia did not comply. The war involved two opposing alliances - the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. It resulted in huge losses and new military technologies led to trench warfare stalemates on the Western Front. The war ended in 1918 with the defeat of the Central Powers after the US joined the Allies and revolutions in Russia. The Treaty of Versailles established peace and punished Germany.
HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1. It contains: Sarajevo assassination, big battles, USA entering the war, the threat of Germany, Germany vs Britain, the Balkans, the system of alliances, 5 phases of WW1, the war of movement, the race to the sea, stalemate 1915, the war of attrition 1916-1918, the war of attrition blockades, the end of the war, the consequences of war, homework.
The document provides an overview of key events in World War II history from 1939 to 1945. It describes the rise of Hitler in Germany and fascist aggression across Europe and Asia. Major sections cover the early Axis victories, Allied counteroffensives in North Africa, the Pacific, Eastern Front, D-Day invasion of Normandy, and concluding conferences between Allied leaders. Key battles and turning points are highlighted, showing the shifting tides of the war.
This document provides details about World War 1, including its causes, key events, and outcome. It discusses the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serb nationalist, which increased tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, their allies were pulled into the war due to the system of alliances. The war resulted in huge losses and stalemate on the Western Front. It also discusses America's entry into the war in 1917 and the Russian Revolution, which led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. After the war, the Treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations and imposed penalties on Germany.
This document provides background on the events leading up to World War 1. It discusses the rise of nationalism and imperialism in Europe, which led to increased tensions over territorial disputes. It also examines the system of alliances between European powers and the rise of militarism, as countries built up their armed forces. When the Archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, the complex system of alliances drew the major European powers into war. The document summarizes the initial outbreak of fighting and the onset of trench warfare on the Western Front.
1) Hitler believed Germany should build a great empire and sought to invade Eastern Europe to gain more land for Germans while enslaving Slavic peoples. 2) Hitler began remilitarizing Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and invaded the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. 3) Germany and Italy formed an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis and supported one another's military aggression. 4) Germany invaded Poland in 1939, prompting Britain and France to declare war, starting World War II in Europe.
An overview of some of the key events of WW2 with additional information and pictures about the summaries. Also an important list of key figures and some of their roles. Shamelessly developed on another 'sharer's' ppt and built more into it to make it longer and more comprehensive - and I really liked the background too.
The document summarizes key events in World War 2 from Hitler's rise to power in Germany and violation of the Treaty of Versailles, to Germany and Italy forming an alliance, Germany's invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia, Germany and the Soviet Union signing a non-aggression pact, Germany invading Poland which leads Britain and France to declare war, Germany's quick victories using blitzkrieg tactics through Western Europe, the Battle of Britain, Germany invading the Soviet Union, Japan's attacks on US forces and Germany declaring war on the US after, major Allied victories at Stalingrad and Normandy on D-Day, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki leading to Japan's surrender,
World War I was caused by rising nationalism in European nations and their competition for power and resources, which led to the formation of opposing alliances. Militarism and an arms race escalated tensions as countries expanded their armed forces. Immediate causes of the war included the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist and the chain reaction of countries honoring their alliance obligations by declaring war on each other. Within a month, the major European powers were at war across both Western and Eastern fronts.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in World War II in Europe and the Pacific theaters from 1942 to 1945. It discusses major battles like Stalingrad and D-Day, as well as Germany's policy towards Jewish people which led to the Holocaust. It also covers the U.S. decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.
The document outlines key events in Europe during World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. It begins with Germany invading Poland in September 1939, officially starting the war. The US initially remained neutral but later joined the fight. Significant events included the US supplying weapons to Britain in 1941, declaring war on Germany and Italy in response to their declarations of war later that year, and launching its first major offensive in North Africa in 1942. D-Day occurred on June 6, 1944, marking a major Allied invasion of German-occupied France. Germany ultimately surrendered on May 7, 1945, bringing Victory in Europe.
World War I began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. This caused countries to take sides and enter the war through a series of alliances, with the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire fighting against the Allied Powers including Britain, France, Russia and later the United States. Major battles included the Battle of the Marne in 1914 where Germany failed to capture Paris, and the Battle of the Somme in 1916 which was the bloodiest day for Britain. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats attacked American ships, and launched a major offensive in 1918 that helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies
The document provides a summary of key events during World War II:
1) Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, quickly defeating Poland through the use of Blitzkrieg tactics. Germany then invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and used Blitzkrieg tactics to invade France in May 1940 through Belgium, bypassing the Maginot Line.
2) Britain survived Germany's planned invasion in 1940 thanks to the Royal Air Force prevailing over the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain during July-September 1940.
3) Britain depended on imports for resources but survived the German U-boat threat in the Battle of the Atlantic through 1942 by adopting convoy systems protected by radar-equipped ships
The document provides an overview of the key events of World War 2. It describes how Germany invaded Poland in 1939, marking the beginning of the war in Europe. It also discusses how Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, bringing the United States into the war. The summary describes the major Allied victories, including D-Day, the liberation of France, and the capture of Berlin, as well as the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.
The document summarizes major events from World War I through World War II. WWI began in 1914 due to imperial competition and nationalism, and involved trench warfare between the Allied and Central powers. After US entry in 1917, an armistice was reached in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 imposed punitive terms on Germany. Economic instability in the 1920s led to the Great Depression. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal in the 1930s. WWII began in 1939 with Germany invading Poland. The US entered in 1941 after Pearl Harbor. Key battles involved Stalingrad, Midway, and Hiroshima/Nagasaki. WWII ended in 1945 with the defeat of Germany, Italy and Japan, and the establishment of the United Nations
The document provides background information on World War I, including long term causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism which led European powers to build up their armed forces and form alliances that pulled them into war. It discusses key events that sparked the war such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how Germany's invasion of Belgium drew other European countries into the war. The document also examines how new military technologies and America's entry into the war in 1917 helped bring about an Allied victory.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
This document provides background on the events leading up to World War 1. It discusses the rise of nationalism and imperialism in Europe, which led to increased tensions over territorial disputes. It also examines the system of alliances between European powers and the rise of militarism, as countries built up their armed forces. When the Archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, the complex system of alliances drew the major European powers into war. The document summarizes the initial outbreak of fighting and the onset of trench warfare on the Western Front.
1) Hitler believed Germany should build a great empire and sought to invade Eastern Europe to gain more land for Germans while enslaving Slavic peoples. 2) Hitler began remilitarizing Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and invaded the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. 3) Germany and Italy formed an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis and supported one another's military aggression. 4) Germany invaded Poland in 1939, prompting Britain and France to declare war, starting World War II in Europe.
An overview of some of the key events of WW2 with additional information and pictures about the summaries. Also an important list of key figures and some of their roles. Shamelessly developed on another 'sharer's' ppt and built more into it to make it longer and more comprehensive - and I really liked the background too.
The document summarizes key events in World War 2 from Hitler's rise to power in Germany and violation of the Treaty of Versailles, to Germany and Italy forming an alliance, Germany's invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia, Germany and the Soviet Union signing a non-aggression pact, Germany invading Poland which leads Britain and France to declare war, Germany's quick victories using blitzkrieg tactics through Western Europe, the Battle of Britain, Germany invading the Soviet Union, Japan's attacks on US forces and Germany declaring war on the US after, major Allied victories at Stalingrad and Normandy on D-Day, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki leading to Japan's surrender,
World War I was caused by rising nationalism in European nations and their competition for power and resources, which led to the formation of opposing alliances. Militarism and an arms race escalated tensions as countries expanded their armed forces. Immediate causes of the war included the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist and the chain reaction of countries honoring their alliance obligations by declaring war on each other. Within a month, the major European powers were at war across both Western and Eastern fronts.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in World War II in Europe and the Pacific theaters from 1942 to 1945. It discusses major battles like Stalingrad and D-Day, as well as Germany's policy towards Jewish people which led to the Holocaust. It also covers the U.S. decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.
The document outlines key events in Europe during World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. It begins with Germany invading Poland in September 1939, officially starting the war. The US initially remained neutral but later joined the fight. Significant events included the US supplying weapons to Britain in 1941, declaring war on Germany and Italy in response to their declarations of war later that year, and launching its first major offensive in North Africa in 1942. D-Day occurred on June 6, 1944, marking a major Allied invasion of German-occupied France. Germany ultimately surrendered on May 7, 1945, bringing Victory in Europe.
World War I began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. This caused countries to take sides and enter the war through a series of alliances, with the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire fighting against the Allied Powers including Britain, France, Russia and later the United States. Major battles included the Battle of the Marne in 1914 where Germany failed to capture Paris, and the Battle of the Somme in 1916 which was the bloodiest day for Britain. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats attacked American ships, and launched a major offensive in 1918 that helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies
The document provides a summary of key events during World War II:
1) Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, quickly defeating Poland through the use of Blitzkrieg tactics. Germany then invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and used Blitzkrieg tactics to invade France in May 1940 through Belgium, bypassing the Maginot Line.
2) Britain survived Germany's planned invasion in 1940 thanks to the Royal Air Force prevailing over the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain during July-September 1940.
3) Britain depended on imports for resources but survived the German U-boat threat in the Battle of the Atlantic through 1942 by adopting convoy systems protected by radar-equipped ships
The document provides an overview of the key events of World War 2. It describes how Germany invaded Poland in 1939, marking the beginning of the war in Europe. It also discusses how Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, bringing the United States into the war. The summary describes the major Allied victories, including D-Day, the liberation of France, and the capture of Berlin, as well as the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.
The document summarizes major events from World War I through World War II. WWI began in 1914 due to imperial competition and nationalism, and involved trench warfare between the Allied and Central powers. After US entry in 1917, an armistice was reached in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 imposed punitive terms on Germany. Economic instability in the 1920s led to the Great Depression. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal in the 1930s. WWII began in 1939 with Germany invading Poland. The US entered in 1941 after Pearl Harbor. Key battles involved Stalingrad, Midway, and Hiroshima/Nagasaki. WWII ended in 1945 with the defeat of Germany, Italy and Japan, and the establishment of the United Nations
The document provides background information on World War I, including long term causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism which led European powers to build up their armed forces and form alliances that pulled them into war. It discusses key events that sparked the war such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how Germany's invasion of Belgium drew other European countries into the war. The document also examines how new military technologies and America's entry into the war in 1917 helped bring about an Allied victory.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Quick history of world war two – european theater how world war two started how world war two ended
1. Quick History of World War Two –
European Theater | How World
War Two Started | How World
War Two Ended.
The War’s beginning?
2. Some would say that World War Two began with Germanys Invasion of Poland on the 1st
September 1939 and the ultimatum of Britain that without a German withdrawal a State of War
would exist. Needless to say there was no German withdrawal and WWII began, Britain, France,
Australia and New Zealand declaring war on the 3rd of September 1939
Others would argue that world war two was simply the second round of world war one. Although
the major powers had yet to realise it the continuance of the war between the Axis and Allies
would result in the end of European dominance of the world and the destruction of their
colonial empires. By renewing the fight they only ensured their own demise no matter who won
the outcome.
BUY NOW
Some have claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was harsh and unreasonable and therefore was
the seed which guaranteed the second world war. Germany would seek to redress this wrong.
In truth the Treaty of Versailles was no harsher than the very terms that the Germans had
sought to impose on the Russians in 1917/18 with Russia forced to secede large tracts of
territory and pay large indemnities in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
BUY NOW
3. In truth the greater cause of the second world war was the belief by many Germans that they
had never lost the first world war. German territory had not been invaded, the troops felt they
had never lost. In reality the army had to return to Germany to preserve the state from social
meltdown, as Germany was in greater danger from internal enemies than the threat posed by
the allies. Hence the belief that Germany had only lost the war due to a stab in the back at
home. This breakdown however was the result of a state put under immense pressure and
succumbing to economic pressure and political facture, in order to win a modern war, victory
in the field is no longer enough, victory must be obtained over the whole system of the other
nation. (i.e. destroy its will to fight). Germany had lost the strategic battle, its system had
collapsed and hence it lost the war. The British Navy had succeeded in its blockade of the
Germany economy and had thus brought about its ruin and defeat, (even if the Navy hadnt
proven itself in open battle).
4. Germany had lost its allies, Turkey and Austria, and had failed in production with less
airplanes, few tanks and had run out of manpower. Although Germany had not lost the battle,
it had lost the war.
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Nevertheless this myth of not having been really defeated lead to resentment at being labelled
the losers. Soon every problem in Germany was related to past wrongs. The great depression
was the final straw. Mass unemployment and hyperinflation left a perfect environment for an
extremist political party to gain enough support to take centre stage. In this case the Nazis
with a combination of nationalism, racism, authoritarism, and the promise of better times
gained enough political power to begin the takeover and change a democracy into
dictatorship. Careful staged events such as the burning of the Reichstag and downright bully
boy tactics led to complete dictatorship. In order to continue to deliver on promises Hitler who
was the embodiment of the state had continue to expand, first via appeasement and then
outright war.
5. The killer blow was the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed on the 23rd of August 1939, in which
Hitler was free to carve up Poland with the acquience of the USSR.
Thanks to the Bitzkrieg tactics and superior ordanance the German army quickly overcome
Poland. With France and Britain disgracing themselves by doing nothing on the Western front.
Once Poland was over Germany cemented its position by invading Denmark and Norway on the
9th of April 1940, guaranteeing its access to Swedish iron ore and opening up the North
Atlantic. The invasion of France began on the 10th of May 1940, it also included a co-ordinated
invasion of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium with careful German planning producing
brilliant results, France failed before it had even begun. A lack of will only quicken the defeat.
The beginning of Germany’s ultimate defeat though had already been sown with the failure to
6. destroy the British at Dunkirk (which began to evacute on the 26th May 1940), and by failing
to seize the French Navy. This combined with oppressive occupations produced stiffening
resolve. Victory had gained Italy as a partner, but it was to prove a fatal marriage with Italy
being more of a hindrance than a help. However for now the third Reich rejoiced at France’s
demise and the French signed the armistice on the 22nd June 1940. In less than two months
since beginning its offensive Germany had defeated all its enemies bar the British Empire.
Turning East:-
It has become clear from historical records that Germany did not have the capability to invade
Britain nor did Hitler have the patience to take the time neccessary to allow his current
superior position to pay dividends to secure the situation and to build up the necessary naval
superiority and required landing craft to invade Britain. Nor build the heavy bombers required
to seriously bomb Britain into oblivion. This lack of patience and overconfidence from what had
already been achieved lead to the fateful decision to turn east and invade Russia.
7. This plan was further doomed by the unnecessary invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece on the 6th
April 1941, brought about by Italys failure and Germanys rescue to later be repeated in North
Africa. The delay to Operation Babarossa would be costly.
Operation Babarossa began on 22 June 1941. Three German army groups, an Axis force of over
four million men lay in wait to invade Russia and Comrade Stalin was asleep at the wheel
having ignore British intelligence about Hitlers invasion plans.
German success was doomed within sight of the Kremlin with the onset of winter and the
confirmation to Stalin that Japan had no intention to invade, thus freeing up the Siberian Army
to be transferred to the defence of Moscow and the winter offensive in which the Russians
began a counterattack on the 5th of December 1941. The unprepared German army froze to
death.
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Russians Counter Attack at Moscow
8. Stupidly on the 11th day of December 1941 Germany declared war on the USA (After Pearl
Harbour 7th December 1941). Unofficially the nations had already been at war with the USA
supplying arms to Britain and USSR and US destroyers battling U-Boats in the Atlantic.
However for Hitler to formalise it with a declaration of war was stupidity personified.
A second throw of the dice.
9. After the failure to succeed at Moscow or to take Leningrad and link up with the Finn.s Hitler
had a throw at Stalingrad and the oil fields of the Caucasus on the 22nd August 1942. At first
once again Bitzkrieg tactics rained supreme with the Germans reaching Stalingrad on the 8th
of September. Once again Hitler failed by allowing his army to get into an urban fire fight for
which they were unsuited, allowing the Russians to spring a giant trap and destroyed an entire
army (surrendering on 31st January 1943), this combined with the Allied success in North
Africa which resulted in the destruction another German army lead to the irreversible change
in the course of the war with German doomed to destruction.
10. The Allies fight back.
With growing success in the battle of the Atlantic, and the victory at El Alamein on the 4th of
November 1942 the allies began to swing into the offensive, with operation torch begun on the
8th of November 1942, the allies began to sqeeze the Germans out of North Africa. Next they
invaded Italy, starting with the invasion of Sicily on the 10th of July 1943. They continued onto
the boot of Italy however this proved to be a costly exercise due to terrain favouring the
defender, Rome not being liberated until 4th June 1944.
The real end game began with the invasion of Normandy on the 6th June 1944 (D-Day). With the
success of the invasion and breakout of the bocage. Success at the Falaise pocket and Kursk
confirmed Germanys fates.
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The End Game
11. Despite Hitlers gamble at the Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944) the end was already on the way
with the Allies laying waste to Germany from the air and the Russians laying waste with
massed artillery and troops. The destruction of Berlin and the death of Hitler (30th April 1945)
confirmed to the die hards it was over, V-E day being 8th May, the Germans having surrendered
the day before.
Why Germany lost the War.
It failed the Diplomatic battle it failed to convince Spain another fascist nation to join in the
cause. It failed to turn occupied countries into allies. It failed to have a unified plan with its
12. allies. Imagine if Japan had been convinced to invade Russia instead of bombing Pearl Harbour.
Imagine if the USA had been encouraged to stay out of the war for another year. In other words
Germany failed to win hearts and minds, by the oppressive actions of the SS and others in
Poland and Russia, instead of winning over many who would have gladly joined in the overthrow
of Stalinism and helped guarantee German victory. Nazism with its German nationalist roots
and outright racism just didnt offer anything to non-Germans.
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It failed the Technological battle although Germany produced new amazing technological
advances in rockets and the like, it either failed to produce the really important technology
early enough, i.e. radar, nuclear weapons, or failed to recognise and exploit to their full
potential advances that really made a difference i.e. Jet power.
13. It failed to adopt Total War. Until late in the war when Albert Speer took over the economy
German hadnt fully exploited available resources. The Nazi philosophy regarding women had
prevented full labour and military use. Whilst the Russians had no such qualms with females
even serving in active front line units. In slaughtering the Jews and others deemed unwanted
the Nazis wasted valuable military resources and valuable human resources which could have
been applied in more useful purposes. German relied on slave labour to make up the gap,
whilst Britain and the USA had an army of willing labourers in “Rosie the Riveter.” German
further wasted resources in futile projects such as the Atlantic wall (which didnt even succeed
in stopping the Allies for one day) and anti-aircraft guns which absorbed thousands of guns
would have been more useful on the front as anti-tank batteries and the men in manpower it
took to operate them. It also diverted resources to unnecessary battles such as Greece and
14. North Africa. It believed its own propaganda and thus made Fatal mistakes. Some of these fatal
mistakes included failing to realise that the enigma machine had been compromised. The
Nazi’s believed it was “unbreakable”, thus would not realise how intell was leaking. Further
fatal mistakes including failing to succeed in the intellegience war, apart a notable success in
compromising the Dutch resistance most German
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15.
16. intellegience activities paled into insignificance when compared to British Intell. That’s not to
say British intell was perfect but Churchill summed it up best with “in war the truth is so
precious it must be wrapped in a tissue of lies”. Hitler was sold on the Pas de
Calais being the true invasion point. Further by centering all its confidence in the Fuhrer it
lead to the disaster of Stalingrad, etc. Hitler may have thought he was a Military Genius, but
after the conclusion of the invasion of France he made few successful contributions. One might
asked what would have happened if the German Generals had been allowed to run the show?
I believe if the German economy had been fully geared up for the war from the beginning and if
it had addressed some of these factors above there would have been every likely hood that
17. they would have succeeded. We should not think that the outcome of World War II was
guarantee, it was only with much sacrifice by the allies that final victory was achieved.
This article is dedicated to all those who fought in destroying the evils of Nazism. In particular
to my Great Uncle Ivan HARRIS who died on Wednesday 22nd July 1942 fighting in North Africa
fighting for New Zealand.
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Thank You