International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparison between static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
The document compares the static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks. It aims to study the dynamic response of tanks using both analysis methods and to examine the effects of hydrodynamic pressure. Static analysis may provide considerably different responses than dynamic analysis for the same tank parameters. As tank capacity increases, so too does the difference between static and dynamic responses. Hydrodynamic pressure from water sloshing also affects tank response, with impulsive pressure typically greater for smaller tanks and convective pressure greater for larger tanks.
Multi-level structural modeling of an offshore wind turbineFranco Bontempi
Offshore wind turbines are complex structural and mechanical systems located in a highly
demanding environment. This paper proposes a multi-level system approach for studying the structural
behavior of the support structure of an offshore wind turbine. In accordance with this approach, a proper
numerical modeling requires the adoption of a suitable technique in order to organize the qualitative and
quantitative assessment in various sub-problems, which can be solved by means of sub-models at different
levels of detail, both for the structural behavior and for the simulation of loads. Consequently, in a first
place, the effects on the structural response induced by the uncertainty of the parameters used to describe
the environmental actions and the finite element model of the structure are inquired. After that, a mesolevel
FEM model of the blade is adopted in order to obtain the detailed load stress on the blade/hub
connection.
Study of Seismic Analysis of Water Tank at Ground LevelIRJET Journal
The document discusses the seismic analysis of ground-supported water tanks. It presents the results of analyzing water tanks of varying capacities and dimensions using a spring-mass model. The key findings are:
1) As the ratio of water height to tank diameter (h/D ratio) increases, the impulsive mass fraction increases and convective mass fraction decreases. Higher h/D ratios also result in higher base shear, bending moment, and hydrodynamic pressures.
2) For tanks of constant diameter, increases in capacity/water height lead to higher impulsive forces, base shear, bending moment, hydrodynamic pressures, and sloshing wave heights.
3) In general, seismic forces on the tank increase
This document summarizes a study on the effects of magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection of a micropolar fluid near a stagnation point on a vertical stretching sheet, accounting for radiation and mass transfer. The governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically. Parameters such as material property, radiation, magnetic field, and velocity ratio are varied to analyze their effects on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, heat and mass transfer rates. It is observed that the micropolar fluid can reduce drag forces and act as a cooling agent, and that radiation effects are important for flows at high temperatures.
1) The study investigates the effect of reservoir hydrostatic pressure on the seismic response of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams using finite element analysis.
2) Analysis of the Kinta RCC dam in Malaysia shows that hydrostatic pressure increases stresses by 25% and changes displacement response from negative to positive direction. It also causes more damage at the heel of the dam.
3) Consideration of hydrostatic pressure leads to a 13% increase in maximum horizontal deformation, from 76.5 mm to 86.6 mm, and changes the zone of peak deformation from the base to the crest of the dam. It also changes the displacement response of nodes from negative to positive.
This document presents an analysis of slope stability under rapid drawdown conditions and seismic loads for the Mandali Dam in Iraq. It uses the finite element software SLIDE V.6.0 to analyze the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown from an operating water level of 182.5m to 172m. The analysis finds that the factor of safety decreases from 2.983 under normal conditions to 1.837 during rapid drawdown. Adding seismic loads of 0.07g further reduces the factor of safety to 1.376 and 1.254 for seismic loads in one and two directions, respectively. However, the upstream slope is found to remain stable even under these rapid drawdown and seismic conditions.
The Effect of Radiation on the Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow of a Vi...inventionjournals
The Effect of Radiation on the Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow of a Viscous Electrically Conducted Fluid in a Horizontal Rotating Channel in the Presence of Constant Heat Sources.
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
Comparison between static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
The document compares the static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks. It aims to study the dynamic response of tanks using both analysis methods and to examine the effects of hydrodynamic pressure. Static analysis may provide considerably different responses than dynamic analysis for the same tank parameters. As tank capacity increases, so too does the difference between static and dynamic responses. Hydrodynamic pressure from water sloshing also affects tank response, with impulsive pressure typically greater for smaller tanks and convective pressure greater for larger tanks.
Multi-level structural modeling of an offshore wind turbineFranco Bontempi
Offshore wind turbines are complex structural and mechanical systems located in a highly
demanding environment. This paper proposes a multi-level system approach for studying the structural
behavior of the support structure of an offshore wind turbine. In accordance with this approach, a proper
numerical modeling requires the adoption of a suitable technique in order to organize the qualitative and
quantitative assessment in various sub-problems, which can be solved by means of sub-models at different
levels of detail, both for the structural behavior and for the simulation of loads. Consequently, in a first
place, the effects on the structural response induced by the uncertainty of the parameters used to describe
the environmental actions and the finite element model of the structure are inquired. After that, a mesolevel
FEM model of the blade is adopted in order to obtain the detailed load stress on the blade/hub
connection.
Study of Seismic Analysis of Water Tank at Ground LevelIRJET Journal
The document discusses the seismic analysis of ground-supported water tanks. It presents the results of analyzing water tanks of varying capacities and dimensions using a spring-mass model. The key findings are:
1) As the ratio of water height to tank diameter (h/D ratio) increases, the impulsive mass fraction increases and convective mass fraction decreases. Higher h/D ratios also result in higher base shear, bending moment, and hydrodynamic pressures.
2) For tanks of constant diameter, increases in capacity/water height lead to higher impulsive forces, base shear, bending moment, hydrodynamic pressures, and sloshing wave heights.
3) In general, seismic forces on the tank increase
This document summarizes a study on the effects of magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection of a micropolar fluid near a stagnation point on a vertical stretching sheet, accounting for radiation and mass transfer. The governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically. Parameters such as material property, radiation, magnetic field, and velocity ratio are varied to analyze their effects on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, heat and mass transfer rates. It is observed that the micropolar fluid can reduce drag forces and act as a cooling agent, and that radiation effects are important for flows at high temperatures.
1) The study investigates the effect of reservoir hydrostatic pressure on the seismic response of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams using finite element analysis.
2) Analysis of the Kinta RCC dam in Malaysia shows that hydrostatic pressure increases stresses by 25% and changes displacement response from negative to positive direction. It also causes more damage at the heel of the dam.
3) Consideration of hydrostatic pressure leads to a 13% increase in maximum horizontal deformation, from 76.5 mm to 86.6 mm, and changes the zone of peak deformation from the base to the crest of the dam. It also changes the displacement response of nodes from negative to positive.
This document presents an analysis of slope stability under rapid drawdown conditions and seismic loads for the Mandali Dam in Iraq. It uses the finite element software SLIDE V.6.0 to analyze the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown from an operating water level of 182.5m to 172m. The analysis finds that the factor of safety decreases from 2.983 under normal conditions to 1.837 during rapid drawdown. Adding seismic loads of 0.07g further reduces the factor of safety to 1.376 and 1.254 for seismic loads in one and two directions, respectively. However, the upstream slope is found to remain stable even under these rapid drawdown and seismic conditions.
The Effect of Radiation on the Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow of a Vi...inventionjournals
The Effect of Radiation on the Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow of a Viscous Electrically Conducted Fluid in a Horizontal Rotating Channel in the Presence of Constant Heat Sources.
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
The steady laminar two dimensional stagnation point flow of an incompressible electrically conducting magneto-micropolar fluid over a permeable stretching surface with heat source/sink and viscous dissipation in the presence of mass transfer and chemical reaction has been studied. Using the similarity transformations, the governing equations have been transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. These differential equations are highly nonlinear which cannot be solved analytically. Therefore, forth order Runge-Kutta method along with shooting technique has been used for solving it. Numerical results are obtained for the skin-friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and Sherwood number as well as the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for different values of the governing parameters, namely, velocity ratio parameter, boundary parameter, material parameter, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameter, Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to investigate the effect of liquefaction on pile foundations. The study site was in Kolkata, India and consisted of 6 soil layers overlying a groundwater table. Finite element models using QUAKE/W software modeled the site with linear elastic and equivalent linear soil models considering an earthquake with 0.16g peak acceleration. The analyses found the first soil layer was susceptible to liquefaction due to high excess pore pressures. Bending moment and displacement of a pile foundation due to lateral ground spreading were also estimated.
Basis of design and numerical modeling of offshore wind turbinesFranco Bontempi
Offshore wind turbines are relatively complex structural and mechanical systems located in a
highly demanding environment. In the present paper the fundamental aspects and the major issues related
to the design of these special structures are outlined. Particularly, a systemic approach is proposed for a
global design of such structures, in order to handle coherently their different parts: the decomposition of
these structural systems, the required performance and the acting loads are all considered under this
philosophy. According to this strategy, a proper numerical modeling requires the adoption of a suitable
technique in order to organize the qualitative and quantitative assessments in various sub-problems, which
can be solved by means of sub-models at different levels of detail, for both structural behavior and loads
simulation. Specifically, numerical models are developed to assess the safety performances under
aerodynamic and hydrodynamic actions. In order to face the problems of the actual design of a wind farm
in the Mediterranean Sea, in this paper, three schemes of turbines support structures have been considered
and compared: the mono pile, the tripod and the jacket support structure typologies.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous electrically conducting fluid in a vertical wavy channel under the influence of an inclined magnetic field with heat generating sources. The governing equations for the flow, heat, and concentration are derived and solved using perturbation techniques. The velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are analyzed for various parameter values. The rates of heat and mass transfer are numerically evaluated for different governing parameter variations.
The Influence of Pore Air Pressure on Slope Stability Under Various Rainfall ...coreconferences
Rainfall is the most important factor to induce landslide, of which rainfall pattern is the main influence parameter. Generally, during the analysis of slope stability under different rainfall patterns, the influence of pore water pressure in saturated zone is mostly considered, while the influence of pore air pressure in unsaturated zone is seldom analyzed from the angle of water-air coupling. Based on the theory of water-air two-phase flow, this paper calculated and simulated the variation of pore air pressure changing with the rainfall time under three typical rainfall patterns (weakened, concentrated and enhanced), and combined the slope stability analysis model of considering pore air pressure to study the influence of pore air pressure on slope stability. The results show that the influence of pore air pressure on slope stability is detrimental under the three rainfall patterns. And the response duration of the pore air pressure is the longest under the weakened rainfall pattern, the concentrated pattern is the second, and the enhanced pattern is the shortest. The influence of pore air pressure on the safety factor of slope stability is the greatest under the weakened rainfall pattern, which can easily lead to the instability of the slope. Thus, we shall take the necessary engineering measures in advance in the event of such rainfall pattern prediction.
MHD Free Convection and Mass Transfer Flow past a Vertical Flat PlateIJMER
1) This document discusses a study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection and mass transfer flow past a vertical flat plate. The study considers the effects of heat source, thermal diffusion, large suction, and a uniform magnetic field applied normal to the flow.
2) Governing equations for momentum, energy, and concentration are introduced and solved using perturbation techniques. Expressions are obtained for velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, and rates of heat and mass transfer.
3) Results are discussed through graphs and tables to observe the effects of various parameters like magnetic field, heat source, suction, and thermal diffusion on flow, temperature, concentration, and transport properties.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Groundwater Studies in Abakaliki Using Electrical Resistivity Methodiosrjce
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out to investigate the groundwater potential of Abakaliki
urban, a sedimentary area with the oldest Cretaceous rocks (sandstones and shales) which are of Albian age.
The equipment used for the survey include, ABEM terrameter (SAS, 300C), four electrodes, hammer, four reels
of wires, connecting cords, measuring tapes and global positioning system. The survey was carried out in three
different locations. The field layout employed was the schlumberger array. The result of the survey shows that
the average resistivities are 1337.06m for the first layer, 5914. 34m for the second layer, 1277. 59m for
the third layer, 189. 65m for the fourth layer and 695.78m for the fifth layer with probable lithologic
interpretations as lateritic over-burden for the first layer, ferruginised and highly compact clay stone (dry) for
second layer, fissile dry shale, splintery shale(wet) and saturated and pyritised silty shale (wet) for the other
three layers, respectively. The result indicates that potential groundwater would likely be located in the fourth
layer in the study area.
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response behavior of a half-through steel arch bridge using static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis. The key points are:
1) A half-through steel arch bridge model was analyzed using static pushover analysis under different loading cases and dynamic analysis using earthquake ground motion records.
2) The analyses found that members near the intersections of arch ribs and stiffened girders yielded first, and plastic zones developed at diagonal braces between arch ribs.
3) Static pushover analysis showed larger strains in members compared to dynamic analysis, which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearity.
Unsteady MHD Flow Past A Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate With Heat Source/ Sink:...IJERA Editor
In the present paper a numerical attempt is made to study the combined effects of heat source and sink on unsteady laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid along a semiinfinite vertical plate. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied normal to the flow. The governing boundary layer equations are solved numerically, using Crank-Nicolson method. Graphical results of velocity and temperature fields, tabular values of Skin-friction and Nusselt are presented and discussed at various parametric conditions. From this study, it is found that the velocity and temperature of the fluid increase in the presence of heat source but they decrease in the presence of heat absorption parameter.
Electrical resistivity data interpretation for groundwater detection in titta...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study aims to detect the groundwater potential in Tittagudi Taluk of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India using electrical measurement. Electric resistivity data interpretation was carried out using Schlumberger configuration with electrode spacing (AB/2) of 100 m distance. The VES was calculated by multiplying the resistance by constant obtained from the Schlumberger formula. The resistivity curves were analysed with curve matching techniques along with the help of computer programme. The sub-surface lithology was evaluated and correlated with the available borehole data. The results of quantitative interpretation of geoelectrical data indicated that the layer system having minimum of two layers to a maximum of eight layers in the area. The low and high resistivities obtained are ranging from 0.5 to 27755 ohm/m respectively. Majority of resistivity curves are falling in ‘A’ type. The contact zone of sedimentary and crystalline rock formations are clearly delineated on Northeast to Southwest directions along Sirumangalam, Agaram and Sirumalai habitations. The prominent low resistivity anomaly observed in and around Adari area (VES. 03), this have been encountered in all the iso-resistivity contour maps, indicating that, a trend of structural elements like a weaker zone or lineament or fracture occurred in NE direction of the study area which may be a favorable zone for targeting groundwater. Key words: Electrical Measurements, Tittagudi Taluk, Schulmberger Configuration And Iso-Resistivity Maps.
Effects of Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reaction on MHD Free Convection Flo...IJERA Editor
This paper analyzes the radiation and chemical reaction effects on MHD steady two-dimensional laminar
viscous incompressible radiating boundary layer flow over a flat plate in the presence of internal heat generation
and convective boundary condition. It is assumed that lower surface of the plate is in contact with a hot fluid
while a stream of cold fluid flows steadily over the upper surface with a heat source that decays exponentially.
The Rosseland approximation is used to describe radiative heat transfer as we consider optically thick fluids.
The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using
similarity transformations, which are then solved numerically by employing fourth order Runge-Kutta method
along with shooting technique. The effects of various material parameters on the velocity, temperature and
concentration as well as the skin friction coefficient, the Nusselt number, the Sherwood number and the plate
surface temperature are illustrated and interpreted in physical terms. A comparison of present results with
previously published results shows an excellent agreement.
Magneto-Convection of Immiscible Fluids in a Vertical Channel Using Robin Bou...IJERA Editor
The effects of viscous dissipation on fully developed two fluid magnetohydrodynamic flow in the presence of
constant electric field in a vertical channel is investigated using Robin boundary conditions. The fluids in both
the regions are incompressible, electrically conducting and the transport properties are assumed to be constant.
The plate exchanges heat with an external fluid. Both conditions of equal and different reference temperatures of
the external fluid are considered. First, the simple cases of the negligible Brinkman number or the negligible
Grashof number are solved analytically. Then, the combined effects of buoyancy forces and viscous dissipation
are analyzed by a perturbation series method valid for small values of perturbation parameter. To relax the
condition on the perturbation parameter, the flow fields are solved by using the differential transform method.
The results are presented graphically for different values of the mixed convection parameter, Hartman number,
perturbation parameter, viscosity ratio, width ratio, conductivity ratio and Biot numbers for both open and short
circuit. The effects of these parameters on the Nusselt number at the walls is also drawn. It is found that the
solutions obtained by perturbation method and differential transform method agree very well for small values of
perturbation parameter.
3-Journal Paper-Antiseismic response research of horizontal residual heat rem...Xin Deng
This document discusses research on analyzing the seismic response of a horizontal residual heat removal pump in a nuclear power plant under different seismic input directions. The study aims to determine the maximum seismic effect and corresponding input direction to guide structural design and installation. Using response spectrum analysis, the deformation of different pump components was quantified under seismic loads from various directions. The largest deformation was found to occur at approximately 135 degrees, so analysis at this angle can conservatively evaluate seismic performance. Installation angles should avoid 135 degrees to decrease seismic deformation. Calculations showed the pump meets seismic design requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento describe la propuesta de Filosofía 3/18 para reforzar las habilidades de pensamiento en la escuela primaria y secundaria. El objetivo es formar ciudadanos que piensen y hablen de manera razonable para participar en la democracia. Describe las habilidades de pensamiento que se trabajan como la comprensión, el análisis y la solución de problemas a través de la filosofía y comunidades de investigación. También destaca la importancia de crear un ambiente propicio para pensar que incluya el espacio
The steady laminar two dimensional stagnation point flow of an incompressible electrically conducting magneto-micropolar fluid over a permeable stretching surface with heat source/sink and viscous dissipation in the presence of mass transfer and chemical reaction has been studied. Using the similarity transformations, the governing equations have been transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. These differential equations are highly nonlinear which cannot be solved analytically. Therefore, forth order Runge-Kutta method along with shooting technique has been used for solving it. Numerical results are obtained for the skin-friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and Sherwood number as well as the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for different values of the governing parameters, namely, velocity ratio parameter, boundary parameter, material parameter, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameter, Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to investigate the effect of liquefaction on pile foundations. The study site was in Kolkata, India and consisted of 6 soil layers overlying a groundwater table. Finite element models using QUAKE/W software modeled the site with linear elastic and equivalent linear soil models considering an earthquake with 0.16g peak acceleration. The analyses found the first soil layer was susceptible to liquefaction due to high excess pore pressures. Bending moment and displacement of a pile foundation due to lateral ground spreading were also estimated.
Basis of design and numerical modeling of offshore wind turbinesFranco Bontempi
Offshore wind turbines are relatively complex structural and mechanical systems located in a
highly demanding environment. In the present paper the fundamental aspects and the major issues related
to the design of these special structures are outlined. Particularly, a systemic approach is proposed for a
global design of such structures, in order to handle coherently their different parts: the decomposition of
these structural systems, the required performance and the acting loads are all considered under this
philosophy. According to this strategy, a proper numerical modeling requires the adoption of a suitable
technique in order to organize the qualitative and quantitative assessments in various sub-problems, which
can be solved by means of sub-models at different levels of detail, for both structural behavior and loads
simulation. Specifically, numerical models are developed to assess the safety performances under
aerodynamic and hydrodynamic actions. In order to face the problems of the actual design of a wind farm
in the Mediterranean Sea, in this paper, three schemes of turbines support structures have been considered
and compared: the mono pile, the tripod and the jacket support structure typologies.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous electrically conducting fluid in a vertical wavy channel under the influence of an inclined magnetic field with heat generating sources. The governing equations for the flow, heat, and concentration are derived and solved using perturbation techniques. The velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are analyzed for various parameter values. The rates of heat and mass transfer are numerically evaluated for different governing parameter variations.
The Influence of Pore Air Pressure on Slope Stability Under Various Rainfall ...coreconferences
Rainfall is the most important factor to induce landslide, of which rainfall pattern is the main influence parameter. Generally, during the analysis of slope stability under different rainfall patterns, the influence of pore water pressure in saturated zone is mostly considered, while the influence of pore air pressure in unsaturated zone is seldom analyzed from the angle of water-air coupling. Based on the theory of water-air two-phase flow, this paper calculated and simulated the variation of pore air pressure changing with the rainfall time under three typical rainfall patterns (weakened, concentrated and enhanced), and combined the slope stability analysis model of considering pore air pressure to study the influence of pore air pressure on slope stability. The results show that the influence of pore air pressure on slope stability is detrimental under the three rainfall patterns. And the response duration of the pore air pressure is the longest under the weakened rainfall pattern, the concentrated pattern is the second, and the enhanced pattern is the shortest. The influence of pore air pressure on the safety factor of slope stability is the greatest under the weakened rainfall pattern, which can easily lead to the instability of the slope. Thus, we shall take the necessary engineering measures in advance in the event of such rainfall pattern prediction.
MHD Free Convection and Mass Transfer Flow past a Vertical Flat PlateIJMER
1) This document discusses a study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection and mass transfer flow past a vertical flat plate. The study considers the effects of heat source, thermal diffusion, large suction, and a uniform magnetic field applied normal to the flow.
2) Governing equations for momentum, energy, and concentration are introduced and solved using perturbation techniques. Expressions are obtained for velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, and rates of heat and mass transfer.
3) Results are discussed through graphs and tables to observe the effects of various parameters like magnetic field, heat source, suction, and thermal diffusion on flow, temperature, concentration, and transport properties.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Groundwater Studies in Abakaliki Using Electrical Resistivity Methodiosrjce
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out to investigate the groundwater potential of Abakaliki
urban, a sedimentary area with the oldest Cretaceous rocks (sandstones and shales) which are of Albian age.
The equipment used for the survey include, ABEM terrameter (SAS, 300C), four electrodes, hammer, four reels
of wires, connecting cords, measuring tapes and global positioning system. The survey was carried out in three
different locations. The field layout employed was the schlumberger array. The result of the survey shows that
the average resistivities are 1337.06m for the first layer, 5914. 34m for the second layer, 1277. 59m for
the third layer, 189. 65m for the fourth layer and 695.78m for the fifth layer with probable lithologic
interpretations as lateritic over-burden for the first layer, ferruginised and highly compact clay stone (dry) for
second layer, fissile dry shale, splintery shale(wet) and saturated and pyritised silty shale (wet) for the other
three layers, respectively. The result indicates that potential groundwater would likely be located in the fourth
layer in the study area.
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response behavior of a half-through steel arch bridge using static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis. The key points are:
1) A half-through steel arch bridge model was analyzed using static pushover analysis under different loading cases and dynamic analysis using earthquake ground motion records.
2) The analyses found that members near the intersections of arch ribs and stiffened girders yielded first, and plastic zones developed at diagonal braces between arch ribs.
3) Static pushover analysis showed larger strains in members compared to dynamic analysis, which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearity.
Unsteady MHD Flow Past A Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate With Heat Source/ Sink:...IJERA Editor
In the present paper a numerical attempt is made to study the combined effects of heat source and sink on unsteady laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid along a semiinfinite vertical plate. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied normal to the flow. The governing boundary layer equations are solved numerically, using Crank-Nicolson method. Graphical results of velocity and temperature fields, tabular values of Skin-friction and Nusselt are presented and discussed at various parametric conditions. From this study, it is found that the velocity and temperature of the fluid increase in the presence of heat source but they decrease in the presence of heat absorption parameter.
Electrical resistivity data interpretation for groundwater detection in titta...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study aims to detect the groundwater potential in Tittagudi Taluk of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India using electrical measurement. Electric resistivity data interpretation was carried out using Schlumberger configuration with electrode spacing (AB/2) of 100 m distance. The VES was calculated by multiplying the resistance by constant obtained from the Schlumberger formula. The resistivity curves were analysed with curve matching techniques along with the help of computer programme. The sub-surface lithology was evaluated and correlated with the available borehole data. The results of quantitative interpretation of geoelectrical data indicated that the layer system having minimum of two layers to a maximum of eight layers in the area. The low and high resistivities obtained are ranging from 0.5 to 27755 ohm/m respectively. Majority of resistivity curves are falling in ‘A’ type. The contact zone of sedimentary and crystalline rock formations are clearly delineated on Northeast to Southwest directions along Sirumangalam, Agaram and Sirumalai habitations. The prominent low resistivity anomaly observed in and around Adari area (VES. 03), this have been encountered in all the iso-resistivity contour maps, indicating that, a trend of structural elements like a weaker zone or lineament or fracture occurred in NE direction of the study area which may be a favorable zone for targeting groundwater. Key words: Electrical Measurements, Tittagudi Taluk, Schulmberger Configuration And Iso-Resistivity Maps.
Effects of Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reaction on MHD Free Convection Flo...IJERA Editor
This paper analyzes the radiation and chemical reaction effects on MHD steady two-dimensional laminar
viscous incompressible radiating boundary layer flow over a flat plate in the presence of internal heat generation
and convective boundary condition. It is assumed that lower surface of the plate is in contact with a hot fluid
while a stream of cold fluid flows steadily over the upper surface with a heat source that decays exponentially.
The Rosseland approximation is used to describe radiative heat transfer as we consider optically thick fluids.
The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using
similarity transformations, which are then solved numerically by employing fourth order Runge-Kutta method
along with shooting technique. The effects of various material parameters on the velocity, temperature and
concentration as well as the skin friction coefficient, the Nusselt number, the Sherwood number and the plate
surface temperature are illustrated and interpreted in physical terms. A comparison of present results with
previously published results shows an excellent agreement.
Magneto-Convection of Immiscible Fluids in a Vertical Channel Using Robin Bou...IJERA Editor
The effects of viscous dissipation on fully developed two fluid magnetohydrodynamic flow in the presence of
constant electric field in a vertical channel is investigated using Robin boundary conditions. The fluids in both
the regions are incompressible, electrically conducting and the transport properties are assumed to be constant.
The plate exchanges heat with an external fluid. Both conditions of equal and different reference temperatures of
the external fluid are considered. First, the simple cases of the negligible Brinkman number or the negligible
Grashof number are solved analytically. Then, the combined effects of buoyancy forces and viscous dissipation
are analyzed by a perturbation series method valid for small values of perturbation parameter. To relax the
condition on the perturbation parameter, the flow fields are solved by using the differential transform method.
The results are presented graphically for different values of the mixed convection parameter, Hartman number,
perturbation parameter, viscosity ratio, width ratio, conductivity ratio and Biot numbers for both open and short
circuit. The effects of these parameters on the Nusselt number at the walls is also drawn. It is found that the
solutions obtained by perturbation method and differential transform method agree very well for small values of
perturbation parameter.
3-Journal Paper-Antiseismic response research of horizontal residual heat rem...Xin Deng
This document discusses research on analyzing the seismic response of a horizontal residual heat removal pump in a nuclear power plant under different seismic input directions. The study aims to determine the maximum seismic effect and corresponding input direction to guide structural design and installation. Using response spectrum analysis, the deformation of different pump components was quantified under seismic loads from various directions. The largest deformation was found to occur at approximately 135 degrees, so analysis at this angle can conservatively evaluate seismic performance. Installation angles should avoid 135 degrees to decrease seismic deformation. Calculations showed the pump meets seismic design requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento describe la propuesta de Filosofía 3/18 para reforzar las habilidades de pensamiento en la escuela primaria y secundaria. El objetivo es formar ciudadanos que piensen y hablen de manera razonable para participar en la democracia. Describe las habilidades de pensamiento que se trabajan como la comprensión, el análisis y la solución de problemas a través de la filosofía y comunidades de investigación. También destaca la importancia de crear un ambiente propicio para pensar que incluya el espacio
The document discusses a project titled "Using Electric Energy in Our Lives" presented by Lic. Maria Fernanda Trujillo Paz. It explores how electric energy is used in various aspects of daily life such as lighting, appliances, electronics, transportation, communication and more. The project aims to educate people on the importance of electric energy and how it has revolutionized modern society by making our lives more convenient and productive.
This document contains the resume of Federico Mortera Jr., who has over 20 years of experience in fiberglass, GRP, RTR, and FRP manufacturing. He has worked as a QA/QC supervisor and senior superintendent on projects in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and the Philippines. His experience includes inspection, documentation, installation, and manufacturing of fiberglass pipes, tanks, and other products. He also has experience in contracting, consulting, and sales related to fiberglass applications.
Este carta de aniversário expressa o amor profundo e duradouro da autora por seu namorado Vitor. Ela celebra como seu relacionamento cresceu ao longo do tempo para se tornar verdadeiro, lindo e eterno, e deseja a Vitor felicidade, saúde e sucesso para o futuro que planejam construir juntos.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e melhor desempenho. O dispositivo também possui recursos adicionais de inteligência artificial e maior capacidade de armazenamento. O lançamento está programado para o próximo mês e o preço será similar aos modelos anteriores.
Apresentação Atualizada goldprimer em 3D brasilprimer
Este documento descreve os detalhes de um plano de negócios de marketing de rede. O plano oferece três níveis (Start, Premium e Diamante), cada um com benefícios semanais fixos e percentuais de receita de indicações. Os membros ganham pagando uma taxa mensal e recrutando novos membros, e há prêmios para os maiores recrutadores. O plano permite até 11 contas por CPF.
Este documento resume um evento de pós-venda realizado em 2015. O evento contou com atividades esportivas e ecológicas na orla do Guaíba em Porto Alegre, como caminhada, limpeza da praia e aulas de remo. O evento teve cerca de 500 participantes diretos e impactou aproximadamente 75 mil pessoas por meio de mídias sociais, impressa e online.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses visualization of long read sequencing data from Pacific Biosciences in the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) and with the GenomRibbon software. It provides screenshots and descriptions of how to properly space reads, hide small insertions and deletions, show single nucleotide variants, use "quick consensus" mode, label large structural variants, and access PacBio support features in IGV. It also demonstrates GenomRibbon's abilities to visualize insertions, deletions, inversions, and translocations found in PacBio long read data.
O documento é o Diário Oficial da Prefeitura Municipal de Itapetinga de 26 de junho de 2015, contendo 30 páginas com informações e documentos oficiais.
Somos uma agência de Marketing Digital com sede em Belo Horizonte e atuação nacional. Oferecemos soluções personalizadas para o Planejamento Estratégico e Execução de Ações de Marketing e Publicidade Digital – Apresentações Profissionais (power point, prezzi e etc), Artes Gráficas e Digitais, Consultoria em Marketing Digital, E-mail Marketing, Fotografia, Criação e Desenvolvimento de Websites, Criação de Identidade Visual (marca, logotipo, etc)Configuração de produtos Google (google apps, google meu negócio, google adwords, google analytics, google +, gmail, google agenda, google adscense), Hospedagem de Sites, Materiais impressos (cartão de visitas, panfletos, folder, crachá, papel timbrado, adesivos, envelopes, calendários e etc) Links Patrocinados, Gestão de Redes Sociais e Monitoramento Online para clientes dos mais diversos setores.ffff
O autor moveu uma ação cautelar contra a Caixa Econômica Federal para exibição de vídeo e extrato bancário após perceber saques indevidos em sua conta. O juiz julgou procedente o pedido para que o banco forneça o vídeo e extrato com horários dos saques para identificar os autores.
This document describes a C++ program that can solve a Rubik's cube puzzle in the fewest number of moves. It defines a rubik class to represent the state of the cube and includes methods to rotate different faces and check if the cube is solved. The main method initializes a cube, sets up an example unsolved state, calls the solve method to find the solution in 5 moves or less, and prints the result.
[1] O autor recebeu um convite para escrever o prefácio da segunda edição do livro Redes e Servidores Linux e está feliz por ter a oportunidade de elogiar o trabalho de Carlos Morimoto, que contribuiu muito para disseminar o uso de sistemas livres no Brasil.
[2] O autor usa o sistema operacional Kurumin desenvolvido por Carlos Morimoto em seu trabalho e casa há anos, elogiando sua simplicidade e capacidade de ensinar os usuários.
[3] Este livro guiará os leitores pelas tarefas com
THE EFFECTS OF UNIFORM TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD ON LOCAL FLOW AND VELOCITY P...IAEME Publication
A numerical model studied the effects of uniform transverse magnetic field for two fluids (pure water and water with electric conductivity), two different non-magnetizable duct and two flow velocities (steady flow for laminar and incompressible) was examined and The results showed an increase in the magnetic field caused a decrease in the local flow and effected on velocity profile. The result also showed that the water with electrical conductivity more affected than pure water.
Abstract: Geo-technical engineering as a subject has developed considerably in the past four decades. There
has been remarkable development in the fields of design, research and construction of dam. India is capable of
designing and constructing a dam that would withstand a seismic jolt. The country needs water and electricity
to provide its people good living standards. Hydropower is the solution to the country's requirements, and this
can be achieved by storing water in dams.
In the past, earthquake effects may have been treated too lightly in dam design. Are such dams safe,
and how have they fared in previous earthquakes, this Paper will be limited to the some of finding about one
concrete types.
What will happen to dams during severe earthquake shaking? It is obvious that at present engineers
cannot answer this question with any certainty. But we are very much aware of the threat of disastrous losses of
life and damage to property if dams should fail, and we are making great effort to increase our under standing
of this complex topic.
This Paper deals with the case study of totaladoh Dam Situated in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra
for Seismic Analysis by I.S.Code method (Simple Beam Analysis method). This also includes future scope of
analyzing the same dam for Seismic safety by very accurate method i.e. finite element method.
Keywords: Earthquake, The finite element method, Indian Standard codes(I.S.Code), horizontal
seismic coefficient (αh ),Hydrostatic pressure, Seismic analysis,
The document summarizes research on modeling the seismic pounding response of adjacent structures. It discusses two common methods for simulating pounding: the contact element method using linear springs and the stereomechanical method using impulse-momentum principles. The paper then presents the mathematical formulation for analyzing the time-domain response of a three-structure system with adjacent elastic and inelastic SDOF structures undergoing one-sided or two-sided pounding. The response is computed using the Newmark-Beta method with a linear spring contact element model.
Offshore structures are continuously exposed to extremely varying aerodynamic
and hydrodynamic loads. The storm waves and breaking waves may cause significant
impact on coastal and offshore structures such as vertical sea wall, wind turbines,
LNG carriers and submarine pipelines etc. The prediction of the breaking wave
impact pressure is the important aspect in the design of those structures. The breaking
wave forces produce the highest hydrodynamic loads on substructures in shallow
water, predominantly plunging breaking waves. Owing to the complex and transient
nature of the impact forces it requires more details concerning the physics of breaking
waves and nature of wave interaction with those structures.
In this paper, A Piston-type wave generator was incorporated in the
computational domain to generate waves. Flow 3D was used for simulating 3D
numerical wave tank. The desired breaking waves are simulated using the concept of
wave focusing using Flow 3D solver. These waves are made to impinge on the elastic
circular cylinders of different materials such as PVC, timber and concrete by varying
the support conditions such as cantilever, both ends fixed, inclined support with 30º
inclination. The hydrodynamic response and the structural response are analysed and
validated with the experimental literatures. The maximum impact pressure transpired
on the cylinder due to plunging wave impact from numerical simulation is found to be
eight times of the non-breaking waves
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and seIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a numerical study that simulated wave generation, propagation, and run-up over plane and serrated slopes with varying angles and wave heights. The study used the FUNWAVE model to simulate waves generated by a piston wavemaker and calculate dimensionless parameters like maximum run-up and reflection coefficient. Results found run-up was higher for a 30-degree slope and lower for a 45-degree slope. Slopes with serrations reduced run-up and reflection coefficient by around 30% and 20% respectively compared to plane slopes. The bed friction coefficient for serrated slopes was quantified using a Navier-Stokes solver.
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
This document summarizes a study on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete elevated water tanks under different staging patterns. The study uses the structural analysis software SAP2000 to model an elevated Intze-shaped water tank supported by a radial braced or cross braced reinforced concrete staging system. Parameters like base shear, overturning moment, maximum bending moment, and displacement are compared for the different bracing configurations under empty, half-full, and full fluid levels. The results show that base shear, overturning moment, and displacement generally decrease while bending moment decreases as the number of bracing levels increases for all bracing types. Radial and cross bracing systems performed better in resisting seismic forces than a hexagonal bracing system alone.
Seismic Analysis and Optimization of RC Elevated Water Tank Using Various Sta...IJERA Editor
This document presents a study on the seismic analysis and optimization of reinforced concrete elevated water tanks with different staging arrangements. 36 tank configurations were analyzed considering variations in the number of columns, number of staging levels, and column sizes. Radial staging with six levels was found to provide the best structural response. An optimization was performed to determine the column diameter and number that results in the lowest cost, considering material quantities and market rates. It was found that a configuration with eight 300mm diameter columns in a radial six-level staging arrangement provided the lowest cost.
Analytical Study of Response of Multi-Storey Building under Biaxial Excitation IJERA Editor
Conventional practice of dynamic analysis using seismic codes recommends that the dynamic analysis is done by
considering earthquake force in one direction at a time i.e. uniaxial excitation. But the simultaneous effect of
asymmetricities in both orthogonal directions is neglected because of uniaxial excitation approach. Also the
behaviour of building during earthquake depends upon its shape size and overall geometry. The partial and
complete collapse of reinforced concrete buildings in recent earthquakes has raised the need to design the
building considering biaxial forces. Limited research has been carried out on effect of such biaxial excitation.
To get reliable results a regular and C shape model of multi-storey building is analysed using various timehistories
in SAP2000 v17. The angle of incidence of earthquake forces will be varying between 0 to 360 degrees.
The influence of the orthogonal horizontal component of input ground motion on seismic response of reinforced
concrete building is analysed by comparing the response of biaxial excitation with the response of uniaxial
excitation.
Change in maximum displacement values, considering this as the basic criteria, comparison of the responses due
biaxial excitation and uniaxial excitation is done. Time history analysis has been carried out using SAP2000
after validating the model with results available in reference literature.
It is observed and recommended that considering biaxial forces is necessary for an accurate determination of
response and also to reach an adequate design for serviceability earthquakes.
Modal and Probabilistic Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade under Air-FlowIJERA Editor
Wind power is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Wind-turbines extract kinetic energy from the wind and convert it into mechanical energy. Therefore wind turbine power production depends on the interaction between the blade and the wind. The fluid-structure interaction, that means the interaction of some deformable structure with a surrounding or internal fluid flow, belong nowadays to the most important and challenging multi-physics problems which are aimed to treat by numerical simulations. The topic fluid-structure interaction plays a dominant role in many fields of engineering. Therefore, a strong need for appropriate numerical simulation tools exists with a variety of numerical and physical aspects. The present paper takes care about fluid-structure interaction using modern simulation techniques such as coupled field analysis. This work illustrates the use of load transfer coupled physics analysis to solve a steady-state air flow-blade interaction problem, followed by modal analysis where natural frequency are obtained with two different approaches: deterministic and probabilistic. The numerical results are deduced from a finite element approximation of the coupled problem with a non-symmetric pressure/displacement formulation. Deterministic and probabilistic results are given and discussed.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
1) The document analyzes the effect of fluid-structure interaction on the modal characteristics of cylindrical steel water tanks with and without considering the free surface effect of the liquid.
2) Finite element models of shallow and tall tanks were created in ANSYS and modal analysis was performed considering different conditions such as with and without liquid sloshing.
3) The effect of liquid mass on the convective and impulsive modes was observed to decrease the natural frequencies more for the impulsive modes due to greater participation of the liquid mass. Flexibility of the tank wall was also found to increase the slosh frequencies.
The cutting-edge applications that the engineers are bringing with using finite element procedure for the human civilization and the emergence of new techniques in solving real-life scenarios in finite element procedures.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...CSCJournals
Nonlinear permanent progressive wave is one of the most important applications in water waves. In this study, analytic formulation of the steep water gravity waves is presented. Abohadima and Isobe [1] showed that Cokelet solution [2] is the most accurate among many other solutions. Due to the nonlinearity of analytic equations, the need to numeric simulation is raised up. In the current paper, consequence numerical models, using one of the artificial intelligence techniques, are designed to simulate and then predict the non linear properties of permanent steep water waves. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), one of the artificial intelligence techniques, is introduced in the current paper to simulate and predict the wave celerity, momentum, energy and other wave integral properties for any permanent waves in water of arbitrary uniform depth. The ANN results presented in the current study showed that ANN technique, with less effort, is very efficiently capable of simulating and predicting the non linear properties of permanent steep water waves.
Dynamic Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine: Wind-Waves Nonlinear InteractionFranco Bontempi
An offshore wind turbine can be considered as a relatively complex structural system
since several environmental factors (e.g. wind and waves) affect its dynamic
behavior by generating both an active load and a resistant force to the structure’s
deformation induced by simultaneous actions. Besides the stochastic nature, also
their mutual interaction should be considered as nonlinear phenomena could be
crucial for optimal and cost-effective design. Another element of complexity lies in
the presence of different parts, each one with its peculiar features, whose mutual
interaction determines the overall dynamic response to non-stationary environmental
and service loads. These are the reasons why a proper and safe approach to the
analysis and design of offshore wind turbines requires a suitable technique for
carrying out a structural and performances decomposition along with the adoption of
advanced computation tools. In this work a finite element model for coupled windwaves
analysis is presented and the results of the dynamic behavior of a monopiletype
support structure for offshore wind turbine are shown.
Lattice boltzmann simulation of non newtonian fluid flow in a lid driven cavitIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that uses Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) to simulate non-Newtonian fluid flow in a lid driven cavity. The study explores the mechanism of non-Newtonian fluid flow using the power law model to represent shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. It investigates the influence of power law index and Reynolds number on velocity profiles and streamlines. The LBM code is validated against published results and shows agreement with established theory and fluid rheological behavior.
Review on seismic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the seismic performance of elevated water tanks. It discusses how elevated water tanks are vulnerable to earthquakes due to their large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures. Several past earthquakes resulted in collapsed or damaged water tanks due to unsuitable designs. The document reviews various studies on analyzing water tanks using static and dynamic methods, and accounting for factors like sloshing effects, hydrodynamic pressures, and flexible supports. It discusses recommendations to improve seismic provisions in building codes. The review indicates the importance of proper modeling and consideration of fluid-structure interaction for accurately evaluating the seismic response of elevated water tanks.
Thermal radiation effects on mhd free convection flow of a micropolar fluid p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on thermal radiation effects on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection flow of a micropolar fluid past a stretching surface embedded in a non-Darcian porous medium. The governing equations for momentum, angular momentum, and energy are solved numerically. Key findings include:
1) The micropolar fluid model helps reduce drag forces and acts as a cooling agent compared to classical fluids.
2) Parameters like the Darcy number, radiation, magnetic field, and porous medium properties influence the velocity, microrotation, temperature, skin friction, and heat transfer.
3) Increased microrotation constant and coupling constant reduce skin friction but increase heat transfer.
CASE STUDY OF HYDROMAGNETIC STABILITY OF A FLOW THROUGH A POROUS SUBSTANCEIRJET Journal
This document discusses the stability of fluids under various conditions such as the presence of magnetic fields, flow through porous media, and changes in temperature. It examines research on the hydromagnetic stability of flows, including how magnetic fields can induce stability. The stability of heterogeneous flows with shear forces and stratified layers of fluid are also analyzed. The interface stability between two immiscible fluids moving through porous media is investigated. In general, it is found that magnetic fields often have a stabilizing effect and can reduce instabilities, while variations in temperature, viscosity, or suspended particles can increase or decrease growth rates of instabilities.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
This document discusses an experiment analyzing wave loadings on a Seawave Slot-cone Generator (SSG), a wave energy converter. Regular wave tests were conducted in a wave flume on a 1:66 scale model of the SSG located on a sloped "focuser" to increase wave run-up. Pressure transducers measured wave pressures at different heights on the SSG during 31 wave trains with varying heights and periods. The results were used to develop predictive methods for estimating peak wave pressures and rise times on the SSG under different conditions. These predictions will help with structural design of full-scale SSG devices.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
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Q4102121143
1. Pr. Dr. R. H. S. Al-Suhaili et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.121-143
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Dynamic Analysis of a DamReservoir-Foundation System
Pr. Dr. Rafa H. S. Al-Suhaili1, Pr. Dr. Ahmed A. M. Ali2, Shamil A. K. Behaya3
1
Prof. of Civil Engineering Dept., University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Visiting Prof. at The City College of New York, New York, USA.
2
Prof. Water Resources Dept., Dean of the College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
3
Assistant Lecturer University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.
Abstract
In this research, an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model is built and verified for quick estimation of
the various maximum stresses, strains and hydrodynamic pressures developed on a gravity dam section due to
seismic excitation. The developed model can be for accurate estimation of these values.
There are no explicit equations that relate the input to the output variables. It requires the solution of a
system of simultaneous of partial differential equations governing the phenomenon, taking into account the
three media interactions, dam body (concrete),reservoir(water) and foundation (soil).In this research a data base
of 900 different cases inputs and outputs is build using the ANSYS software. Each of these input variables is
assigned a range from which values are selected. These ranges were set according to the recommendations of
authorized sources relevant to this issue. The statistical software SPSS with the database mentioned above are
used, after converting the input and output variables to dimensionless forms, to build a model of Artificial
Neural Networks ANN. The results showed the capability of the model to predict the values of the outputs
(stresses and hydrodynamic pressures) with high accuracy. The correlation coefficients between the observed
outputs values and the predicted values model are between 97.8% and 99.7%.The MATLAB programming
language is used to write a program to apply the Artificial Neural Networks model for obtaining the stresses and
hydrodynamic pressures for any set of input variables, instead of using the long process of ANSYS modeling.
For the purpose of further checking of the performance of the model it was applied to a three different data cases
which were not exist in the database that was used to build the model. The comparison of the results of these
three cases obtained by the Artificial Neural Networks model with those obtained by using the ANSYS software
had showed an excellent capability of the model to predict the outputs with high accuracy. The correlation
coefficients for these three cases are 99.6%, 99.9% and 99.8% for the horizontal acceleration only, the vertical
acceleration only and the dual acceleration (horizontal and vertical) respectively.
I.
Introduction
Dams are man’s oldest tools for storing water
to sustain cities and irrigate the land for human
survival. Today, some 45,000 dams around the world
harness water for irrigation, domestic and industrial
consumption, generation of electricity, and control of
floods, Veltrop (2002).
Throughout the world insufficiencies have
been observed in dams designed with consideration
given to meteorological and hydrological data, which
are stochastic in nature. The general importance of
safety evaluations in dam engineering is explained in
addition to the risk analysis that needs to be
performed ,YenigunandErkek (2007).
When it comes to safety, dams are critical
structures that need careful consideration and
accuracy during design and construction. On the
other hand, economically, it is impossible to consider
all safety issues. Therefore, to satisfy both economic
and safety considerations simultaneously, an analysis
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should be conducted to select the better and more
accurate method of design. One of the most critical
safety cases is the behavior of the system under
dynamic loading. The significant issue that is faced in
predicting the behavior of dams and selecting the
appropriate analytical model is the interaction of
dams with water inside the reservoir, because the
dynamic behavior of a structure in contact with water
is different in that when this same structure is in
contact with air, Mansouri and Rezaei (2010).
An extensive stresses in the form of lateral
inertial loads generate due to ground movements
during seismic excitation on all types of structures.
Also significant hydrodynamic pressure develops in
additional to the hydrostatic pressure on the upstream
faces of the dam from the water in the reservoir due
to ground motions as well as movement of the
structure in response to ground motions. The dam and
the impounded water interact dynamically.
Hydrodynamic pressure affects the deformation of
dam which in turn influences the pressure. Frequency
121 | P a g e
2. Pr. Dr. R. H. S. Al-Suhaili et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.121-143
and intensity of earthquake induced ground motion,
depth of impounded reservoir, stiffness of structure
and geological conditions are some of the factors
affected the hydrodynamic response of dams.
Material properties and geometry of concrete
gravity dam-reservoir-foundation systems as well as
the seismic input along the dam axis are slightly
varied therefore they are often idealized as twodimensional sections in planes normal to the dam
axis although they are three-dimensional.
In linear and non-linear dynamic analysis of
concrete dams, the dam concrete and the foundation
rock are modeled by standard finite elements,
whereas the interaction effects of the impounded
water can be represented by any of three basic
approaches. The simplest one is the added mass
attached to the dam, Westergaard (1933). Another
approach describing the dam-water interaction is the
Eulerian approach. In this approach, variables are
displacements in the structure and pressures in the
fluid, Olsonet al. (1983). Since these variables in the
fluid and structure are different in this approach, a
special-purpose computer program for the solution of
coupled systems is required. The Lagrangian
approach is a third way to represent the fluidstructure interaction. In this approach, behavior of
fluid and structure are expressed in terms of
displacements. Since available general-purpose
structural analysis programs use the displacements to
obtain the response of structures, Lagrangian
displacement-based fluid elements can easily be
incorporated into these programs, Akkose and Simsek
(2010).
Dynamic interaction of dam-reservoirfoundation of concrete gravity dams is an important
subject for researching on seismic performance of
concrete gravity dams. Under earthquake, the
response of concrete gravity dams becomes more
complex because of the interaction of reservoir water
and dams. Due to the dynamic interaction of damreservoir-foundation, the vibration energy is
transferred and dispersion effect of earthquake
excited is occurred under the influence of wave effect
of inhomogeneous valley wall, Xie et al. (2011).
It seems to be necessary to select an
appropriate numerical model, in the absent of any
sufficient practical results. Many researchers worked
on developing numerical models to evaluate seismic
safety of concrete gravity dams in two and threedimensional space, Heirany and Ghaemian (2012).
The first reported study approximately eighty
years ago published by Westergaard clearly
explained the physical behavior of the dam-reservoir
interaction
problem,
Westergaard
(1933).
Westergaard presented a conservative approximate
equation for the hydrodynamic pressure distribution
for a rigid dam. Continuing with the assumption that
the gravity dam is rigid, Chopra (1967)suggested the
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more complete and comprehensive analyses formulas
(the complex frequency response concept) for
hydrodynamic pressure response of dam-reservoirs
considering compressibility effects during harmonic
and arbitrary horizontal as well as vertical
components of ground motions. The same problem
with more complete analysis including the effects of
non-simultaneous arrival of seismic waves to the
bottom of the reservoir was studied byVictoria et al.
(1969).Extracting an analytical solution for the
earthquake force on a rigid inclined upstream face of
a dam by horizontal earthquakes first done by
Chwang and Housner (1978).
Since that time researchers concentrated on
identifying the influence of the incorrect properties
and boundary conditions simplified assumptions, like
rigid dam, rigid foundation, incompressible fluid,
non-viscose fluid, no free surface waves in the
reservoir and others on the hydrodynamic pressure
and stresses on the dam body. Bouaanani et al.
(2003)proposed a new approximate analytical
technique for reliable estimate of hydrodynamic
pressure on rigid gravity dams allowing for water
compressibility and wave absorption at the reservoir
bottom and can be extended to situations, such as the
presence of an ice cover or gravity waves.
Navayineya et al. (2009 )then inspected the effect of
fluid viscosity in frequency domain using a closed
form solution. The effects of surface gravity waves
on earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressures on
rigid dams with arbitrary upstream face are examined
by Aviles and Suarez (2010), taking the
compressibility and viscosity of water into account.
Also rigid dam with elastic reservoir bottom
absorption of energy, subjected to a specified
horizontal ground motion accelerogram was
investigated by closed form formula, Béjar (2010),
Khiavi (2011).
The finite element method has been widely
used in seismic analysis of concrete gravity dams to
analyze displacements and stresses in physical
structures. Mathematically, the FEM is used for
finding approximate solution of partial differential
equations as well as of integral equations. The
solution approach is based either on eliminating the
differential equations completely, or rendering them
into an equivalent ordinary differential equation.
Although, there are different approaches available in
this regard, the most natural method is based on the
Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, which employs
nodal displacements and pressure degrees of freedom
for the dam and reservoir region, respectively.
Meanwhile, it is well known that in this formulation,
the induced total mass and stiffness matrices of the
coupled system are unsymmetrical due to interaction
terms, Zienkiewicz and Taylor (2000). Shariatmadar
and Mirhaj (2009)evaluated the hydrodynamic
pressures induced due to seismic forces and Fluid122 | P a g e
3. Pr. Dr. R. H. S. Al-Suhaili et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.121-143
Structure Interaction (FSI).They used ANSYS
computer program for modeling the interaction of
reservoir water-dam structure and foundation bed
rock and analyzed the modal response of over twenty
2D finite element models of concrete gravity dam.
Haciefendioglu et al. (2009 )presented numerical
study concerning the dynamic response of a concrete
dam including an ice covered reservoir. Non-linear
seismic response of a concrete gravity dam subjected
to near-fault and far-fault ground motions
investigated by Akkose and Simsek (2010)including
dam-water-sediment-foundation rock interaction.
Most engineers consider the water domain as a
semi-infinite fluid region, while there are practical
cases that the reservoir cannot be treated as a uniform
infinite channel. Fathi and Lotfi (2008) shows that
the length of the reservoir affects the response
significantly and it should not be modeled as an
infinite domain in general. Also Bayraktar et al.
(2010 )investigated the seismic performance of
concrete gravity dams to near- and far-fault ground
motions taking into account reservoir length
variation. Because of the approximate concepts
inherent in dam–reservoir interacting systems
identification approaches, and the time-consuming
repeated analyses required Karimi et al. (2010)
employed the trained ANNs to investigate the
potentialities of ANNs in system identification of
gravity dams. A hybrid finite element–boundary
element (FE–BE) analysis for the prediction of
dynamic characteristics of an existing concrete
gravity dam linked with an artificial neural network
(ANN) procedure.
II.
Theory of Dynamic Analysis
The dam-reservoir-foundation system can be
classified as a coupled field system in which three
physical domains of fluid, structure and soil interact
only at their interfaces and these physical systems are
made of subsystems which interact with each other.
The time response of all subsystems must be
evaluated at the same time due to the interaction in
such a problem. There are different solutions
approaches exist for the coupled field problem. The
degrees of accuracy and stability of the solution
depending on the governing differential equations of
the subsystems and assumptions made for simplicity.
The dam-reservoir-foundation system is three
dimensional but is idealized as two dimensional
sections in planes normal to the dam axis.
The dynamic equilibrium equation of interest is as follows for a linear structure:
M u + C u + K u = Fa
(1)
where:[M] = structural mass matrix.
[C] = structural damping matrix.
[K] = structural stiffness matrix.
{ü} = nodal acceleration vector.
{u} = nodal velocity vector.
{u} = nodal displacement vector.
{Fa} = applied load vector.
{Fa} = {Fnd} + {Fe} where:{Fnd} = applied nodal load vector.
{Fe}=total of all element load vector effects.
In acoustical fluid-structure interaction problems, the structural dynamics equation needs to be
considered along with the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid momentum and the flow continuity equation. The
fluid momentum (Navier-Stokes) and continuity equations are simplified to get the acoustic wave equation
using the following assumptions:
1. The fluid is compressible (density changes due to pressure variations).
2. The fluid is inviscid (no viscous dissipation).
3. There is no mean flow of the fluid.
4. The mean density and pressure are uniform throughout the fluid.
1 ∂2P
C 2 ∂t 2
− ∇2 P = 0
(2)
where: C = speed of sound ( k ρ0 ) in fluid medium.
ρ0 = mean fluid density.
k = bulk modulus of fluid.
P = acoustic pressure (=P(x, y, z, t)).
t = time.
Since the viscous dissipation has been neglected, Equation (2) is referred to as the lossless wave equation
for propagation of sound in fluids. The discretized structural Equation (1) and the lossless wave Equation (2)
have to be considered simultaneously in fluid-structure interaction problems.
For harmonically varying pressure, i.e.
P = Peiωt
(3)
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123 | P a g e
4. Pr. Dr. R. H. S. Al-Suhaili et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.121-143
where:P = amplitude of the pressure.
i = −1.
ω = 2πf.
f = frequency of oscillations of the pressure.
Equation (2) reduces to the Helmholtz equation:
ω2
P + ∇2 P = 0
(4)
The acoustics fluid equation can be written in matrix notation to get the discretized wave equation:
P
Me Pe + K P Pe + ρ0 R e T ue = 0
(5)
e
C2
P
where:[Me ] =
1
C 2 vol
[K P ] =
e
vol
N N
B
T
T
d vol = fluid mass matrix (fluid).
B d vol = fluid stiffness matrix (fluid).
ρ0 [R e ]T = ρ0 S N n T {N ′ }T d S = coupling mass matrix transpose (fluid-structure interface).
To account for the dissipation of energy due to damping at the boundary, if any, present at the fluid
boundary, a dissipation term is added to the lossless equation to get finally the discretized wave equation
accounting for losses at the interface as:
P
P
Me Pe + Ce Pe + [K P ] Pe + ρ0 [R e ]T ue = 0
(6)
e
In order to completely describe the fluid-structure interaction problem, the fluid pressure load acting at
the interface is now added to Equation (1). So, the structural equation is rewritten here:
pr
Me ue + Ce ue + K e ue = Fe + {Fe }
(7)
pr
The substitution of Fe = R e {Pe }, where[Re]T = S N ′ N T n d S , into Equation (7) results in the
dynamic elemental equation of the structure:
Me ue + Ce ue + K e ue − [R e ] Pe = Fe
(8)
Equation (6) and Equation (8) describe the complete finite element discretized equations for the fluidstructure traction problem and are written in assembled form as:
ue
[Me ]
[0] ue
[Ce ] [0]
[K e ] [K fs ] u 𝑒
F𝑒
+
+
=
(9)
P
fs
P
P
P𝑒
Pe
0
[0] [Ce ]
[M ] [Me ] Pe
[0] [K e ]
where:
III.
M fs = ρ0 [R e ]T
K fs = −[R e ]
Harmonic Response Analysis
The harmonic response analysis solves the time-dependent equations of motion (Equation 2) for linear
structures undergoing steady-state vibration. The assumptions and restrictions are:
1. Valid for structural and fluid degrees of freedom (DOFs).
2. The entire structure has constant or frequency-dependent stiffness, damping, and mass effects.
3. All loads and displacements vary in sinusoidal way at the same known frequency (although not
necessarily in phase).
4. Element loads are assumed to be real (in-phase) only.
As stated above, all points in the structure are moving at the same known frequency, however, not
necessarily in phase. Also, it is known that the presence of damping causes phase shifts. Therefore, the
displacements may be defined as:
u = {umax ei∅ }eiΩt
(10)
where: umax = maximum displacement.
i = square root of -1.
Ω= imposed circular frequency (radians/time) = 2πf.
f = imposed frequency (cycles/time).
t = time.
∅ = displacement phase shift (radians).
Note that umax and ∅ may be different at each DOF. The use of complex notation allows a compact and
efficient description and solution of the problem. Equation (10) can be rewritten as:
u = umax cos∅ + isin∅ eiΩt
(11)
Or as: u = u1 + i u2 eiΩt
(12)
where: u1 = umax cos∅ = real displacement vector.
u2 = umax sin∅ = imaginary displacement vector.
The force vector can be specified analogously to the displacement:
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5. Pr. Dr. R. H. S. Al-Suhaili et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.121-143
F = {Fmax eiφ }eiΩt
(13)
F = {Fmax (cosφ + isinφ)}eiΩt
(14)
F = F1 + i F2 eiΩt
(15)
where:Fmax = force amplitude.
φ = force phase shift (radians).
F1 = {Fmax cosφ} = real force vector.
F2 = {Fmax sinφ} = imaginary force vector.
Substituting Equation (12) and Equation (15) into Equation (1) gives:
K − Ω2 M + iΩ C
u1 + i u2 = F1 + i F2
(16)
The complex displacement output at each DOF may be given in one of two forms:
1. The same form as u1 and u2 as defined in equation (12).
2. The form umax and ∅ (amplitude and phase angle (in degrees)), as defined in equation (11). These
two terms are computed at each DOF as:
2
umax = u1 + u2
(17)
2
u2
∅ = tan−1
(18)
u1
Note that the response lags the excitation by a phase angle of ∅ − φ.
Inertia, damping and static loads on the nodes of each element are computed. The real and imaginary
inertia load parts of the element output are computed by:
m
{F1 }e = Ω2 Me u1 e
(19)
m
{F2 }e = Ω2 Me u2 e
(20)
m
Where:{F1 }e = vector of element inertia forces (real part).
Me = element mass matrix.
u1 e = element real displacement vector.
m
{F2 }e = vector of element inertia (imaginary part).
u2 e = element imaginary displacement vector.
The real and imaginary damping loads parts of the element output are computed by:
C
{F1 }e = −Ω Ce u2 e
(21)
C
{F2 }e = Ω Ce u1 e
(22)
C
Where:{F1 }e = vector of element damping forces (real part).
Ce = element damping matrix.
C
{F2 }e = vector of element damping (imaginary part).
The real static load is computed the same way as in a static analysis using the real part of the
displacement solution u1 e . The imaginary static load is computed also the same way, using the imaginary
part u2 e . Note that the imaginary part of the element loads (e.g., {F pr }) are normally zero, except for current
density loads.
The nodal reaction loads are computed as the sum of all three types of loads (inertia, damping, and
static) over all elements connected to a given fixed displacement node.
IV.
Research Procedures
The following steps are conducted in this research to develop the ANN model:
1- Building a data base for different cases, i.e. different sets of input-output variables using the
ANSYS12.1 (2009) software. The input variables are selected according to the limitations of dam
section variables given in dam design recommendation references.
2- Obtain a direct relationship between the selected sets of input variables and the obtained output
variables in dimensionless forms using Artificial Neural Network Model using the IBM SPSS
statistics 19 (2010) software. This allows two simple matrices equations that enable the estimation of
output variables for a given set of input variables.
3- The model developed in step (2) is verified using comparison of results obtained from the ANN
model and these obtained from ANSYS analysis, using some selected cases not included in the data
base developed in step (1) above. The MATLAB programming language is used to develop a
program using the developed ANN model for analysis. This verification process is done to ensure the
capability of the ANN model to produce acceptable results, even though the ANN model processing
divide the data set into three sub-division, training, testing and holdout (verification) subset, and
evaluate the performance of the model using the third set, which is not used for model parameters
estimation.
V.
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ANSYS Application
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6. Pr. Dr. R. H. S. Al-Suhaili et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.121-143
The system to be analyzed is a concrete gravity dam which impounds a reservoir extending to truncation
line in the upstream direction and rests on a bounded foundation. General schematic section geometry of the
dam is shown in Figure (1) below:
Reservoir
hw
hd
hu
H
Dam Body
bu bc
bd
B
Foundation
Fig. 1: Schematic presentation of the dam-reservoir-foundation system analyzed dynamically using ANSYS.
where: H: total dam height, B: total dam base width, hw: water height in the reservoir, bu: upstream dam face
slope width, hu: upstream dam face slope height, bc: dam crest width, hd: downstream dam back slope
height and bd: downstream dam back slope width.
The dynamic analysis needs to identify other variables in addition to those geometric variables presented
in Figure (1). These variables can be categorized into three groups as follows:
1- Geometric variables: concerning the section details.
2- Properties variables: concerning domains properties such as modulus of elasticity, density, Poisson’s
ratio…etc., of the three domains coupled (water, concrete dam body and soil foundation).
3- Excitation variables: concerning the excitation earthquake variables such as accelerations and
frequencies.
In order to obtain a general ANN model, the variables should be put in non-dimensional forms. This is
conducted as follows, with the range of each non-dimensional variable limitation. These limitations were
decided upon the limitations of the dam design practice and recommendations to satisfy stability and
overturning control, Novak et.al. (2007), EM 1110-2-2200 (1995), Chahar (2013), WikipediaEncyclopedia
(2013).
Table (1) shows the dimensionless variables that were adopted to build a database for the cases analyzed
using ANSYS software for the dynamic response of the couple dam-reservoir-foundation system.
Table 1: Dimensionless input variables selected for dynamic analysis of dam-reservoir-foundation system.
Variables Ratio
B/H
0.70 - 0.80
0.70
0.75
0.80
hw/H
0.85 - 0.95
0.85
0.90
0.95
hu/H
0.50 - 0.70
0.50
0.60
0.70
hd/H
0.80 - 0.90
0.80
0.85
0.90
bu/B
0.07 - 0.08
0.07
0.075
0.08
bc/B
0.09 - 0.14
0.09
0.12
0.14
bd/B
0.788 - 0.84
0.788
0.80
0.84
ax/g
0.10 - 0.30
0.10
0.20
0.30
ay/g
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Range
Values Adopted
0.05 - 0.25
0.05
0.15
0.25
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w/wn
0.50 - 1.10
0.50
0.80
1.10
Es/Ec
0.50 – 2.00
0.50
1.00
2.00
ρs/ρc
0.875 - 1.125
0.875
1.00
1.125
Natural frequency for the dam-reservoir-foundation system is computed according to the empirical
relations proposed by Chopra shown in Table (2), Chopra and Charles (1979).The output variables from the
ANSYS analysis (stresses and hydrodynamic pressure) are changed also to dimensionless quantities by dividing
each by its respective allowable values for the dam body, and by the hydrostatic pressure values for the
hydrodynamic pressure.
Table 2: Natural frequency for the dam-reservoir-foundation system.
Reservoir Depth (hw) in (m)
Soil-Concrete
Elasticity
Ratio
(Es/Ec)
85
90
95
Natural Frequency (wn) in (Hz)
By
ANSYS
By
Chopra
By
ANSYS
By
Chopra
By
ANSYS
0.5
2.473
2.448
2.370
2.474
2.232
2.384
1
3.175
2.899
3.040
2.913
2.874
2.769
2
VI.
By
Chopra
3.353
3.220
3.215
3.215
3.030
3.204
Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions used for the dam-reservoir-foundation system in the ANSYS analysis are
shown in Figure (2) bellow.
F G
𝑝=0
B
𝜕𝑝
1 𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜕𝑥
𝐶 𝜕𝑡
A
H
E
Water Domain
MU=1
hw
𝜕𝑝
= −𝜌 𝑎 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑝
= −𝜌 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑞
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑡
C
D
𝐹=0
Dam
Domai
n
I
H
𝐹=0
J
MU=0
3H
B
𝑎𝑦
𝑢=0
𝑣=0
𝑎𝑥
Foundation
Domain
H
𝑢=0
𝑣=0
H
𝑢=0
𝑣=0
L
VII.
Fig. 2: Schematic presentation of the dam-reservoir-foundation system boundary conditions.
K
Materials Properties
The concrete is assumed homogeneous and isotropic, the water is considered as compressible, inviscid
fluid and the dam-foundation treated as homogeneous and isotropic. Table (3) shows the dam-reservoirfoundation system properties.
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Table 3: The dam-reservoir-foundation system properties.
Modulus of
Elasticity
(E) GPa
Poisson’s
Ratio
ν
Mass
Density
(ρ) kg/m3
Damping
Coefficient
q
Velocity of Sound
Wave
(C) m/s
MU=1
1440
0.05
-
0.05
-
Water in the Reservoir
2.07*
1000
0.49
Concrete of the Dam
25
2400
0.2
Soil of the Foundation
12.5
2100
25
2400
50
2700
0.3
*Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (Compressibility).
VIII.
Element Used in ANSYS Analysis
The “plane Strain” state is governing on the cross section of dam, because of the longitudinal length is
very greater than other two dimensions, EM 1110-2-6051 (2003). Hence, two-dimensional finite element models
are created. The elements used for ANSYS analysis are as follows:
1- “FLUID 29” element: This is four nodes 2-D element with one degree of freedom (1DOF) for
pressure, suitable for model acoustic fluid for modeling water of reservoir, with the options of the
structure present and structure absent. For structure present elements, each node has three degree of
freedom (3DOF), which account for water particles displacement in horizontal and vertical direction
and pressure.
2- “PLANE 42” element: This is used for modeling both concrete dam body and foundation bed soil.
This 2-D plane element has four nodes with two degrees of freedom (2DOF) for each, which account
for solid particles horizontal and vertical displacement.
3- “CONTA 171” element: This element is adopted for the interface surface between two different
domain, fluid and solid elements.
4- “TARGE 169” element: This element is adopted for the interface surface between two solid domains
with different properties, concrete dam and soil elements.
IX.
Results of ANSYS Application
The ANSYS software used to find the dynamic response of given dam-reservoir-foundation system to a
dynamic loading (earthquake), to build the database required for the ANN model. The harmonic analysis is used
to predict this response, i.e. transforming the governing equation from time domain to frequency domain. This
allows obtaining the maximum amplitude of hydrodynamic pressure, hence, maximum dynamic forces applied
to the system. Nine hundred cases selected due for variation of the dimensionless input variables that covers the
variations shown in Table (1).
For results, presentation purposes one case of vertical and horizontal accelerations is selected. The details
of input variables are shows on Table (4).As the ANSYS capabilities of graphical representation of the result are
excellent, the graphical presentations of the results are shows in Figures (8) to (21) for the selected case.
Table 4: The selected case variables.
Input
Variables
B/H
hw/H
hu/H
hd/H
bu/B
bc/B
bd/B
ax/g
ay/g
w/wn
Es/Ec
ρs/ρc
Value
0.80
0.90
0.70
0.85
0.09
0.11
0.80
0.20
0.15
0.50
1.10
0.50
0.88
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Figures (3) to (6) shows the natural frequency modes (modes 1 to 4) which indicates that the mode (1)
natural frequency is (2.474). Mode (2) natural frequency is (3.512). Mode (3) frequency is (4.038). Mode (4)
frequency is (4.504).
Fig. 3: Natural Frequency Mode 1.
Fig. 5: Natural Frequency Mode 3.
Fig. 8: Displacement Vectors for Case (Hor. & Ver.
Acceleration)w/wn=0.5.
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Fig. 4: Natural Frequency Mode 2.
Fig. 6: Natural Frequency Mode 4.
Fig. 9: Displacement Vectors for Case (Hor. & Ver.
Acceleration)w/wn=1.1.
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Fig. 10: Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution for
w/wn= 0.5
Fig. 11: Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution for
w/wn= 1.1.
Fig. 12: Strain Intensity for
w/wn= 0.5.
Fig. 13: Strain Intensity for
w/wn= 1.1.
Fig. 14: Shear Stress Intensity for w/wn= 0.5.
Fig. 15: Shear Stress Intensity for w/wn= 1.1.
Fig. 16: First Principal Stress (σ1) for w/wn= 0.5.
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Fig. 17: First Principal Stress (σ1) for w/wn= 1.1.
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Fig. 18: Second Principal Stress (σ2) for w/wn= 0.5.
Fig. 19: Second Principal Stress (σ2) for w/wn= 1.1.
Fig. 20: Third Principal Stress (σ3) for w/wn= 0.5.
Fig. 21: Third Principal Stress (σ3) for w/wn= 1.1.
The ANN Model
A direct relation could be obtained using an ANN model, which needs a database of the set of output
variables related to the respective input variables. These variables are set in dimensionless terms as given by
Table (1) to obtain a general relationship model.
The IBM SPSS statistics 19 (2010) “Statistical Product and Service Solutions” software is used with the
developed database to obtain the parameters matrices and vectors of this ANN model
(𝑣 𝑜 𝑝 ×1 , 𝑣 𝑛 ×𝑝 , 𝑤 𝑜 𝑚 ×1 , 𝑤 𝑝×𝑚 ).
The standardization process is used here for the modeling process, hence, the mean and standard
deviation values of each variable (input and output), will become a set of model parameters in addition to the
weight matrices and bias vectors (𝑣 𝑛 ×𝑝 , 𝑤 𝑝×𝑚 , 𝑣 𝑜 𝑝 ×1 , 𝑤 𝑜 𝑚 ×1 ). Table (5) shows this values obtained using SPSS
software.
Table 5: mean and standard deviation values.
Min.
Max.
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Variance
.7500
.8500
.796833
.0404160
.002
hw/H
.8500
.9500
.896500
.0418094
.002
hu/H
.5000
.7000
.591333
.0816433
.007
hd/H
.8000
.9000
.858333
.0412203
.002
bu/B
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Variable
Name
B/H
Inputs
Variable
Type
.0630
.0880
.074537
.0091251
.000
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Variable
Name
Min.
Max.
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Variance
bc/B
.0930
.1500
.114783
.0197512
.000
bd/B
.7880
.8400
.811080
.0219127
.000
ax/g
.0000
.3000
.130000
.1168268
.014
ay/g
.0000
.2500
.096833
.0968266
.009
w/wn
.5000
1.1000
.800000
.2450852
.060
Es/Ec
.5000
2.0000
1.143333
.6230732
.388
ρs /ρc
.8750
1.1250
.999167
.1046373
.011
Tm/Ta
.0214
2.3059
.534276
.4362882
.190
S1t/Sta
.0020
1.3893
.334517
.2991158
.089
S1c/Sca
.0005
.0312
.007063
.0060265
.000
S2t/Sta
.0000
.3505
.078145
.0744315
.006
S2c/Sca
.0006
.0400
.010732
.0081236
.000
S3t/Sta
.0000
.3482
.059655
.0676325
.005
S3c/Sca
.0026
.1800
.044275
.0345279
.001
Str/Stru
.0015
.0940
.025049
.0193912
.000
Ph/Ps
Outputs
Variable
Type
.0580
1.2912
.298081
.1964332
.039
The application of the SPSS software with the description above with many trials indicates that the best
data subdivision is (79.7%) for training, (12.7%) for testing and (7.7%) for holdout (verification). The final
network information, which involves input layer information (n = 12, scaling method is standardized), hidden
layer(p = 16, activation function (Fh) is hyperbolic tanh) and output layer(m = 9, scaling method is standardized
and activation function (F0) is identity).
Figure (22) shows the architecture of the ANN model network prepared by SPSS software.
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Fig. 22: Architecture of the ANN model network.
Table (6) shows the error analysis of the final weights matrices and bias vectors, selected by the software.
The results indicate the lowest possible sum of square errors, for each subdivision and the relative error of each
output variable in each subdivision. The most important ones are those of the holdout sub data, where the
average overall error is low (0.014).
Tables (7) and (8) shows the outputs of SPSS software for the final weight matrices and the final bias
vectors, which can be excreted to the following Equations:
𝑣 𝑜 𝑝 ×1 = 𝑣 𝑜13×1 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (7)
(23)𝑣 𝑛 ×𝑝 = 𝑣12×10 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (7) (24)
𝑤 𝑜 𝑚 ×1 = 𝑤 𝑜9×1 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (8) (25)
𝑤 𝑝×𝑚 = 𝑤10×9 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (8) (26)
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Table 6: Model summary.
Dimensionless
Variables
Process
Details
Values
Training
Sum of Squares Error
44.830
Average Overall Relative Error
Relative Error for Scale Dependents
.014
.045
S2t/Sta
.009
S2c/Sca
.015
S3t/Sta
.020
S3c/Sca
.006
Str/Stru
Testing
.006
S1c/Sca
Training Time
.008
S1t/Sta
Stopping Rule Used
Tm/Ta
.009
Ph/Ps
Consecutive step(s)
decrease in error*
00:00:03.923
.006
with no
Sum of Squares Error
7.418
Average Overall Relative Error
Relative Error for Scale Dependents
.016
.012
S1c/Sca
.046
S2t/Sta
.015
S2c/Sca
.014
S3t/Sta
.023
S3c/Sca
.009
Str/Stru
.016
Ph/Ps
Average Overall Relative Error
Relative Error for Scale Dependents
.010
S1t/Sta
Holdout
Tm/Ta
.007
.014
Tm/Ta
.009
S1t/Sta
.010
S1c/Sca
.027
S2t/Sta
.010
S2c/Sca
.018
S3t/Sta
.019
S3c/Sca
.007
Str/Stru
.013
Ph/Ps
.011
*Error computations are based on the testing sample.
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Fig. 23: Comparison of the predicted and observed variables.
Fig. 23: Continued.
The SPSS software allows a normalized importance analysis to illustrate the relative effect of each input
variable on the output variables. This analysis is shown in figure (24). It is obvious that the input variable
sequence of effect on the output variables are (ax/g, ay/g,w/wn, Es/Ec,bu/B, bc/B, hu/H, bd/B, hw/H, hd/H, B/H and
ρs/ρc) with (100%, 43.6%, 39.0%, 34.2%, 31.7%, 30.9%, 26.5%, 26.1%, 13.3%, 12.6%, 12.2% and 3.2%)
respectively.
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Fig. 24: Normalized importance for input variables.
Further Verification of the ANN Model
This is achieved here by selecting arbitrary three new cases with input data that not exist in the data base.
However these input values are selected within the range of each one, but not exactly the values adopted in the
data base. Table (10) shows the selected input variables for each of the three cases used.
Table 10: Input data for new three cases.
Input
Variables
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
B/H
hw/H
hu/H
hd/H
bu/B
bc/B
bd/B
ax/g
ay/g
w/wn
Es/Ec
ρs/ρc
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.25
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.30
0.20
0.80
1.10
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Each case is analyzed using the ANSYS software to obtain the output results. The outputs of each case
also are obtained using a MATLAB program. This program is written by using the developed ANN model with
the estimated parameters shown in Table (5). These parameter include the values of the means and standard
deviation for scaling and the obtained weight matrices and bias vectors given in Equations (24) and (26), with
the activation functions obtained by the SPSS software, as hyperbolic tangent and identity for the hidden and
output layers respectively.
Table (11) shows the results obtained from ANSYS software and the ANN model.
Table 11: Comparison of ANN model and ANSYS software results.
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Variables
ANSYS
ANN
ANSYS
ANN
ANSYS
ANN
T/Ta
0.7214
0.6758
0.2486
0.23198
0.9742
0.95316
S1t/Sta
0.5071
0.547
0.1544
0.13858
0.5643
0.6097
S1c/Sca
0.0070
0.00512
0.0113
0.01116
0.0108
0.00926
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Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Variables
ANSYS
ANN
ANSYS
ANN
ANSYS
ANN
S2t/Sta
0.1260
0.12847
0.0312
0.0283
0.1327
0.14041
S2c/Sca
0.0127
0.01137
0.0118
0.01084
0.0172
0.0168
S3t/Sta
0.1052
0.10856
0.02579
0.0236
0.1317
0.11063
S3c/Sca
0.0544
0.05242
0.0395
0.04128
0.0736
0.07249
Str/Stru
0.0303
0.03511
0.0182
0.01746
0.0398
0.04458
Ph/Ps
0.2826
0.29472
0.7422
0.74386
0.3697
0.36183
Figures (25, 26 and 27) show the comparison between the results obtained from ANSYS software and
the ANN model.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Dimensionless Value
ANSYS Results
ANN Results
0.1
0.0
Fig. 25: Comparison of ANN model and ANSYS software results for case 1 (horizontal acceleration),
correlation coefficient =0.996.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Dimensionless Value
ANSYS Results
ANN Results
0.1
0.0
Fig. 26: Comparison of ANN model and ANSYS software results for case 2 (vertical acceleration), correlation
coefficient =0.999.
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1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Dimensionless Value
ANSYS Results
ANN Results
0.2
0.0
Fig. 27: Comparison of ANN model and ANSYS software results for case 3 (horizontal and vertical
acceleration), correlation coefficient =0.998.
Conclusions
From the research conducted herein, the
following conclusion can be deduced:
1- Results for the ANSYS analysis for the
hydrodynamic
damreservoir-foundation
system indicates that the behavior of this
system is different for the cases of horizontal
earthquake
acceleration
only,
vertical
acceleration only and combined horizontal and
vertical earthquake acceleration for a given
geometrical dam section, given physical and
mechanical properties of soil, concrete and
water. These results necessitate the use of the
known ranges of these properties to build a
representative database to describe the behavior
variation of the system. Hence many cases were
used includes the variation of the independent
variable such as earthquake accelerations
amplitudes and frequencies, soil and concrete
modulus of elasticity, densities, Poisson’s ratios
and geometrical dimensions of the dam section.
Nine hundred cases were analyzed using
ANSYS software was found to be an enough
sample size for representation.
2- It was found that is necessary to divide the
sample cases into three categories, one for
horizontal acceleration only and one for the
vertical acceleration and the last for combined
horizontal and vertical accelerations.
3- The ANN modeling technique used for
obtaining a model of direct estimation of the
output variables (displacement, strain, shear
stress, first principal stress, second principal
stress, third principal stress and hydrodynamic
pressure) for a given set of independent
variables (horizontal acceleration, vertical
acceleration,
material
properties
and
frequencies) was found to be capable to
estimate the dependent variables
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4-
5-
accurately. The range of correlation coefficient
of the dependent variables is (97.8% to
99.7%).
The required parameters of the ANN model to
develop a reliable results are as follows; the
data division into training, testing and holdout
(verification) subsets is (79.7%, 12.7% and
7.7%) respectively. The minimum number of
the hidden nodes in the hidden layer is sixteen
(16). The average overall relative error is
1.4%, 1.6% and 1.4% for the training, testing
and holdout subsets respectively. The optimum
types of the activation functions of the hidden
and output layer are hyperbolic tangent and
identity functions respectively. The learning
rate and momentum factor required are (0.4
and 0.9) respectively.
The comparison of the results of the ANN
models for three cases selected in such a way
that are not exist in the database used for
building the ANN model with their
corresponding results of these cases using
ANSYS software, indicates the capability of
this model to give very accurate results. The
correlation coefficient in the three cases is
99.6% in the horizontal acceleration case,
99.9% in the vertical acceleration case and
99.8% in the dual acceleration (horizontal and
vertical) case respectively.
Recommendations
For further research of this work, the
following is recommended:
1- Applying the same technique adopted in this
research to develop a model for earth dams.
2- Develop a similar model considering the nonhomogeneity of the media, either for the soil
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3-
4-
5-
6-
foundation only or for both soil foundation and
concrete dam body.
Develop a similar model for gravity dam with
galleries, silt and depression (fully or
partially), and adding the bearing capacity of
the soil as a restriction and must be checked.
Develop a similar model considering the effect
of the reservoir surface wave generated due to
seismic excitation and shape of the reservoir
on the hydrodynamic pressure applied on the
dam.
Use of radial base neural network modeling to
developed the ANN model and compares its
results with the developed back propagation
ANN model to relate the input variables
(geometrical and excitation variables) with the
output variables stresses and strains.
Use the non-linear analysis to develop the
ANN model for dams with initial cracks due to
construction or ancient earthquakes.
[8.]
[9.]
[10.]
[11.]
References
[1.] Akkose M. &Simsek E., (2010), “Non-Linear
Seismic Response of Concrete Gravity Dams
to Near-Fault Ground Motions Including
Dam-Water-Sediment-Foundation
Interaction”,
Applied
Mathematical
Modeling, Volume 34, Issue 11, Pages 3685–
3700.
[2.] Aviles J. & Suarez M., (2010), “Effects of
Surface Waves on Hydrodynamic Pressures
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