Factors affecting Biogas Production: There are several factors such as biogas potential of feedstock, inoculums, nature of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), C:N ratio, volatile fatty acids (VFA), inhibitory substances, etc.
Anaerobic Digestion: Co-Digestion and Operational Issues LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67744
A study was conducted to assess the performance of various mixing regimes on methanogen biomass content in anaerobic digesters. Methane production in anaerobic digesters is directly related to the methanogens within the system. Current systems involve mixing to increase biogas production and system efficiency, however little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. In this study three pilot scale anaerobic digestion systems with three different mixing regimes were run with replication to examine the impacts to methanogen biomass content and biogas production. The results will provide insight for operational recommendations as well as the basic microbial processes with digestion systems which are critical for optimization.
Factors affecting Biogas Production: There are several factors such as biogas potential of feedstock, inoculums, nature of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), C:N ratio, volatile fatty acids (VFA), inhibitory substances, etc.
Anaerobic Digestion: Co-Digestion and Operational Issues LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67744
A study was conducted to assess the performance of various mixing regimes on methanogen biomass content in anaerobic digesters. Methane production in anaerobic digesters is directly related to the methanogens within the system. Current systems involve mixing to increase biogas production and system efficiency, however little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. In this study three pilot scale anaerobic digestion systems with three different mixing regimes were run with replication to examine the impacts to methanogen biomass content and biogas production. The results will provide insight for operational recommendations as well as the basic microbial processes with digestion systems which are critical for optimization.
In this context, there is a need to use “biodetergent or biocleaners”, which offer a better option to the synthetic detergents with respect to their biodegradability, low toxicity, non-corrosiveness environmental-friendliness, enhanced cleaning properties and their increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
To counter these limitations, enzyme-based detergents are fast emerging as an alternative to synthetic detergents owing to their
biodegradability,
low toxicity,
non- corrosiveness,
environmental friendliness,
enhanced cleaning properties,
increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
They are therefore also being referred to as “green chemicals”
Presently, proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases make up the major portion of the market for industrial enzymes in cleaning applications.
Protease enzymes were first hydrolases introduced into detergent formulations specifically for the degradation of protein-based stains. Proteases have been classified according to the nucleophile or reactive component found at their catalytic sites
This chapter more focused on the reduced temperature processes. Therefore, processes like chilling, freezing, freeze drying and freeze concentration as well as modified or controlled atmosphere storage and packaging are the main lessons covered
In this context, there is a need to use “biodetergent or biocleaners”, which offer a better option to the synthetic detergents with respect to their biodegradability, low toxicity, non-corrosiveness environmental-friendliness, enhanced cleaning properties and their increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
To counter these limitations, enzyme-based detergents are fast emerging as an alternative to synthetic detergents owing to their
biodegradability,
low toxicity,
non- corrosiveness,
environmental friendliness,
enhanced cleaning properties,
increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
They are therefore also being referred to as “green chemicals”
Presently, proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases make up the major portion of the market for industrial enzymes in cleaning applications.
Protease enzymes were first hydrolases introduced into detergent formulations specifically for the degradation of protein-based stains. Proteases have been classified according to the nucleophile or reactive component found at their catalytic sites
This chapter more focused on the reduced temperature processes. Therefore, processes like chilling, freezing, freeze drying and freeze concentration as well as modified or controlled atmosphere storage and packaging are the main lessons covered
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. Problems Most likely causes Recommended action
Gas yield has dropped
•Drop in quality of substrates
•Drop of temperature
•Compounds inhibition
•Non-homogenous substrates
•Drop of methanogenic bacteria
•Assure substrates mixing and quality
•Check heating system
•Check level of potential inhibitor compounds
•Add digestate from another digester if the methanogenic bacteria as drop
Methane concentration
dropped
•Drop in quality of substrates
•Drop of temperature
•Compounds inhibition
•Assure substrates mixing and quality
•Check heating system
•Check level of potential inhibitor compounds
Foaming problem
•A new substrates with high protein content has been added
•Air is introduced in the digestion
•Temperature is changing
•Reduce or stop feeding
•Analyze substrates
•Reduce air introduction
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS THAT CAN OCCUR IN BIOGAS PLANTS?
2. AMMONIA(NH3)
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen that is produced during the digestionprocess. Factors such as temperature,
input composition, ph, and bacteria acclimation influencethe effect of ammonia on thisprocess.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The operator should make sure the ammonia concentration stays under 2000 ppm or between 50 to
200 mg /L to avoid biogas plant problems. Concentration levels that are between 1500 and 3000 mg /L
can inhibit the process and cause digestion failure. However, mesophilic digesters can support more
than 3000 ppm if it is well acclimated to ammonia. Ammonia levels that are higher than 3000 mg /L
can be toxic for the process.
When the operator notices the concentration of ammonia is climbing , he should reduce the organic
loading rate.
3. ALKALINITY (ALK)
The capacityof water to neutralizeacids in the biogasplantis called alkalinity(ALK). We measure ALK in milligramsof equivalent
calciumcarbonate per liter.It is used to measure carbonates, bicarbonates,hydroxides, and, sometimes, borates, silicates, and
phosphates
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The operator should make sure the ALK stays between 1500 and 5000 mg /L. The buffering
capacity of the digester content influences the stability of the digestion process. It should
also be noted that small ph variations can affect methanogens. Acid producers can function
with a wide range of ph
4. RATIO BETWEEN VOLATILE ACIDS AND ALKALINITY
The operator can calculatethe ratio between volatileacidsand alkalinityto control the digestionprocess better.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The operator can use the following formula to calculate this ratio:
If the ratio is:
•Below 0.35: Digester operations are proper
•Between 0.1 and 0.35: The digester is well-operated
•+ 0.35: The digester experiences issues like increased organic loading, hydraulic overloading or others.
5. OXYGEN
The anaerobicdigestionprocess produces some oxygen even though it occurs in the absence of it.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The anaerobic digestion process requires below 0.1 ppm of oxygen in the environment,
which is very little.
6. VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA)
Volatilefatty acids,or organicacids, shows the health of the digester. Vfas are also used as food for the methane formers. They
are measured in milligramsof equivalentacetic acid and are soluble in water. The production of VFA varies according to the
number of solids suppliedto the digester.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The concentration of volatile fatty acids should be below 2000 ppm. A higher concentration can
off-balance the biology of the system and be toxic. The digester can overload, and the operator
can experience other biogas plant problems when the concentration is over 300 ml/L.
7. ORGANIC LOADING
The operator can measure organic loadingbased on the mass or weight of volatilesolidsper unit of digester volume per day, or
kg/m3 x d and lb/100 ft3 x d.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The organic loading of anaerobic digestion systems can range between 1.6 and 6.4 kg /m 3 x d,
or 100 and 400 lb/100 ft3 x d. In any case, however, the operator should supply the digesters
at a consistent and constant rate.
8. FOAMING
The production of foam during the anaerobicdigestionprocess can decrease its performance and cause safety issues, damaged
equipment,and/or structures.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The operator should pay attention to the mixing, temperature variations in the digester
and/or incorrect or inconsistent supplying if there is foam. It should also be noted that the
transfer of filaments from the liquid process stream to the digesters can create foam.
9. HEAVY METAL
Heavy metals like copper can enter the digester because of industrialusers. Traces of heavy metal is beneficialfor the anaerobic
digestion process. However, a higher concentration can be toxic to the process.
WHAT TO KEEP AN EYE ON:
The soluble concentration of heavy metal should stay below 0.5 mg /L.
