The document discusses Puerto Rico's fiscal and economic crisis. It notes that Puerto Rico has faced virtually continuous economic decline since 2006, with negative GNP growth in nearly every year since 2007. This economic decline has led to stagnating incomes, increased inflation, and significant outmigration from Puerto Rico to the mainland. The Commonwealth has implemented various austerity measures to strengthen its finances, including tax increases and spending cuts, but it still expects to have insufficient liquidity to make upcoming debt service payments without continuing extraordinary measures. The Working Group's Fiscal and Economic Growth Plan estimates financing gaps and shows that significant revenue increases, expense reductions, structural reforms, and debt restructuring will be needed to put Puerto Rico on a sustainable path.
Puerto Rico: Is there a way out with growth and dignity?cealr
The document proposes an alternative fiscal plan for Puerto Rico that focuses on achieving sustainable economic growth through orderly fiscal adjustment and structural reforms. It summarizes the key weaknesses of Puerto Rico's current fiscal plan, including overly pessimistic growth assumptions and an uncertain implementation outlook. The alternative plan aims to achieve a central government surplus by 2018 through restructuring public enterprises, implementing public-private partnerships, and negotiating federal support for healthcare programs. A debt sustainability analysis projects that government debt would decline to 51% of GDP by 2025 under the alternative plan.
Federal debt held by the public is projected to decline to 58% of GDP by 2022 under current law but rise to 90% of GDP if certain policies are continued. Long-term unemployment over 40% for past 2.5 years indicates a still-weak labor market. Real GDP growth is projected to remain below potential through 2018 as deficit reduction under current law may cause unemployment to rise to around 9% in late 2013.
The document discusses forward-looking statements made in Credco's Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from expectations. It identifies key risk factors such as credit trends affecting spending and debt payments, ability to accurately estimate losses, and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. The document also provides selected financial data for Credco from 2007 to 2003 and discusses critical accounting policies around reserves for losses and income taxes that require management estimates and judgments.
The document provides an update on Alaska's tax credits and revenue projections from the Department of Revenue. It summarizes that the outlook is uncertain due to COVID-19 and volatility in oil prices and the economy. It also discusses the potential impacts of Ballot Measure 1, which would increase oil taxes but decrease producer profits and investments. The measure could more than double tax revenues from the North Slope at current oil prices according to estimates, but also increase uncertainty for producers. Contact information is provided for the Commissioner of Revenue and Chief Economist for any additional questions.
1) Puerto Rico's economy has contracted for most years since 2007, with real GNP declining by 13.8% total over that period. Persistent fiscal deficits and high levels of public debt exceeding 100% of GNP are major issues.
2) Out-migration, especially of working age residents, has increased substantially in recent years, reducing Puerto Rico's tax base. The population declined by around 8% from its 2004 peak.
3) The fiscal year 2016 budget assumes no deficit but revenues have frequently fallen short of projections, suggesting another deficit is likely. Cash flow problems necessitate short-term borrowing to start the fiscal year.
Presentation by Elizabeth Cove Delisle, an analyst in CBO's Budget Analysis Division, with Natalie Tawil, an analyst in CBO's Microeconomic Studies Division, to the Council of Large Public Housing Authorities.
In 2014, the federal government provided about $50 billion in housing assistance specifically designated for low-income households. This presentation describes the ways in which the federal government provides housing assistance to low-income households, provides information about the households that receive assistance, and lists some policy options for altering that assistance.
The Congressional Budget Office document analyzes data on participation in and contributions to tax-favored retirement plans in 2006. It finds that over half of U.S. workers participated in some type of retirement plan that year. Participation increased from 2003 to 2006 for traditional and Roth IRAs as well as employment-based plans. The average retirement plan contribution also rose after adjusting for inflation. The document provides details on plan participation rates and average contributions for different types of retirement plans.
The document discusses Puerto Rico's fiscal and economic crisis. It notes that Puerto Rico has faced virtually continuous economic decline since 2006, with negative GNP growth in nearly every year since 2007. This economic decline has led to stagnating incomes, increased inflation, and significant outmigration from Puerto Rico to the mainland. The Commonwealth has implemented various austerity measures to strengthen its finances, including tax increases and spending cuts, but it still expects to have insufficient liquidity to make upcoming debt service payments without continuing extraordinary measures. The Working Group's Fiscal and Economic Growth Plan estimates financing gaps and shows that significant revenue increases, expense reductions, structural reforms, and debt restructuring will be needed to put Puerto Rico on a sustainable path.
Puerto Rico: Is there a way out with growth and dignity?cealr
The document proposes an alternative fiscal plan for Puerto Rico that focuses on achieving sustainable economic growth through orderly fiscal adjustment and structural reforms. It summarizes the key weaknesses of Puerto Rico's current fiscal plan, including overly pessimistic growth assumptions and an uncertain implementation outlook. The alternative plan aims to achieve a central government surplus by 2018 through restructuring public enterprises, implementing public-private partnerships, and negotiating federal support for healthcare programs. A debt sustainability analysis projects that government debt would decline to 51% of GDP by 2025 under the alternative plan.
Federal debt held by the public is projected to decline to 58% of GDP by 2022 under current law but rise to 90% of GDP if certain policies are continued. Long-term unemployment over 40% for past 2.5 years indicates a still-weak labor market. Real GDP growth is projected to remain below potential through 2018 as deficit reduction under current law may cause unemployment to rise to around 9% in late 2013.
The document discusses forward-looking statements made in Credco's Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from expectations. It identifies key risk factors such as credit trends affecting spending and debt payments, ability to accurately estimate losses, and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. The document also provides selected financial data for Credco from 2007 to 2003 and discusses critical accounting policies around reserves for losses and income taxes that require management estimates and judgments.
The document provides an update on Alaska's tax credits and revenue projections from the Department of Revenue. It summarizes that the outlook is uncertain due to COVID-19 and volatility in oil prices and the economy. It also discusses the potential impacts of Ballot Measure 1, which would increase oil taxes but decrease producer profits and investments. The measure could more than double tax revenues from the North Slope at current oil prices according to estimates, but also increase uncertainty for producers. Contact information is provided for the Commissioner of Revenue and Chief Economist for any additional questions.
1) Puerto Rico's economy has contracted for most years since 2007, with real GNP declining by 13.8% total over that period. Persistent fiscal deficits and high levels of public debt exceeding 100% of GNP are major issues.
2) Out-migration, especially of working age residents, has increased substantially in recent years, reducing Puerto Rico's tax base. The population declined by around 8% from its 2004 peak.
3) The fiscal year 2016 budget assumes no deficit but revenues have frequently fallen short of projections, suggesting another deficit is likely. Cash flow problems necessitate short-term borrowing to start the fiscal year.
Presentation by Elizabeth Cove Delisle, an analyst in CBO's Budget Analysis Division, with Natalie Tawil, an analyst in CBO's Microeconomic Studies Division, to the Council of Large Public Housing Authorities.
In 2014, the federal government provided about $50 billion in housing assistance specifically designated for low-income households. This presentation describes the ways in which the federal government provides housing assistance to low-income households, provides information about the households that receive assistance, and lists some policy options for altering that assistance.
The Congressional Budget Office document analyzes data on participation in and contributions to tax-favored retirement plans in 2006. It finds that over half of U.S. workers participated in some type of retirement plan that year. Participation increased from 2003 to 2006 for traditional and Roth IRAs as well as employment-based plans. The average retirement plan contribution also rose after adjusting for inflation. The document provides details on plan participation rates and average contributions for different types of retirement plans.
The Congressional Budget Office director presented on the 2019 budget and economic outlook. Key points included:
- Budget deficits are projected to grow steadily, with debt held by the public rising from 78% of GDP in 2019 to 95% by 2029.
- The economy is projected to grow at around 2% annually through 2021 and then more slowly thereafter, constrained by demographic and labor force trends.
- Under current laws, mandatory spending such as Social Security and Medicare will continue growing faster than the economy, driving rising budget deficits.
- The tax cuts and jobs act of 2017 is estimated to increase deficits by $1.9 trillion from 2018 to 2028 after accounting for economic effects.
The document presents projections and historical data on US budget deficits and debt. It shows that under current law, the budget deficit is projected to decline significantly after 2012, averaging 1.5% of GDP through 2022. However, an alternative scenario where certain policies are continued would lead to much higher deficits averaging 5.4% of GDP through 2022. This higher spending would cause federal debt held by the public to rise sharply to 94% of GDP by 2022, the highest level since World War II. Adjustments to TARP estimates have significantly impacted budget deficits since 2009.
The document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. federal budget from 2009 to projected 2015, including that total outlays and deficits have declined but remain high historically. It also notes major upcoming decisions for lawmakers, long-term issues around the growing debt, and implications of health care costs and an aging population for the budget.
Douglas Elmendorf, director of the Congressional Budget Office, testified before the Senate Finance Committee about trends in federal tax revenues and rates. Under current law, revenues are projected to rise to 21% of GDP by 2020 as tax cuts expire, but spending is also projected to rise and deficits will remain between 2.6-3.0% of GDP. Taxes affect economic activity through marginal tax rates and tax expenditures. Tax expenditures subsidize certain activities but reduce tax revenues. The tax burden is progressive, with higher-income households paying a larger share of their income in taxes.
The document is a presentation by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) about key issues related to federal spending and taxes. It addresses five questions: 1) the size of projected deficits and debt, 2) factors putting pressure on the budget, 3) consequences of rising debt, 4) policy changes for a sustainable budget, and 5) criteria for evaluating policies. The CBO projects large deficits and rising debt without changes to current policies. Rising healthcare and retirement costs are key drivers. Reducing the debt requires significant cuts to benefits, spending, or revenue increases above historical averages.
The document discusses perspectives on the US national debt and health care costs. It notes that while the current national debt is 40% of GDP, it has been higher historically. It argues that economic growth through infrastructure investment can help reduce the debt. It also notes that rising health care costs, not entitlement programs, are the main fiscal problem. Health care spending has grown faster in the US than other nations in recent decades and threatens to absorb half the economy. Solutions require addressing the underlying health care cost crisis.
This presentation provides information about the households that receive federal housing assistance, describes the major budgetary effects of H.R. 3700, the Housing Opportunity Through Modernization Act, and describes the FY 2017 appropriation for federal housing assistance.
Presentation by Elizabeth Cove Delisle, an analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, to the Council of Large Public Housing Authorities.
The document summarizes a report from the Peterson-Pew Commission on Budget Reform that compares different fiscal policy tools for controlling government debt, such as targets, triggers, caps, and fail-safes. It notes that these tools have various advantages and disadvantages and that the right approach may incorporate aspects of several plans. The Commission's new Fiscal Toolbox resource compares tools based on their goals, enforcement mechanisms, exemptions, escape valves, and other factors to help policymakers design effective tools for addressing growing debt levels.
Presentation by Derek Trunkey, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the 91st Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International.
The Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) operation and maintenance (O&M) account funds the department’s day-to-day operations ranging from equipment maintenance to health care. Over the past few decades, funding for O&M has been increased significantly, accounting for a growing share of DoD’s budget.
The Congressional Budget Office document summarizes trends in household income inequality in the United States from 1979 to 2009. It finds that: [1] Households in the top 1% experienced very large growth in after-tax income over this period, while growth was much more modest for other income groups. [2] Inequality in market income drove the increases in after-tax income inequality, as taxes and transfers did not offset the rising disparity. [3] The recession disproportionately impacted high-income households in 2008-2009, causing their income to fall substantially.
The non-partisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB) has compiled a brief background on the scope of our nation's fiscal challenges and the drivers of our debt and deficits, while outlining some of the types of solutions available to address the problems. This Powerpoint is meant to offer an objective, easily-accessible view of our country's fiscal situation as an educational tool meant to help foster open and honest discussion about these issues.
- Municipalities will see substantially lower revenues from various sources such as local service taxes, liquid fuels funds, and realty transfer taxes due to economic downturn and high gas prices in 2008. Earned income tax, business taxes, and interest earnings will also be lower.
- Unemployment rates have risen significantly while payrolls have declined sharply resulting in lower personal income tax revenues and increased costs to unemployment funds.
- Revenues are expected to remain flat or decline further while costs such as insurance, materials, and wages increase, resulting in budget deficits, staff cuts, borrowing, and reduced services for many municipalities.
The Congressional Budget Office document analyzes the effects of raising the federal excise tax on cigarettes by 50 cents. It finds that such a policy would:
1) Reduce the number of smokers by over 2 million people by 2034 and improve health outcomes by lowering mortality and healthcare spending.
2) Increase federal revenues from the higher tax and decrease spending on federal health programs like Medicare and Medicaid due to the health improvements.
3) Positively impact the federal budget over both the 10-year budget window and longer-term through the above effects on revenues, outlays, and population.
Subnational Debt Management in Brazil and Mexico: Fernando Blanco, Lead Econo...World Bank Publications
General description for each presentation:
Presentation at Ministry of Finance, P.R. China-World Bank Summit on Subnational Debt Management and Restructuring, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P.R. China. October 22, 2015.
On November 17, 2018 , Kevin Perese, a senior adviser in CBO's Tax Analysis Division, and Patrick Landers, formerly of CBO, presented at the National Tax Association’s 111th Annual Conference on Taxation.
This presentation summarizes some initial work on allocating state and local taxes to U.S. households as part of CBO’s analyses of the distribution of household income.
CBO plans to allocate three sources of state and local taxes to U.S. households: property taxes, individual income taxes, and consumption taxes (which consist of general and selective sales taxes). The presentation reviews the theoretical incidence for those tax sources and describes how CBO plans to allocate them to households.
The work is in an early stage and was presented for feedback and critical comments. The results in the presentation are preliminary.
If current laws governing taxes and spending did not change, the condition of the federal budget would worsen considerably over the next three decades. Growth in federal spending would continue to outpace growth in federal revenues, leading to ever larger budget deficits.
Federal spending is projected to rise noticeably in relation to the economy because of growth in spending in Social Security, the major health programs, and interest on the government’s debt. Federal revenues would also increase if current laws remained generally unchanged, but they would increase much more slowly than federal spending.
Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the 19th annual meeting of the Retirement Research Consortium.
Puerto Rico's true deficit has been shrinking and the Krueger Report shows that Puerto Rico can generate growing fiscal surpluses starting in 2017 through fiscal and structural reforms. The report outlines revenue increases of $3-4 billion annually by 2020-2025, expense cuts of $2-2.5 billion annually in the same period, and structural economic reforms. Puerto Rico has room to increase revenues through improved tax collection rates and increasing taxes in line with U.S. states. It also has opportunities to lower expenses given spending growth outpacing population decline. Historical examples show countries can achieve strong economic growth while implementing fiscal adjustments of 2% of GDP.
Probably the most startling finding in this report will be that the true fiscal deficit is much larger than assumed. Even a major fiscal effort leaves residual financing gaps in coming years, which can be bridged by debt restructuring (a voluntary exchange of existing bonds for new ones with a longer/lower debt service profile). Public enterprises too face financial challenges and are in discussions with their creditors. Despite legal complexities, all discussions with creditors should be coordinated.
President Buhari's efforts to curb corruption through recovering stolen funds are commendable but more needs to be done. Implementing an asset repatriation program could help achieve success more efficiently by encouraging the voluntary return of stolen assets from abroad in exchange for amnesty. Such programs have been implemented successfully in other countries and are recognized globally. For Nigeria's program to be effective, it must comply with international anti-money laundering standards and involve cooperation across agencies.
The document proposes establishing a Government Investment Enterprise (GIE) to create a national foreclosure mitigation program. The GIE would hold equity investments in single-family residences to help restore the mortgage market. It would use existing TARP and GSE funds, without requiring new funding. The current foreclosure crisis is prolonged due to inefficiencies in programs like HAMP that often do not find an optimal solution for all parties. The proposed GIE aims to better match borrower ability with holder criteria to find a balanced solution and stabilize the housing market.
The Congressional Budget Office director presented on the 2019 budget and economic outlook. Key points included:
- Budget deficits are projected to grow steadily, with debt held by the public rising from 78% of GDP in 2019 to 95% by 2029.
- The economy is projected to grow at around 2% annually through 2021 and then more slowly thereafter, constrained by demographic and labor force trends.
- Under current laws, mandatory spending such as Social Security and Medicare will continue growing faster than the economy, driving rising budget deficits.
- The tax cuts and jobs act of 2017 is estimated to increase deficits by $1.9 trillion from 2018 to 2028 after accounting for economic effects.
The document presents projections and historical data on US budget deficits and debt. It shows that under current law, the budget deficit is projected to decline significantly after 2012, averaging 1.5% of GDP through 2022. However, an alternative scenario where certain policies are continued would lead to much higher deficits averaging 5.4% of GDP through 2022. This higher spending would cause federal debt held by the public to rise sharply to 94% of GDP by 2022, the highest level since World War II. Adjustments to TARP estimates have significantly impacted budget deficits since 2009.
The document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. federal budget from 2009 to projected 2015, including that total outlays and deficits have declined but remain high historically. It also notes major upcoming decisions for lawmakers, long-term issues around the growing debt, and implications of health care costs and an aging population for the budget.
Douglas Elmendorf, director of the Congressional Budget Office, testified before the Senate Finance Committee about trends in federal tax revenues and rates. Under current law, revenues are projected to rise to 21% of GDP by 2020 as tax cuts expire, but spending is also projected to rise and deficits will remain between 2.6-3.0% of GDP. Taxes affect economic activity through marginal tax rates and tax expenditures. Tax expenditures subsidize certain activities but reduce tax revenues. The tax burden is progressive, with higher-income households paying a larger share of their income in taxes.
The document is a presentation by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) about key issues related to federal spending and taxes. It addresses five questions: 1) the size of projected deficits and debt, 2) factors putting pressure on the budget, 3) consequences of rising debt, 4) policy changes for a sustainable budget, and 5) criteria for evaluating policies. The CBO projects large deficits and rising debt without changes to current policies. Rising healthcare and retirement costs are key drivers. Reducing the debt requires significant cuts to benefits, spending, or revenue increases above historical averages.
The document discusses perspectives on the US national debt and health care costs. It notes that while the current national debt is 40% of GDP, it has been higher historically. It argues that economic growth through infrastructure investment can help reduce the debt. It also notes that rising health care costs, not entitlement programs, are the main fiscal problem. Health care spending has grown faster in the US than other nations in recent decades and threatens to absorb half the economy. Solutions require addressing the underlying health care cost crisis.
This presentation provides information about the households that receive federal housing assistance, describes the major budgetary effects of H.R. 3700, the Housing Opportunity Through Modernization Act, and describes the FY 2017 appropriation for federal housing assistance.
Presentation by Elizabeth Cove Delisle, an analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, to the Council of Large Public Housing Authorities.
The document summarizes a report from the Peterson-Pew Commission on Budget Reform that compares different fiscal policy tools for controlling government debt, such as targets, triggers, caps, and fail-safes. It notes that these tools have various advantages and disadvantages and that the right approach may incorporate aspects of several plans. The Commission's new Fiscal Toolbox resource compares tools based on their goals, enforcement mechanisms, exemptions, escape valves, and other factors to help policymakers design effective tools for addressing growing debt levels.
Presentation by Derek Trunkey, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the 91st Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International.
The Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) operation and maintenance (O&M) account funds the department’s day-to-day operations ranging from equipment maintenance to health care. Over the past few decades, funding for O&M has been increased significantly, accounting for a growing share of DoD’s budget.
The Congressional Budget Office document summarizes trends in household income inequality in the United States from 1979 to 2009. It finds that: [1] Households in the top 1% experienced very large growth in after-tax income over this period, while growth was much more modest for other income groups. [2] Inequality in market income drove the increases in after-tax income inequality, as taxes and transfers did not offset the rising disparity. [3] The recession disproportionately impacted high-income households in 2008-2009, causing their income to fall substantially.
The non-partisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB) has compiled a brief background on the scope of our nation's fiscal challenges and the drivers of our debt and deficits, while outlining some of the types of solutions available to address the problems. This Powerpoint is meant to offer an objective, easily-accessible view of our country's fiscal situation as an educational tool meant to help foster open and honest discussion about these issues.
- Municipalities will see substantially lower revenues from various sources such as local service taxes, liquid fuels funds, and realty transfer taxes due to economic downturn and high gas prices in 2008. Earned income tax, business taxes, and interest earnings will also be lower.
- Unemployment rates have risen significantly while payrolls have declined sharply resulting in lower personal income tax revenues and increased costs to unemployment funds.
- Revenues are expected to remain flat or decline further while costs such as insurance, materials, and wages increase, resulting in budget deficits, staff cuts, borrowing, and reduced services for many municipalities.
The Congressional Budget Office document analyzes the effects of raising the federal excise tax on cigarettes by 50 cents. It finds that such a policy would:
1) Reduce the number of smokers by over 2 million people by 2034 and improve health outcomes by lowering mortality and healthcare spending.
2) Increase federal revenues from the higher tax and decrease spending on federal health programs like Medicare and Medicaid due to the health improvements.
3) Positively impact the federal budget over both the 10-year budget window and longer-term through the above effects on revenues, outlays, and population.
Subnational Debt Management in Brazil and Mexico: Fernando Blanco, Lead Econo...World Bank Publications
General description for each presentation:
Presentation at Ministry of Finance, P.R. China-World Bank Summit on Subnational Debt Management and Restructuring, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P.R. China. October 22, 2015.
On November 17, 2018 , Kevin Perese, a senior adviser in CBO's Tax Analysis Division, and Patrick Landers, formerly of CBO, presented at the National Tax Association’s 111th Annual Conference on Taxation.
This presentation summarizes some initial work on allocating state and local taxes to U.S. households as part of CBO’s analyses of the distribution of household income.
CBO plans to allocate three sources of state and local taxes to U.S. households: property taxes, individual income taxes, and consumption taxes (which consist of general and selective sales taxes). The presentation reviews the theoretical incidence for those tax sources and describes how CBO plans to allocate them to households.
The work is in an early stage and was presented for feedback and critical comments. The results in the presentation are preliminary.
If current laws governing taxes and spending did not change, the condition of the federal budget would worsen considerably over the next three decades. Growth in federal spending would continue to outpace growth in federal revenues, leading to ever larger budget deficits.
Federal spending is projected to rise noticeably in relation to the economy because of growth in spending in Social Security, the major health programs, and interest on the government’s debt. Federal revenues would also increase if current laws remained generally unchanged, but they would increase much more slowly than federal spending.
Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the 19th annual meeting of the Retirement Research Consortium.
Puerto Rico's true deficit has been shrinking and the Krueger Report shows that Puerto Rico can generate growing fiscal surpluses starting in 2017 through fiscal and structural reforms. The report outlines revenue increases of $3-4 billion annually by 2020-2025, expense cuts of $2-2.5 billion annually in the same period, and structural economic reforms. Puerto Rico has room to increase revenues through improved tax collection rates and increasing taxes in line with U.S. states. It also has opportunities to lower expenses given spending growth outpacing population decline. Historical examples show countries can achieve strong economic growth while implementing fiscal adjustments of 2% of GDP.
Probably the most startling finding in this report will be that the true fiscal deficit is much larger than assumed. Even a major fiscal effort leaves residual financing gaps in coming years, which can be bridged by debt restructuring (a voluntary exchange of existing bonds for new ones with a longer/lower debt service profile). Public enterprises too face financial challenges and are in discussions with their creditors. Despite legal complexities, all discussions with creditors should be coordinated.
President Buhari's efforts to curb corruption through recovering stolen funds are commendable but more needs to be done. Implementing an asset repatriation program could help achieve success more efficiently by encouraging the voluntary return of stolen assets from abroad in exchange for amnesty. Such programs have been implemented successfully in other countries and are recognized globally. For Nigeria's program to be effective, it must comply with international anti-money laundering standards and involve cooperation across agencies.
The document proposes establishing a Government Investment Enterprise (GIE) to create a national foreclosure mitigation program. The GIE would hold equity investments in single-family residences to help restore the mortgage market. It would use existing TARP and GSE funds, without requiring new funding. The current foreclosure crisis is prolonged due to inefficiencies in programs like HAMP that often do not find an optimal solution for all parties. The proposed GIE aims to better match borrower ability with holder criteria to find a balanced solution and stabilize the housing market.
The memo discusses financing strategies for Kenya's goal of building 500,000 housing units by 2022 to address its deficit of over 2 million units. It recommends leveraging both domestic and international public and private sources of capital. Specifically, it suggests (1) improving tax collection domestically, (2) working with the OECD to address tax avoidance by multinationals, and (3) attracting private investment through public-private partnerships, blended finance models, and credit enhancements from the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. The World Bank is recommended to provide support in structuring a public-private partnership or blended finance vehicle to access financing for the housing program.
The document discusses the changing dynamics of public budgeting processes at the national, state, and local levels. It outlines several reforms to budgeting over time, including the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, and deficit control acts of 1986 and 1990. While reforms aim to better allocate resources and improve financial management, they also face weaknesses such as fiscal stress, revenue uncertainty, and erosion of accountability due to complexity. Overall, the budget process remains challenging due to issues like novelty, annual perspectives, and forecasting problems in changing environments.
This document summarizes a 3-part plan to address Illinois' public pension crisis. Part 1 focuses on containing the problem through consolidating pension funds, modifying accounting practices, and increasing auditing. Part 2 aims to alleviate the crisis by reallocating 4.13% of the budget and capital outlays annually, totaling $4.36 billion, and implementing a 3-phase revenue generation program. Part 3 discusses creating sustainability by transitioning from a defined benefit to defined contribution pension plan. The plan aims to resolve Illinois' $111 billion pension funding shortfall through budget adjustments and inducing business growth.
Objective Capital's Africa Resources Investment Congress 2011
Ironmongers' Hall, City of London
14-15 June 2011
Day 1: Africa Resources
Speaker: Giulio Carini, Global WItness
The document provides an overview of New Mexico's 2022 legislative tax and fiscal updates presented to the New Mexico Chapter of the Association of Governmental Accountants on May 18, 2022. Key points include personal income tax rebates of up to $500, a 1/8% cut to the gross receipts tax rate over two years, exemptions for social security and military retirement income, and expanded tax credits for nurses and families. Projected tax relief totals over $1 billion with additional bills aimed at health insurance enrollment, renewable energy incentives, and preventing double taxation. State coffers are estimated at $2.3-2.5 billion for the next two fiscal years.
1) Public borrowing refers to a government legally obligating itself to repay principal and interest to debt holders. Public debt management establishes strategies to raise funds and achieve risk/cost objectives.
2) In the Philippines, the Development Budget Coordination Committee recommends the fiscal program and debt levels. Metrics like debt-to-GDP assess sustainability.
3) As of mid-2019, the Philippines' external debt maturity was mostly medium-long term. Public sector debt increased while private sector debt composition adjusted. Debt was largely dollar- and yen-denominated from major creditors like Japan.
This presentation discusses regulatory compliance topics including the legislative and regulatory landscape, fair banking developments and trends, an update on Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) regulatory modernization, and risks related to bank fintech partnerships. It provides an overview of the Biden administration's priorities and how they may influence financial regulation. Areas of increased regulatory focus are identified, such as fair lending practices involving artificial intelligence and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The presentation emphasizes ensuring compliance policies and procedures are up to date and risk assessments address emerging issues.
Fiscally sound social inclusion: what, if any, lesson may EMU learn from the ...ADEMU_Project
The document summarizes Brazil's experience with fiscal rules and centralization over the past century, and discusses lessons that may be applicable to the European Monetary Union. Key points:
- Brazil has experimented with various degrees of fiscal centralization vs federalism over the decades, seeking the right balance of governability and representation.
- Recent fiscal rules like the 2000 Fiscal Responsibility Law helped rein in subnational debt and inflation, improving credibility. However, unexpected oil wealth and the global crisis relaxed constraints.
- The current administration expanded social spending and allowed new subnational debt, weakening fiscal discipline. Impeachment raised expectations of a return to responsible fiscal policies and stability.
The document discusses strategies for municipalities to strengthen their financial position to qualify for water and wastewater infrastructure grants and loans. It recommends establishing strong financial policies, budgets, and financial reserves. It also introduces two new federal funding opportunities - the Partnership to Build America Act and the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Authority, which aim to provide low-cost funding to states for infrastructure projects.
This document discusses leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and how high-ratio asset-based loans can help finance them. It outlines the appeal of LBOs, including high potential returns from nominal equity investments. Finding an LBO opportunity and financing it is difficult. Typically financing includes an operating line of credit, term facility, and subordinated debt. A high-ratio asset-based loan can bridge the gap between the term lender and subordinated debt by providing a higher lending ratio against assets. This helps equity investors complete transactions without expensive venture capital. The document contrasts high-ratio asset-based lending with conventional asset-based cash flow lending.
The United States: Regulatory Systems of Subnational Debt and Markets: Dr. Li...World Bank Publications
Presentation at Ministry of Finance, P.R. China-World Bank Summit on Subnational Debt Management and Restructuring, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P.R. China. October 22, 2015.
HR Webinar: Immigration Changes and the Impact to Employers: 2018-2019Ascentis
The document discusses changes to US immigration policies and their impact on employers. It provides an overview of the E-Verify system, which allows employers to electronically verify the employment eligibility of new hires. While E-Verify participation is voluntary in most states, 24 states have laws requiring its use by some employers. The number of employers enrolled in E-Verify has increased significantly in recent years. The document also outlines penalties for hiring undocumented workers, which can include fines and jail time depending on the circumstances. Employers are advised to take compliance seriously given estimates of millions of undocumented immigrants in the US workforce.
20151015 Tax Credits and the Size of Federal Spending for LinkedIn vsIan Feller
The document discusses tax credits as a form of federal spending. It notes that tax credits accounted for $70 billion in federal spending/forgone revenue in 2015, similar to direct spending on education and international affairs. The New Markets Tax Credit program provides tax credits to investors who provide funding to Community Development Entities that make investments in low-income communities. The Summit group assists the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund with evaluating the impact and estimating the costs of the New Markets Tax Credit program.
The document summarizes a presentation on options for California cities facing fiscal crisis short of declaring bankruptcy. It provides background on the current fiscal situations facing California and the federal government. It offers guidance for elected officials on maintaining flexibility and avoiding crisis. It discusses the purpose and power of Chapter 9 bankruptcy, including precedents from Stockton and San Bernardino's filings. The document aims to help cities explore all alternatives before resorting to bankruptcy.
Puerto Rico is facing a political and economic crisis as it approaches a decade of recession. The document provides an overview of Puerto Rico's macroeconomic indicators, financial sector performance, and key developments in 2015 that exacerbated the crisis, such as the government acknowledging that the debt is unpayable. Projections show that Puerto Rico's economy will continue declining in 2016 without assistance or if the government defaults.
Use of analytics is accelerating, and that means more data-driven decision making and fewer hunches. Evidence-based management complements analytics by adding validated cause-and-effect relationships between policies and effects.
- Paul Gibbons
To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.
- William Kingdon Clifford
Similar to Puerto Rico: Economic Transformation and Restructuring (20)
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
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Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...
Puerto Rico: Economic Transformation and Restructuring
1. Puerto Rico: Economic
Transformation and
Restructuring
Jorge L. San Miguel, Esq.
Government and Legislative
Affairs; Environmental Law,
Energy Group
Capital Member
Ferraiuoli LLC
2. ❖ Key Issues Today:
• Urgent Reforms:
• Fiscal
• Economic; and
• Debt
• All are equally urgent and necessary
• Key Driver: Government Credibility
Key Issues
3. ❖ AMBAC – leading monoline insurance company
• Objective: Provide Puerto Rico (“PR”) with low cost financing and
access to capital markets
• AMBAC insures $2.2bn, net par, municipal bonds in PR
• Toll Roads, Bridges, Hospitals, Police/Fire Departments, SJ
Convention Ctr.
❖ AMBAC’s involvement in PR: over 20 years old
❖ Current exposures mature between 2016 and 2054
❖ A leading voice for sustainable long term solutions
Monoline Insurance Facts
4. Credibility: Key
Myth Facts
Bankruptcy/Chapter 9: will facilitate orderly
discussion of debt
• Not all public debt can be restructured with Chapter 9.
• Contractual process already exists.
• Won’t correct years of operational mismanagement.
• Years of lawsuits / millions of dollars.
• Erodes investor confidence.
• Forces investors to pay for inefficiency.
• Allows politicians to kick the can.
Puerto Rico has generated more financial reports in recent
years than at any time in history.
• Puerto Rico, until FY 2012-13, had published audited
Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports uninterruptedly.
• The limited reports recently produced are laden with
qualifiers and disclaimers worthy of sound legal strategies,
but unacceptable for sound policy-making.
All recent relevant financial information is disclosed in the
Krueger and Conway Report as well as the PR Fiscal and
Economic Growth Plan.
• Puerto Rico has not disclosed a CAFR since FY 2013.***
• Krueger and Conway Reports have clear disclaimers and
are based on uncorroborated and unaudited financial
information.****
* Government Development Bank Economic Activity Index. Retrieved from http://www.bgfpr.com/economy/gdb-economic-activity-index.html
** Government Development Bank. Retrieved from http://www.bgfpr.com/investors_resources/commonwealth.html
***Government Development Bank. Retrieved from www.bgfpr.com/investors_resources/commonwealth-cafr.html
****Krueger Report. Retrieved from http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/puertoricoawayforward; Conway MacKenzie Report. Retrieved from
http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/150825ConwayMacKenzieLiquidityUpdateReport.pdf; Puerto Rico Fiscal and Economic Growth Plan. Retrieved from
http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/PuertoRicoFiscalandEconomicGrowthPlan9.9.15.pdf
5. Credibility: Key
Myth Facts
$71.1B debt is not payable
• Puerto Rico debt is distributed among 18 structures and
structures are not all the same;*
• Hacienda reports more revenues than prior year;
Government reports severe cuts in expenses;
• Nothing is published and audited, however.
Debt service as a % of Revenues is
unsustainable: ~ 36-40%
• True, when you use 92% of the debt and only 34% of
revenues to calculate, using the Government’s own data.**
• When using complete data, the ratio is ~ 16%, in line with
other jurisdictions and sustainable.
Government bases the fiscal and liquidity crisis principally
on Krueger Report
• Krueger Report full disclaimer states the report is “for
discussion purposes only”, “prepared at request of
counsel”, and that it is based on public information that has
not been reviewed or consulted with auditors.***
• FY 2014 & FY 2015 CAFRs are yet to be released.****
• Government requires NDA’s to access what should be
public financial information.
* Puerto Rico Treasury; PR Fiscal and Economic Growth Plan. Retrieved from http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/PuertoRicoFiscalandEconomicGrowthPlan9.9.15.pdf
**See, e.g., “Puerto Rico: The Krueger Fallacies,” Dec. 14, 2015, by Carlos A. Colon de Armas, Finance Professor, Graduate School of Business, University of Puerto Rico.
*** Krueger Report. Retrieved from http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/puertoricoawayforward.pdf
** **Government Development Bank. Retrieved from http://www.bgfpr.com/investors_resources/commonwealth-cafr.html
6. Credibility: Key
Myth Facts
According to the Governor, there is no money, cuts have
been severe and it is now up to Congress to act…
• The PR government has been inconsistent in what it says
and does.
• On November 4, 2013, the Governor stated that Puerto
Rico had no liquidity problem; the public debt was payable;
the Puerto Rico Constitution prohibits a default; and the
government was not requesting aid from Congress. *
• On June 22, 2014, the governor indicated that his
administration approved the territory’s first balanced
budget in 22 years. **
• On June 28, 2015, however, the governor announced that
the $72 billion in public debt was not payable. ***
• Good faith negotiations requires the same from all parties –
good faith, particularly when a government debtor is
involved and transparency in finances should be the order
of the day, not the exception.
* Puerto Rico Has No Liquidity Problem, Governor Says,” Bloomberg Business, Nov. 4, 2013.
** “Puerto Rico Improving Under My Watch: Governor,” Bloomberg Business, June 22, 2014.
*** Michael Corkery and Mary Williams Walsh, “Puerto Rico’s Governor Says Island’s Debts Are ‘Not Payable,’” New York Times, June 28, 2015.
7. Credibility: Key
Myth Facts
Government has severely cut expenses and can do no more
• Act 66 - 2014: The “Government of the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico Special Fiscal and Operational Sustainability
Act,” called for (i) cuts in expenditures for goods and
services; and (ii) reductions in payroll expenses for
employees in trust positions, among other things.
• Act No. 66 was supposed to cut expenses, yet PR Office of
Management and Budget revealed that one year following
enactment, 31 government agencies increased trust position
payroll, while 27 other dependencies did not comply with
reductions in purchases of goods and services.*
• During FY 2015 (2014-15), Puerto Rico spent > $13bn
through Government Services Administration (GSA) in
procuring goods and services. 39,000 contracts at the
central-government; 75,000 contracts municipal level (78
municipalities). NOTE: Puerto Rico enacted a 2011 law to
reach efficiencies at the GSA, but the law has not been
used**; most procurement processes are dispersed,
segregated and managed at various levels of government
(state, municipal, public corporations, judicial and
legislative).
* This constitutes a violation of Act 66-2014 and impeded the government from achieving greater cost reductions in at least $91.1 million in operational expenses in 2015; See Limarys Suarez Torres, “Multiple Agencies
Fail to Comply with Cuts,” El Nuevo Día, Sept. 4, 2015; available at elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/multiplesagenciasincumplenconlosrecortes-2095250.
**GSA reorganization plan was legislated on Nov. 21, 2011, but has not been implemented.
8. Increased Tax
Collection
Permit Reform
Public-Private
Partnerships
Government
Procurement
Reform
PREPA
Revitalization
What?
Poor Collection
Rate
Long, Inefficient
Permitting Process
Multiple assets
available
Procurement
process is
decentralized
PREPA structure
is obsolete -
inefficient
Why?
56% Collection
Rate (SUT)
Encourages and
Facilitates Private
Investment and
new Projects
Rapidly monetize
public assets
FY 2013
purchases exceed
operational budget
Facilitates
investment and
construction, new
and private
How?
Existing
Technology
Executive Orders
P3 Law exists –
implement it
Existing Law –
implement it
Finalizing pending
agreements
Estimated
Value
(MM)
$400 - $600 (1) $500 - $1,000 (2) $2,000 - $4,000 (3) $500 - $1,000 (4) $1,500 - $2,500 (2)
A Credible Path Forward
(1) Additional annual revenue based on an increase in collection rate from 56% to 65% to 70%
(2) Estimated incremental new investments in PR
(3) Estimated based on one time upfront payments and incremental new investments in PR
(4) Annual savings based on 4% to 8% of efficiency gains
9. Conclusion
Consensual, collaborative and good faith discussions are best for PR.
Investor confidence, transparency, investment, job growth: the
objectives.
Broad/coercive debt restructuring is the worst option for residents and
creditors – and run counter to the stated objectives.
Historical Juncture + Election Cycle: require good faith collaboration
from all parties and given the significance of the times, makes an
appropriately empowered federal oversight board, an imperative.
THANK YOU
Jorge L. San Miguel, Esq.
Ferraiuoli LLC