This document discusses public works programs, which provide temporary employment on labor-intensive infrastructure projects. It outlines the objectives, models, benefits, costs, and design considerations of public works programs. Examples from Ethiopia and India are provided. Key lessons from experience include that public works programs can effectively provide income support and consumption smoothing after crises. However, careful attention to targeting, community participation, and oversight is needed for success. Ongoing innovations aim to make implementation more efficient through stronger monitoring systems.
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devolved funds, CDF implementation has faced challenges in its allocation criteria, problem of equity and
influence by politicians in its allocation and disbursement. Consequently there is need to assess the awareness
and knowledge of the CDF contribution to education development. These factors inhibit the funds effectiveness
in achieving its set objectives. The purpose of this study therefore, was to evaluate the management and
utilization of Constituency Development Fund on education development in Gem constituency, Siaya District. A
survey research design was adopted for the study since one of its merits is that it aids the researcher in
collecting original data for the purposes of describing a population which is too large to observe directly. The
study target population comprised of 37,468 households, 9 chiefs, 15 CDF committee members, 125
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At stage one; the population was stratified into heads of households, head teachers, CDF committee members,
chiefs and DDO. In stage two, a sample of 384 households was obtained at 95% level of statistical significance
using the formula n=Z2
pq/d2
. The third stage involved selection of 48 households from each of the eight Kenya
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sampling technique was adopted to select the CDF committee members, chiefs, DDO and the headteachers
while purposive sampling technique was adopted to pick these respondents. Data were collected through
interview schedules, key informant interviews, questionnaires and photography. The data analysis was done
using SPSS and Excel computer packages. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data so as to
enhance clarity and ease understanding of the information. Pie charts, bar, column, line graphs and tables were
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understand and shape public management on the African continent. Inevitably, a number of insights and lessons
have been gained on the subject matter. In this article, I suggest that a number of lessons have been learnt
which should guide reformers to improve on public sector reforms and scholars to seek further explanations for
failure and success. There is also the need for students of public sector reforms to question further the
prevailing assumptions and theories underpinning these reforms. In the light of the challenges facing public
sector reform in Africa, this paper argues that ownership of reform programmes by African governments and
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Evaluation of the Management and Utilization of Consitituency Development Fun...iosrjce
The contribution of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) on the development of education sector
in Kenya since its inception in the year 2003 has been critical. Some studies have shown that like any other
devolved funds, CDF implementation has faced challenges in its allocation criteria, problem of equity and
influence by politicians in its allocation and disbursement. Consequently there is need to assess the awareness
and knowledge of the CDF contribution to education development. These factors inhibit the funds effectiveness
in achieving its set objectives. The purpose of this study therefore, was to evaluate the management and
utilization of Constituency Development Fund on education development in Gem constituency, Siaya District. A
survey research design was adopted for the study since one of its merits is that it aids the researcher in
collecting original data for the purposes of describing a population which is too large to observe directly. The
study target population comprised of 37,468 households, 9 chiefs, 15 CDF committee members, 125
headteachers and the District Development Officer (DDO). The study adopted multi-stage sampling technique.
At stage one; the population was stratified into heads of households, head teachers, CDF committee members,
chiefs and DDO. In stage two, a sample of 384 households was obtained at 95% level of statistical significance
using the formula n=Z2
pq/d2
. The third stage involved selection of 48 households from each of the eight Kenya
National Bureau of Statistics sampling frame using systematic sampling technique. At stage four, saturated
sampling technique was adopted to select the CDF committee members, chiefs, DDO and the headteachers
while purposive sampling technique was adopted to pick these respondents. Data were collected through
interview schedules, key informant interviews, questionnaires and photography. The data analysis was done
using SPSS and Excel computer packages. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data so as to
enhance clarity and ease understanding of the information. Pie charts, bar, column, line graphs and tables were
used to present analysed information on various aspects of CDF.
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Nigeria located in West Africa is one of the developing countries that has not fully benefited from the Bismarckian model because of the large size of its informal economies.
Public Sector Reforms in Africa: Focus, Challenges and Lessons Learntinventionjournals
Several public sector reforms (PSR) have taken place in Africa over the last few decades with
varying degrees of success. These range from very excellent performance to limited success and then failure.
However, regardless of the evaluation results, they have without a doubt had an impact on the way we
understand and shape public management on the African continent. Inevitably, a number of insights and lessons
have been gained on the subject matter. In this article, I suggest that a number of lessons have been learnt
which should guide reformers to improve on public sector reforms and scholars to seek further explanations for
failure and success. There is also the need for students of public sector reforms to question further the
prevailing assumptions and theories underpinning these reforms. In the light of the challenges facing public
sector reform in Africa, this paper argues that ownership of reform programmes by African governments and
other stakeholders is necessary.
Planning in the region starts with a vision about what we want to be. It is the aspiration of the Filipinos particularly those from SOCCSKSARGEN Region to have a long-term vision for the region and the country as a whole to become a prosperous, predominantly middle class society where no one is poor. The challenge is how every Filipino can afford to have a “matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay by 2040.”
Fabio Veras, IPC-IG Research Coordinator, participated in the conference marking the first anniversary of the launch of the Takaful and Karama Conditional Cash Transfer Programme, held in Cairo, Egypt, on 28 May, 2016.
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how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
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Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
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Labor Markets Core Courses 2013: Public Works
1. Carlo del Ninno
World Bank (Social Protection,Africa)
Labor Market Policy Core Course: “Improving
Job Opportunities and Worker Protection: the
Role of Labor Policies”
Washington, May 8, 2013
Design and Implementation:
Public Works
2. Outline
Defining PublicWorkfare
Objectives Models and Rationale
Benefits and Costs
Design issues:
Targeting
Selection of beneficiaries
Benefits and wage settings
Share of labor cost
Other design features
Monitoring and evaluation
Examples: Ethiopia, and India programs
Lessons & Challenges
2
3. What are Public Works programs?
Public works programs are safety net programs
that provide temporary employment at low-
wage rate mostly to unskilled manual workers
on labor-intensive projects such as road
construction and maintenance, irrigation
infrastructure, reforestation, and soil
conservation, and more
Important to distinguish different Objectives
and Models
PS:There are also Public works programs
essentially for infrastructure development, with
employment/income generation as a secondary
objective – Not covered here
3
4. Objectives
Objectives varied by countries:
Mitigation of covariate one-time shock
(e.g.drought) with temporary
employment/income support as primary motive
Mitigation of Idiosyncratic shocks
Poverty relief and food security – employment
guarantee schemes
As a bridge to more permanent employment
(training)
4
6. Models of workfare based on
objectives/expected outcomes
Public workfare mainly as a short term safety net to provide the poor
with a source of income through temporary employment in labor-intensive
projects that either create new infrastructure or maintain existing
infrastructure;primary motive income support
Public workfare as a longer term safety net mainly as a poverty
alleviation program, often providing employment guarantee for certain
number of days (e.g., India’s NREGA)
PublicWorks Plus, i.e., employing individuals on a temporary
basis on projects but with components for training, savings, etc.
,to graduate participants out of poverty by enabling them to gain
access to longer term formal sector employment or self-
employment
6
7. Correlation of public works program
models and objectives
7
Model
SHORT-TERM
SAFETY NET
(e.g., Ghana)Primary objective
LONGER-TERM
SAFETY NET
(e.g., Ethiopia, India)
PUBLIC WORKS
PLUS
(e.g., Argentina,
Djibouti)
MITIGATION OF COVARIATE SHOCKS
MITIGATION OF IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS
POVERTY RELIEF AND FOOD SECURITY
BRIDGE TO MORE PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT
8. Rationale
Quite effective in consumption-smoothing
Can perform an insurance function
Can be rendered complementary to growth (via
infrastructure building),
Potential for self-targeting,
Potential for regional targeting,
World-wide experience, including OECD,Africa,
LatinAmerica, South and EastAsian countries
8
9. Benefits and Costs
Benefits
Transfer benefits = wage rate, net of
transaction costs – foregone income
Stabilization benefits if timing synchronizes with
agricultural slack seasons
Second round benefits from assets
Costs to the government
Administrative costs+wage cost+non-wage cost
Costs to participants: transaction costs + forgone
income
9
10. Scale of operations: Person days of
Employment (PDE) generated
Botswana: 7 million person days
Ghana: 1988-91: 0.5 -do-
India: pre-NREGA 1.1 million person days
India: post-NREGA 2007-08: 1.44 million pde
India: employment per person: 42/year
Bangladesh FFW+TR.. 300,000 persons x 60 days
Korea 140,000 to 200,000 pde
Argentina: Bottom 20% households
10
12. 1. Approaches to targeting
Geographic targeting
From regional to local
Individual targeting
Self selection –Wage rate
Community selection
Reservations: e.g., quotas for women
Administrative selection based on criteria
that predicts household’s poverty (proxy
means tests: targeting presentation)
12
13. 2. Selecting Beneficiaries/Targeting
13
Self-selection: Setting the wage rate below the market rate
allows self-selection of the poorest into the program. This also
saves on administrative cost of selecting the poor by other
means and most important, prevents labor market distortions.
Not always possible, for very good reasons
What if the program is oversubscribed?
PMT – rank households by income/expenditure proxy
Ration access by following rotation in several different ways:
Smaller, more frequent projects
Shorter hours in the same project
Eligible workers work for fixed number of days so everyone gets a chance to work
Eligible workers selected by lottery
14. 3. Benefits and wage rate setting:
Self targeting and transfer gains
Evidence is overwhelming that a relatively high
wage rate attracts the non-poor to the program
and reduces distributional gains
A relatively high wage leads to job rationing and
even abuse of the program
The best option is to keep the wage above the
statutory minimum wage, but below the
prevailing market wage….only Korea managed
to accomplish this (see figure)
14
15. More on Wage setting
The level of the wage rate is critical for determining
distributional outcomes,
A number of options exist for determining the level of the
wage rate:
Keep it below the ruling market wage
Keep it equal to the minimum wage
Keep it higher than the market wage
In case of first option, self-selection is possible and inclusion
errors could be avoided, but does not guarantee avoidance of
exclusion errors especially if the program is over-subscribed
Country circumstances vary a great deal; not all countries
succeeded in the first option; not surprisingly varied
experience
15
16. Table 1: Public Works: Program Wage (PW), Minimum Wage (MNW)
and Market Wage (MW) in Selected Countries
Country/Program PW in Relation to MNW and/or MW
1. Bangladesh: Cash For Work, 1991-92 PW<MW
2. India: (a) Cash For Work, JRY, 1991-92
(b1) MEGS: up to 1988
(b2) After 1988
PW=MNW>MW
PW=MNW<MW
PW=MNW>MW
3. Pakistan: IGPRA* III, 1992 PW<MW
4. Philippines: Cash For Work 1990
Food For Work 1987
PW>MW
PW**>MW
5. Botswana: Cash For Work PW<MNW, but >MW
6. Kenya: Cash For Work, 1992-93 PW=MNW>MW
7. Chile: Cash For Work 1987 PW<MNW=MW
16
17. 4.Share of wages/Labor intensity.
Typically in low-income countries, it varied
between 0.3 to 0.6
Depends on the nature of the asset being
created, and the agency executing the
program
Useful practice: assess labor content of
various projects, and pick highest, in line
with community preferences
17
18. 5. Other design features
Choice of assets: community involvement
Seasonality – best to run during
agricultural slack seasons –
Gender aspects: program design can be
adjusted to make it acceptable to women
Public/private/NGO/Donor participation
18
19. Monitoring and evaluation
A GOOD M&E SYSTEM SUPPLIES FEEDBACK TO ENHANCE
PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS
Key impact evaluations are showing progress, mainly arising
from income transfer. Impact of community assets are more
difficult to discern:
• Jefes (Argentina) prevented an estimated additional 10% of
participants from falling below the food poverty line, and
allowed an extra 2% of the population to afford the food
component of Argentina’s poverty line
• MGNREGS (India) wages for female casual workers have
increased approximately 8% more in participating districts
• PSNP (Ethiopia) increasing food security and livelihood
assets; especially when combined with other programs
19
21. The Public Works Program in
Ethiopia - PSNP
21
Main objective to develop sustainable
community assets
Improve the natural resource base and the
social infrastructure
Ultimately, aimed at developing the
watersheds
… thereby increasing productivity and
improving livelihoods
22. Ethiopia: Targeting
First level geographic targeting…poorest provinces selected
first
Selection of individual beneficiaries involved a complex mix
of objective criteria and community judgment and screening
Qualified participants eligible to receive 6 months transfer,
determined by household size
Each household member allotted 5 days of work per month
Thus in a 5-member household, if there is one adult labor,
he/she provided with 25 days of work for six months, at a
wage slightly below market wage, $0.50 in 2006, food-
inflation adjusted, now about $1.0
22
23. Examples of achievements
in Annual Program
23
Soil andWater Conservation
1.936 million kms bunds
47, 378 km terrace
1.38 million ha closed
etc
Small-scale irrigation
412 rivers diverted
Rural roads constructed
32,896 km
527 concrete bridge
101 wooden bridges
24. Ethiopia: Impact evaluation
Several econometric evaluations, mostly led by IFPRI
withWorld Bank economists, have shown highly positive
impacts on:
Reduction of food insecurity (3 months of food insecurity
reduced to 1 month or less)
Substantial increase in income
Solid progress in agro-climatic infrastructure, especially
irrigation related
Significant increase in farm productivity (13% to 22%)
Distress sales prevented
Asset holdings (livestock) increased
Impact on income growth over time limited
Virtually no leakage of funds
24
25. India’s NREGA – design features
100 days of work per rural household per year
guaranteed upon demand
State-specific agricultural minimum wages (cash) paid on
piece rate basis (based on rural schedules of rates)
State-specific minimum wage served as program wage
Unemployment allowance if state fails to provide work
for HH within 15 days
Types of works eligible have a heavy focus on
water/irrigation activities, as well as connectivity
Village level democratically elected bodies implement the the
program with significant resource in control
25
26. NREG – experience to date (2)
Female participation far higher than previous PW programs
Objective of flushing money through GPs has been realized despite
risks/flaws
Appears that program awareness high relative to other public works
and safety net programs
Works carried out largely water conservation (60%), road
connectivity (16%), land development (13%)
Major issue: governance/corruption especially in some States (Bihar);
inter-state variation in performance
Considerable state-level innovation – ICT; social audit; financial
inclusion
26
27. What do we know from this varied
experience?
27
Undoubtedly provided transfer benefits and
consumption-smoothing after natural calamities
Effective use in post-crisis situations (e.g.,
Korea,Argentina, Sri Lanka, Latvia)
Encouraged women’s participation
Success depends on careful attention to design
and implementation logistics including creative
approaches to targeting, community
participation and oversight
What do we take home from this experience?
28. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
1. THE USE OF PUBLIC WORKS IS EXPANDING
PWs have emerged as a critical social protection response
tool, in situations of increased risk and vulnerability. It has
shown promise to promote gender empowerment through
participation
2. PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS ARE COMPLEX, BUT CAN
BE CUSTOMIZED
In addition to low income settings, public works now play an
important role in middle income countries, fragile states, and
countries facing social tensions, e.g., Arab Spring. This typically
involves customization in design to expand program objectives
beyond income support, i.e., promoting labor market
participation and pathways out of poverty.
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29. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
3. INNOVATIONS ARE MAKING PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
SMARTER AND MORE EFFICIENT
Many countries are developing stronger IT based MIS to automate
program processes. This helps leapfrog implementation bottlenecks in
facilitating beneficiary identification, tracking, payment, and program
monitoring.
4. A COMBINATION OF PROGRAM LEVEL AND BENEFICIARY INPUTS
CAN HELP PROVIDE THE CHECKS AND BALANCES NEEDED
AGAINST ERROR, FRAUD, AND CORRUPTION
Combining top-down and bottom-up processes helps to promote
transparency, and reduce issues of corruption that have pervaded public
works schemes in the past.
3. EMPIRICAL GAPS REMAIN
More needs to be learnt about the effectiveness and impact of new
experiences and new approaches and to address issues including
governance and the impact on poverty and the labor market and the
impact on poverty and the labor market .
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