This document outlines the course content for Public Finance MOOCs. The course aims to discuss the role of the public sector and rationale for government intervention in modern economies. Key topics covered include the economic functions of government related to allocation of resources, distribution of income, and macroeconomic stabilization. The effects of government actions on efficiency and equity are examined. The course also addresses public goods, taxation, public expenditures, and tools for fiscal and budget policy.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is responsible for managing India's public debt, especially debt denominated in the domestic currency. The management of the central government's debt is conducted by RBI under statutory provisions that oblige the central government to delegate its debt management to the RBI.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is responsible for managing India's public debt, especially debt denominated in the domestic currency. The management of the central government's debt is conducted by RBI under statutory provisions that oblige the central government to delegate its debt management to the RBI.
Public finance chapter 7, difference between public finance and private finance, Principle of Maximum Social Advantage, Canons of Taxation, Types of Tax, Direct and Indirect Tax, Specific and Ad veloram tax,
Public finance chapter 7, difference between public finance and private finance, Principle of Maximum Social Advantage, Canons of Taxation, Types of Tax, Direct and Indirect Tax, Specific and Ad veloram tax,
Urban Public Finance / Local Public FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to students of Symbiosis School of Economics - Pune describes subject matter of urban public finance and how it is both positive and normative science.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Which Crypto to Buy Today for Short-Term in May-June 2024.pdf
Public finance introduction
1. PUBLIC FINANCE
MOOCS
BY
DR. SUBIR MAITRA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS
For B.Sc Economics(Honours) Third Year
University of Calcutta
2. Aim of the course
To discuss the role of the public sector in
modern economies,
To examine the economic rationale for
government intervention,
To discuss the effects of government’s actions
in terms of efficiency and equity
3. Course outline (as per CU Syllabi)
Introduction to public economics :
The nature, scope and significance of
public economics
Forms and Functions of Government :
Different forms of government – unitary
and federal. Tiers of government in the
federal form- Central, State, Local
(Introductory discussion with examples).
4. Course outline (as per CU Syllabi)
Functions of Government:
Economic functions -allocation, distribution
and stabilization.
Regulatory functions of the Government and
its economic significance
Federal Finance
Federal Finance: Different layers of the
government, Inter governmental transfer—
horizontal vs. vertical equity.
Grants—merits and demerits of various types
of grants — unconditional vs. conditional
grants, tied grants, matching grants.
5. Course outline (as per CU Syllabi)
Public Goods and Public Sector
Concept of public goods—characteristics of public goods,
national vs. local public goods, determination of provision of
public good
Externality, concept of social versus private costs and benefits,
merit goods, club goods.
Provision versus production of public goods. Market failure and
public provision.
Pricing of public goods—vertical summation
Government Budget and Policy
Government budget and its structure – Receipts and
expenditure – concepts of current and capital account,
balanced, surplus, and deficit budgets, concept of budget
deficit vs. fiscal deficit, functional classification of budget.
Concept of Revenue Deficit.
Budget, government policy and its impact. Budget multipliers.
6. Course outline (as per CU Syllabi)
Revenue Resources
Concept of tax, types of tax – direct tax and indirect
tax, canons of taxation, subsidy, transfer policy.
Principles of taxation -Ability to Pay principle (brief
discussion), Benefit Approach (Actual Examples)
Tax Design - introduction – truth seeking mechanism.
Tax Structure
Effects of income tax on work effort, saving and risk
bearing (just brief ideas).
Excess burden of indirect taxes
VAT, Goods and Services Tax (pros and cons).
Non-tax revenue resources-earnings from public
undertakings, interest on loans.
7. Course outline (as per CU Syllabi)
Distribution and Stabilization
Instruments for stabilization
Public Debt---internal and external.
Public Finance and Public Choice: The Role of State.
Readings
1. Musgrave and Musgrave: Public Finance in Theory and
Practice (Fifth Edition).
2. H.L. Bhatia. Public Finance. (Fifteenth Revised Edition).
3. Amaresh Bagchi (ed.). Readings in Public Finance. Oxford
University Press.
4. Misra and Puri. Indian Economy.
8. Introduction to Public Economics
Government or Public intervention: Circular Flow of
Income
Government as the provider of goods and services:
Health, education, defence, environment,
infrastructures, etc.
Government as the framer of the rules and
regulation:
Legal structure and property rights, environmental
regulation and protection of natural resources,
safety regulations, employment regulations, etc.
9. Introduction to Public Economics
Government ensuring a stable economic
environment: Budget/Fiscal Deficit, Deficit Financing
Government financing its activities with taxation:
and this affects the agents’ decisions on labour
demand and supply and on consumption.
10. Nature and scope of public economics
Role of the government in market
economies, the rationale of its
intervention and the economic and
social effects in terms of the efficiency
and equity trade offs.
When should the government intervene
in the economy?
How should the government intervene?
What are the effects of public
intervention?
How social choices are made?
11. When should the government intervene
in the economy?
The public sector has different roles
in market economies:
Allocation of resources (efficiency
goal)
Income (re)Distribution (equity
goal)
Stabilisation for the economic
cycle
12. Allocation role (efficiency)
The ALLOCATION ROLE is to provide efficiently
goods and services when the market is not able to
produce them efficiently (market failures) through:
The production of public goods or the public
financing of private provision: i.e. all those goods
and services which are not produced (or would be
produced inefficiently) by the market, due to
market failures;
The regulation of market activities to support
market competition (property rights, legal system,
restrictions )
Taxes and subsidies which change the market
price of goods/services
13. Redistributive role
The aim is to foster equity correcting the
distribution of resources resulting from market
mechanisms by shifting resources from some
groups in society to others and/or by changing
initial endowments through:
Monetary transfers (such as welfare benefits to
support the income of the poor or the
unemployed)
Transfers in kind (provisions of public services
such as education, health services, social
services)
Taxes/subsidies (for example with progressive
taxation or exemptions)
14. Stabilisation role
Smoothing over the business cycle and
external shocks, supporting full
employment and controlling inflation
through:
Fiscal policy (transfers and taxation,
automatic stabilizers, public
expenditures)
Support to productive activities
15. The analysis of government failures
Government failures occur due to:
Limited information
Limited control on private markets
responses to public intervention
Limited control over the public
bureaucracy
Limitations imposed by the political
process
16. What are the effects of public
intervention
Need to consider direct and indirect effects of
public intervention on individuals and markets:
Direct effects are those expected assuming that the
behaviour of economic agents do not change as a
consequence of government intervention
Indirect effects are those that arise because agents
change their behaviour in response of the
intervention (for example increasing taxation may
reduce labour supply)
Difficult to measure impacts and especially to
establish causation (see Gruber ch.3 if interested)
17. How decisions are taken?The
analysis of social choices
Political economy studies how the political
decision making process produces decisions that
affect individuals and the economy
This part of public economics analyses how socially
desiderable goals are chosen
Socially desiderable goals relate to:
- the capacity to support socio-economic growth
- the capacity to guarantee adequate living
conditions to citizens
- the capacity to guarantee equality in
opportunities for all
18. Key economic questions
in public economics Efficiency:
What is produced, how it is produced and how much it is
produced (public vs private goods/services): given
available resources make the pie as large as possible
Equity
For whom it should be produced and who should pay for it:
distribute the pie in the most equitable way
How are decisions taken?
Trade offs:
an efficient outcome could be not equitable
an equitable outcome could be inefficient