The document discusses the role of public and open data ecosystems in the context of smart cities and sustainable development goals (SDGs) at a conference held in Sevilla, Spain, from June 28 to June 30, 2023. It highlights the importance of these data ecosystems for enhancing transparency, accountability, and co-creation among stakeholders while emphasizing the need for effective data management to support smart living and society 5.0. Additionally, the document explores various applications of open data in sectors like public administration, disaster response, and economic growth.

1. PUBLIC DATA ECOSYSTEMS IN AND FOR SMART CITIES:
5th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics: Internet and Big Data in Economics and Social Sciences
28 June – 30 June, 2023 · Sevilla, Spain
HOW TO MAKE OPEN / BIG / SMART / GEO DATA ECOSYSTEMS
VALUE-ADDING FOR SDG-COMPLIANT SMART LIVING AND SOCIETY 5.0
Anastasija Nikiforova
Assistant Professor of Information Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu
European Open Science CLoud (EOSC) Task Force “FAIR metrics and data quality”

2. PHD IN COMPUTER SCIENCE – DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS AND DATA
NETWORKING
RESEARCH INTERESTS: DATA MANAGEMENT WITH A FOCUS ON DATA QUALITY, OPEN
GOVERNMENT DATA, SMART CITY, SOCIETY 5.0, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, IOT, HCI,
DIGITIZATION.
✔ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TARTU, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,
CHAIR OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
✔EUROPEAN OPEN SCIENCE CLOUD TASK FORCE “FAIR METRICS AND DATA QUALITY”
✔EDSC AMBASSADOR (EUROPEAN DIGITAL SKILLS CERTIFICATE, AS PART OF ACTION 9 OF THE DIGITAL EDUCATION ACTION PLAN (2021-
2027) – JRC/SVQ/2022/OP/0013)
✔IFIP WG8.5 ON ICT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MEMBER
✔ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE LATVIAN OPEN TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION
✔EXPERT OF THE LATVIAN COUNCIL OF SCIENCES IN (1) NATURAL SCIENCES – COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATICS, (2) ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY-ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, ELECTRONICS, ICT, (3) SOCIAL SCIENCES – ECONOMICS & BUSINESS
✔EXPERT OF THE COST – EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
✔VISITING RESEARCHER AT THE DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TEHNOLOGY, FACULTY TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND MANAGEMENT (TPM)
✔ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE FACULTY OF COMPUTING, UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA
✔RESEARCHER IN THE INNOVATION LABORATORY, FACULTY OF COMPUTING, UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA
✔IT-EXPERT AT THE LATVIAN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND STUDY CENTRE, BBMRI-ERIC LV NATIONAL NODE
✔ADVISOR FOR THE INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA
✔DATA SECURITY SOLUTIONS, LATVIA
MOST RECENT EXPERIENCE
PAST EXPERIENCE
BRIEFLY
ABOUT ME…

3. BRIEFLY ABOUT ME…
✔PROGRAM COMMITTEE FOR 20+ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
✔ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR 5+ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
✔INVITED REVIEWER FOR 15+ HIGH-QUALITY (Q1-Q2) JOURNALS
✔EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER AND AN ASSOCIATE EDITOR
✔BMC RESEARCH NOTES (SPRINGER NATURE)
✔EJOURNAL OF EDEMOCRACY AND OPEN GOVERNMENT (JEDEM)
✔DATA & POLICY (CAMBRIDGE PRESS)
✔INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SEMANTIC WEB AND
INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IJSWIS) (IGI GLOBAL)
✔POLITICS OF TECHNOLOGY SECTION OF FRONTIERS IN
POLITICAL SCIENCE

4. ✔PUBLIC AND OPEN DATA, SMART CITY, SDG – HOW ARE THEY RELATED?
✔SOCIETY 5.0 – WHAT IS IT AND HOW IS IT RELATED TO OPEN DATA?
✔PUBLIC DATA ECOSYSTEM – WHAT IT IS? WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF?
AGENDA

5. ✔PUBLIC AND OPEN DATA, SMART CITY, SDG – HOW ARE THEY RELATED?
✔SOCIETY 5.0 – WHAT IS IT AND HOW IS IT RELATED TO OPEN DATA?
✔PUBLIC DATA ECOSYSTEM – WHAT IT IS? WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF?
AGENDA
✔DATA – WHAT ARE THE DATA-RELATED PREREQUISITES FOR A SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT DATA ECOSYSTEM?
✔DATA PORTALS AS ENTRY POINTS – HOW TO MAKE A PORTAL SUFFICIENTLY ATTRACTIVE?
✔STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT [FOR VALUE CO-CREATION] – HOW TO INVOLVE YOUR TARGET AUDIENCE? IS VALUE CO-
CREATION THE ONLY BENEFIT OF THEIR ENGAGEMENT?
AND SOMETHING MORE…

6. PART I:
PUBLIC AND OPEN DATA
SMART CITY
SDG
HOW ARE THEY RELATED?

7. DATA … DATA ARE EVERYWHERE
Sources: Premium Vector | Artificial intelligence logo, icon. vector symbol ai, deep learning blockchain neural network concept. machine learning, artificial intelligence, ai. (freepik.com), Top 10 Successful Data Science Companiesin
2023 - Learn | Hevo (hevodata.com), How to Use Business Intelligence (BI) to Improve Organizational Alignment | Wyn Enterprise (grapecity.com), Machine learning logo - Wi6Labs, Business Intelligence Icon Gráfico por
aimagenarium · Creative Fabrica, Open Data – GEOAFRICA, https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/4-emerging-technologies-you-need-to-know-
about?utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin&utm_campaign=SM_GB_YOY_GTR_SOC_SF1_SM-SWG&utm_content=&sf267111387=1

8. DATA QUALITY - WHAT, WHY, HOW, 10 BEST PRACTICES & MORE - Enterprise Master Data Management • Profisee

10. Data is the New Oil - HubMeta

11. NOT REALLY

12. “DATA IS THE NEW OIL” WHY IT IS NOT?
BUT!
✓
Source: Here's Why Data Is Not The New Oil (forbes.com), Image sources: Oil well – Wikipedia, How do we get oil and gas out of the ground? (world-petroleum.org), Customized Silos For Effective Storageof Food | Nextech Solutions (nextechagrisolutions.com)
DATA, LIKE OIL is a source of power,
and those, who control them,
are establishing themselves as «masters of the universe»,
just as oil barons did 100 years ago

13. effectively infinitely durable and reusable
treating like oil –storing in siloes, has little benefit & reduces its
usefulness
a finite resource
can be replicated indefinitely & moved around the world
at the speed of light, at low cost, through fiber optic
networks
OIL
requires huge amounts of resources to be
transported to where it is needed
when used, its energy being lost as heat or light,
or permanently converted into another form (e.g.,
plastic)
becomes more useful the more it is used - once
processed, data often reveals further applications
as the world’s oil reserves dwindle,
extracting it becomes increasingly difficult
and expensive
becoming increasingly available as computer
technology advances
data mining doesn’t intrinsically involve damage to the
environment & exploitation of finite natural resources
*apart from the electricity used to run the system
oil drilling involve causing damage to the natural
environment and exploitation of finite natural
resources
“DATA IS THE NEW OIL” WHY IT IS NOT?
✘
Source: Here'sWhy Data Is Not The New Oil (forbes.com), Imagesources: Oil well – Wikipedia, How do we get oil and gas out of the ground? (world-petroleum.org), Customized Silos For Effective Storage of Food | Nextech Solutions(nextechagrisolutions.com)
DATA
✘
✘
✘
✘

14. effectively infinitely durable and reusable
treating like oil –storing in siloes, has little benefit & reduces its
usefulness
a finite resource
can be replicated indefinitely & moved around the world
at the speed of light, at low cost, through fiber optic
networks
OIL
requires huge amounts of resources to be
transported to where it is needed
when used, its energy being lost as heat or light,
or permanently converted into another form (e.g.,
plastic)
becomes more useful the more it is used - once
processed, data often reveals further applications
as the world’s oil reserves dwindle,
extracting it becomes increasingly difficult
and expensive
becoming increasingly available as computer
technology advances
data mining doesn’t intrinsically involve damage to the
environment & exploitation of finite natural resources
*apart from the electricity used to run the system
oil drilling involve causing damage to the natural
environment and exploitation of finite natural
resources
“DATA IS THE NEW OIL” WHY IT IS NOT?
✘
Source: Here'sWhy Data Is Not The New Oil (forbes.com), Imagesources: Oil well – Wikipedia, How do we get oil and gas out of the ground? (world-petroleum.org), Customized Silos For Effective Storage of Food | Nextech Solutions(nextechagrisolutions.com)
DATA
✘
✘
✘
✘
BECOMES MORE USEFUL
THE MORE IT IS USED
DATA

15. IF WE THINK ABOUT DATA AS A POWER SOURCE OR FUEL,
IT WOULD MAKE MORE SENSE TO COMPARE THEM WITH
RENEWABLE SOURCES LIKE THE
SUN, WIND AND TIDES”
-B. Marr, Forbes
Here's Why Data Is Not The New Oil (forbes.com)
Letter from the Editor: Here comesthe sun (medicalnewstoday.com), A healthy wind | MIT News | Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, Tidal phenomenon: high and low tides | Ponant Magazine

16. PUBLIC / OPEN DATA
Source: https://www.opengovguide.com/topics/open-government-data/,
https://www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/open-government-data.htm
Complete
Primary
Accessible
Machine-
processable
Timely
Non-discriminatory
Non-proprietary
Licence-free
Def#1: Open data are data that anyone can access, use and share ***
Def#2: Open [Government] Data is a philosophy [and increasingly a set of
policies] that promotes transparency, accountability, value creation & innovation

17. Attēla avots: https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VA_zM5jXPvk/VxbRtA0U2JI/AAAAAAAACnY/WKvyQnAwvBIQOsjjLF0-TchL3EtD-q-hQCLcB/s1600/actual%2Becosystem.png
✓ tracking events, identifying the situation, tracking the spread
of the disease etc.
✓ data-driven decision-making
✓ planning, forecasting
✓ better understanding of decisions of the government,
including tracking the decisions and restrictions introduced
✓ Improvement of the transparency, accountability and trust in
government decisions to promote
✓ analysis of impacts, causes-effects and relationships
✓ development of data-driven solutions
✓ updating and / or enrichning other datasets
✓ and for very many other purposes...

18. SUPPORTING GROWING ECONOMIES
To support the emergence of new data-driven businesses and the
growth of existing ones, governments need to publish key datasets.
Governments also need to support data infrastructure that connects
data with those who use it.
In return, governments are reaping the benefits of a growing data
economy, such as in Finland where SMEs with access to open data
grew 15% faster than those without.
IMPROVED SERVICE
DELIVERY
Governments need to balance the demands of
growing populations with the need to tackle
small-scale, local issues.
The availability of detailed open data is
essential to improving delivery of services at
the local level.
COST SAVINGS
Open data allows governments to make savings in key areas such as
healthcare, education and utilities.
In the UK, open data helped reveal £200 million of savings in the
health service.
In France, energy data is being used to drive more efficient energy
generation practices - Show me the France energy data.
Open data can also bring transparency and accountability to budgets.
Source: https://data.europa.eu/elearning/en/module2/#/id/co-01
OPEN DATA USE (source: data.europa.eu)

19. IMPROVING THE WAY WE MOVE
Revolutionise the way we travel.
French app Tranquilien improves passenger comfort on
transport and promotes efficient use of public transport by
providing relevant information about empty seats, leaving
times.
A new Dutch app helps disabled people to book travel
assistance for their journeys using open data.
Open transport data saves commuters time, makes journeys
more accessible and helps tourists to travel in unfamiliar cities.
IMPROVING THE WAY WE WORK
Reduces the time needed to find information and
allows to focus more of their time on productive
activities.
The Finnish Kannattaako kauppa service provides
insights on the price development of real estate in the
future, making it easy to compare houses and
neighborhoods by price and population.
IMPROVING THE WAY WE GOVERN
Public administration will gain the most from opening up data, with a
value of 22 bn EUR in 2020.
For agriculture, the arts and entertainment sector, the benefits
expected are smaller with 379 million EUR each - have a lot of potential
in these sectors but will take more time to reach the full potential.
Makes the development of public policy more transparent and
supporting dialogue between governments and citizens.
Data on key issues such as immigration, trade and budget cuts can be
used to inform important policy decisions.
OPEN DATA USE
ENVIRONMENT
Helps farmers to improve yields and support a growing population
without the need to destroy valuable habitats.
Plantwise are collecting open data to produce valuable information
packs for farmers about plant health and threats from diseases.
SAVING LIVES
Helping to save lives. Open geographic data and aid statistics
are being used by humanitarian groups to deliver targeted
supplies in disaster zones.
Open mapping data helped disaster response teams target aid
delivery during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Open data was also
used for responses to the Philippines typhoon in 2014.
CULTURE
Connecting people with important cultural issues and
helping to shape a more informed debate around
them.
OpenGLAM - capture the heritage and cultural
memories of groups in Germany, Switzerland, Finland.

20. ✓ OGD does help public sector organizations with crisis management &
OGD helps by providing a way to increase information availability and
dissemination
✓ in a crisis, when OGD is released, co-creation can naturally emerge
between stakeholders
✓ the OGD-driven co-created services primarily focus on information
dissemination and visualization contributing to the understandability of
data and a problem as a whole
✓ OGD enables new co-creation ecosystems, and these ecosystems allow
for different stakeholders to cooperate and co-create new services that
solve problems directly related to the management of a crisis
✓ the success of a given OGD co-creation ecosystem is highly dependent
on the presence of individual motivated actors with a higher level of
digital skills and competences, particularly those that enable them to
effectively work with OGD.
McBride, K., Nikiforova, A., Lnenicka, M. ‘The Role of Open Government
Data and Co-creation in Crisis Management: Initial Conceptual
Propositions from the COVID-19 Pandemic’. 1 Jan. 2023 : 219 – 238.

21. THE GREATER THE EASE OF USE AND
SOPHISTICATION OF AI,
THE GREATER THE NEED FOR OPEN DATA

22. THE GREATER THE EASE OF USE AND
SOPHISTICATION OF AI,
THE GREATER THE NEED FOR OPEN DATA
Nikiforova, A. Artificial Intelligence for open data or open data for artificial intelligence? https://www.slideshare.net/AnastasijaNikiforova/artificial-intelligence-for-open-
data-or-open-data-for-artificial-intelligence
Jiménez-Luna et al. (2021). Artificial intelligence in drug discovery: Recent advances and future perspectives. Expert opinion on drug discovery, 16(9), 949-959.
Saheb, T., & Amini, B. (2021). The impact of artificial intelligence analytics in enhancing digital marketing: the role of open big data and AI analytics competencies.
COMBINATIONS OF OPEN DATA AND AI MODELS ARE EXPECTED
TO PLAY A TRANSFORMATIONAL ROLE IN HUMAN SOCIETY
Jiménez-Luna et al., 2021; Saheb & Amini (2021); Nikiforova, 2022
AI FOR OPEN DATA OR OPEN DATA FOR AI?
IN FACT
AI FOR OPEN DATA AND OPEN DATA FOR AI

23. https://data.europa.eu/en/publications/datastories/open-data-and-ai-symbiotic-relationship-progress?pk_campaign=dataeuropaeu-
newsletter-june-2023&pk_source=newsletter&pk_medium=email
OPEN DATA POWERS AI
ENABLING REAL-WORLD
AI APPLICATIONS
AI CAN BENEFIT FROM
THE BREADTH OF OPEN
DATA
AI CAN BENEFIT FROM
THE DEPTH OF OPEN
DATA
HIGH-QUALITY AI RELIES ON
HIGH-QUALITY OPEN DATA**
CROZ RenEUwable app
combines climate and energy data
into a ML model that provides
citizens with personal
recommendations for adopting more
sustainable decisions on energy
💡

24. OPEN DATA POWERS AI
ENABLING REAL-WORLD
AI APPLICATIONS
AI CAN BENEFIT FROM
THE BREADTH OF OPEN
DATA
AI CAN BENEFIT FROM
THE DEPTH OF OPEN
DATA
HIGH-QUALITY AI RELIES ON
HIGH-QUALITY OPEN DATA**
*OPEN DATA QUALITY CAN BE
IMPROVED BY MEANS OF AI
https://data.europa.eu/en/publications/datastories/open-data-and-ai-symbiotic-relationship-progress?pk_campaign=dataeuropaeu-
newsletter-june-2023&pk_source=newsletter&pk_medium=email
*OPEN DATA QUALITY IS OFTEN
CONFUSED WITH FAIR’NESS OR
METADATA QUALITY

25. PUBLIC AND OPEN DATA & SMART CITY
HOW ARE THEY RELATED?

26. Public and open data
are integral components
of smart cities

27. SMART CITY
SMART CITY 1.0
a city that uses ICT to collect
data to improve its critical
infrastructures and
services’ efficiency
(Hall et al., 2000; Harrison et al., 2010; Correia et al., 2022)
SMART CITY 2.0
a city that starts with the human
capital, motivating citizens to
create and flourish their lives,
using ICT to increase the quality
of life and the city’s social,
economic and environmental
sustainability
(Angelidou, 2014; Mohanty et al., 2016; Hollands, 2008;
Caragliu et al., 2009; Barrionuevo et al., 2012; Neirotti et
al., 2014; Ahvenniemi et l., 2017; Correia et al., 2022)
SMART CITY 3.0
a city that uses ICT to promote
citizen engagement and active
participation & allows
continuous interactions ➔ the
strategy is collaboratively
created with citizens and
relevant stakeholders
(Van der Van der Graaf et al., 2014; Albino et al., 2015;
Trivellato, 2017; Correia et al., 2022)

28. SMART CITY 3.0
THE FOCUS - INCLUSION OF CITIZENS IN THE CO-
CREATION*** AND CO-DESIGN OF CITIES’
PROCESSES AND STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE
POLICIES’ CHANCES OF SUCCESS
(Correia et al., 2022; Mainka et al., 2016; Al-Nasrawi et al., 2017)
INTENDED TO OVERCOME
INEQUALITY & SOCIAL
POLARIZATION
(Correia et al., 2022; Hollands, 2008)
THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
MUST PROMOTE INCLUSION AND
REDUCE SOCIAL BARRIERS
(Correia et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2018)
THE BOTTOM-UP PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES PLAY
AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN ASSESSING AND DEVELOPING
SMART CITIES
SAME VALUES + OPEN DATA (AND OPENNESS AS SUCH) CAN FACILITATE THE ABOVE & FULFILL
SOME OF PREREQUISITES

29. Public and open data are
integral components of smart
cities that:
1) affects other
components
2) are affected by other
components
Moreover, open data
contributes to the
development of the
sustainable smart city

30. Source: https://social-innovation.hitachi/en-in/knowledge-hub/collaborate/smart-sustainable-cities/
smart city
smart city
smart city
sustainable city
sustainable city
sustainable city
sustainable city
sustainable city
sustainable city
sustainable city

31. https://datos.gob.es/en/documentacion/open-data-real-time-use-cases-smart-cities

32. PUBLIC AND OPEN DATA & SMART CITY & SDG
HOW ARE THEY RELATED?

33. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg

34. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg
OPEN DATA [CAN]
HELP ACHIEVE THE
SDG
OPEN DATA [CAN]
HELP IDENTIFY
ISSUES & PRIORITIZE
THE SDG
*DATA OPENING CAN
BE (IS) TRIGGERED BY
THE SDG
THE AVAILABILITY OF SDG-
COMPLIANT DATA INCREASES
INTEREST & READINESS TO
ACHIEVE THE GOALS
[TYPIALLY THROUGH JOINT EFFORTS,
INCL. CO-CREATION, I.E., COLLECTIVE
INTELLIGENCE]
THE POSSIBILITY OF
SOLVING THE SDGS
AFFECTS SOCIETY AND ITS
LIFE, CONTRIBUTING TO
THEIR SMARTIFICATION
SMARTIFICATION
FACILITATES THE
PRODUCTION OF DATA
AND SOLUTIONS /
SERVICES, WHICH
CLOSES THE LOOP
TO PUT IT SIMPLY…
76th session of the United Nations General Assembly
the openness contributes to the attainment of the United
Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

35. ✓identifies the role of openness in promoting human-centric
Smart Society, Smart city, and Smart Living by:
✓ defining the Society 5.0 and OGD concepts and emphasize
their interconnection & common objectives,
✓ providing success stories of open data use in smart cities
or transformation of cities
✓ mapping Society 5.0 determinants on the outputs of the
OGD-driven Smart City examples
We believe that this trend develops anew form of society,
which we refer to as “open data-driven society”, which forms a
bridge from Society 4.0 to Society 5.0.
«ANASTASIJA NIKIFOROVA HAS
RECENTLY PUBLISHED A
GROUNDBREAKING RESEARCH …»
A BIT MORE & WTH EVIDENCE…
Nikiforova, A., Flores, M. A. A., & Lytras, M. D. (2023). The role of open data
in transforming the society to Society 5.0: a resource or a tool for SDG-
compliant Smart Living? In Smart Cities and Digital Transformation:
Empowering Communities, Limitless Innovation, Sustainable Development
and the Next Generation. Emerald Publishing Limited.

36. OPEN DATA IS AN ASSET AND A CATALYST
FOR COLLABORATIVE, DATA-DRIVEN,
SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES AND SMART SOCIETY
SMART CITIES SMART SOCIETY
OPEN DATA

37. PART II:
SOCIETY 5.0
WHAT IS IT AND HOW IS IT RELATED TO
OPEN DATA??

38. Image source: https://arcticanthropology.org/
Image source: https://globalbusinesscoalition.org/global-governance-news/b20-tokyo-summit-joint-recommendations-society-5-0-for-sdgs/attachment/figure-2-society-5-0-for-sdgs/
SOCIETY 5.0
Following the hunting society (Society 1.0),
the agricultural society (Society 2.0),
the industrial society (Society 3.0), and
the information society (Society 4.0),
the far-reaching policies of Society 5.0 propose
a new transformation of contemporary ways of life.

39. «a way by which to guide and mobilize action in science, technology and innovation (STI)
to achieve a prosperous, sustainable, and inclusive future»
-- Japan, 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan
SOCIETY 5.0
Source: https://www.japanhouselondon.uk/whats-on/2020/society-5-0-a-new-model-for-an-ageing-society-a-talk-by-professor-harayama-yuko/
✓Society 5.0 aims to resolve various modern social challenges by incorporating game-changing innovations
such as the Internet of things (IoT), robotics, AI and big data into all industries and social activities.
✓Rather than a future controlled and monitored by AI and robots, technology is harnessed to achieve a human-
centred society in which every person can lead an active and enjoyable life.

40. Source: https://digital.thecatcompanyinc.com/b20magazine/tokyo-2019/society-5-0-updates-on-japanese-business-and-economy/
OPENNESS

41. OPENNESS
✓Open data, i.e., freely accessible, shareable, and usable data;
✓Open science, i.e., making scientific research and its
dissemination accessible to all levels of the society;
✓Open standards, i.e., technology neutral specifications for
hardware, software, or data developed through an open process;
✓Open source software, i.e., free and open collaborative software
development;
✓Open hardware, i.e., physical products, machines and systems
designed and offered by means of publicly shared information;
✓Open education, i.e., learning and teaching without barriers

42. Image source: https://arcticanthropology.org/
Image source: https://globalbusinesscoalition.org/global-governance-news/b20-tokyo-summit-joint-recommendations-society-5-0-for-sdgs/attachment/figure-2-society-5-0-for-sdgs/

43. DIGITAL
TRANSFORMATION
IMAGINATION AND CREATIVITY
OF INDIVIDUALS
PROBLEM SOLVING
VALUE CREATION
X
https://digital.thecatcompanyinc.com/b20magazine/tokyo-2019/society-5-0-updates-on-japanese-business-and-economy/

44. PART III:
PUBLIC DATA ECOSYSTEM
WHAT IT IS? WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF?

45. https://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2015/12/14/the-multiple-meanings-of-open-government-data, https://www.e-zigurat.com/innovation-school/blog/open-data-smart-cities/ /
PREVIOUSLY SEEN AS…

46. https://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2015/12/14/the-multiple-meanings-of-open-government-data, https://www.e-zigurat.com/innovation-school/blog/open-data-smart-cities/ /
IS THIS SUFFICIENT FOR A RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE DATA ECOSYSTEM THAT CONTRIBUTES
TO SMARTIFICATION OF CITIES, SOCIETY, LIFE?

47. BUT WHAT DOES
A RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE DATA ECOSYSTEM
ACTUALLY MEANS?

48. RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE DATA
ECOSYSTEM
a combination of three pillars:
1. “user driven”,
2. “circular”,
3. “inclusive”,
4. *** skill-based
van Loenen et al. (2021)
these pillars are, i.e., user-driveness of
portals contributes to and encourages
the circularity and inclusiveness of
stakeholders in a fully sustainable
ecosystem
Aziz et al. (2022)
requires a design that can flexibly leverage and link
existing platforms, specifying rules of engagement,
sharing, discovery, and communication [which
becomes a challenging task, since new data types will
inevitably result from new technologies developed from
the current worldwide initiatives]
Wiener et al. (2016)
data providers must be
convinced of the value of
publishing data for the open
data ecosystem to be
sustainable or they may stop
providing data
Heimstädt et al. (2014)
Sustainability is understood as the Triple Bottom Line (Elkington et al., 1999), covering societal, economic & environmental aspects
economically viable ecosystem, where it is necessary to create a model that fosters value
and entrepreneurship for the open data ecosystem, aiming to develop an economically
self-sustained ecosystem
Kitsios et al. (2021)

49. SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC / OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEM
A sustainable open data ecosystem is an ecosystem that is sustained in time,
achieved by [incl. but not limited to] a continuous diffusion of information about the ecosystem,
financial resources, and providers convinced of the value of publishing open data

50. SUSTAINABLE OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEM
A sustainable open data ecosystem is an ecosystem that is sustained in time,
achieved by [incl. but not limited to] a continuous diffusion of information about the ecosystem,
financial resources, and providers convinced of the value of publishing open data
BUT!
data ecosystems differ from one another in terms of:
*the components they are composed of,
* their characteristics,
* the relationships between these components,
where many of them are also dynamic in nature, evolving over time

51. “signal in the noise” by The Living Library
TRANSPARENCY OF OPEN DATA
ECOSYSTEMS IN SMART CITIES:
DEFINITION AND ASSESSMENT OF
THE MATURITY OF TRANSPARENCY
IN 22 SMART CITIES
✓ Definition and assessment of the maturity of transparency of 22
smart city data portals – 34 in total
✓ Focus on the issue of the transparency maturity of open data
ecosystems seen as the key for the development and maintenance
of sustainable, citizen-centered, and socially resilient smart cities
✓ Investigation of smart city data portals’ compliance with the
transparency requirements
✓ Four levels of maturity are defined to assess transparency of smart
city data portals
✓ Smart city portals are ranked determining their level of
transparency maturity
✓ Open data ecosystem is conceptualized, and 5 types of current
ecosystems are identified
Lnenicka, M., Nikiforova, A., Luterek, M., Azeroual, O., Ukpabi, D., Valtenbergs,
V., & Machova, R. (2022). Transparency of open data ecosystems in smart
cities: definition and assessment of the maturity of transparency in 22 smart
cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 103906.

52. ***
TRANSPARENCY OF OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEMS IN SMART CITIES

54. Nikiforova, A. and McBride, K. 2021. Open government data portal usability: A user-centred usability analysis of 41 open government data portals. Telematics and Informatics 58,.
Nikiforova, A. 2020. Timeliness of Open Data in Open Government Data Portals Through Pandemic-related Data: A long data way from the publisher to the user. 2020 Fourth
International Conference on Multimedia Computing, Networking and Applications (MCNA), 131–138.
Lnenicka, M. and Nikiforova, A. 2021. Transparency-by-design: What is the role of open data portals? Telematics and Informatics 61.
ONE OF THE MOST PROSPECTIVE STUDIES TO
TAKE STOCK OF THE STATE OF PORTALS BY
THE OPEN DATA INSTITUTE

55. TRANSPARENCY OF OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEMS IN SMART CITIES: MEAN
VALUES FOR ALL PORTALS (BY CITY)
OPEN DATA PORTALS
GEOSPATIAL PORTALS
SMART CITY PORTALS

56. TRANSPARENCY OF OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEMS IN SMART CITIES:
MEAN VALUES FOR ALL PORTALS (BY CATEGORY)
CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS SHOULD BE SUBJECT TO ALL DIMENSIONS AND CORRESPONDING FEATURES
BUT
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT, COLLABORATION AND PARTICIPATION IS THE WEAKEST ASPECT, WHILE SHOULD BE CENTRAL!!!
IS FOLLOWED BY USEFULLNESS & DATA QUANTITY, STRUCTURE AND GENERAL FEATURES OF THE PORTAL, SERVICE
QUALITY AND DATA UNDERSTANDABILITY

57. DEFINITION OF THE OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEM IN THE SMART CITY CONTEXT
The key asset of the open data ecosystem is …

58. DEFINITION OF THE OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEM IN THE SMART CITY CONTEXT
DATA
The first step - to introduce the concept of the data-centric and data-driven infrastructure:
a collection of online data sources providing city-level data for free in open formats
and under open licenses for everyone to be reused
The key asset of the open data ecosystem is …

59. “signal in the noise” by The Living Library
TOWARDS HIGH-VALUE DATASETS
DETERMINATION FOR DATA-
DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT
Paper: Nikiforova, A., Rizun, N., Ciesielska, M., Alexopoulos, C., &
Miletič, A. (2023). Towards High-Value Datasets determination for
data-driven development: a systematic literature review.
Workshop#1: ICEGOV2022 - 15th International Conference on
Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance – Digital
Governance for Social, Economic, and Environmental Prosperity
(organized by UNU-eGOV – United Nations University)
Workshop#2: ICOD2022 - International Conference on Open
Data (ICOD): Open Data Challenges and Opportunities in Times of
Crisis and Growth!

60. CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ALL DATA …

61. DATA
CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ALL DATA …
DATA
CATEGORIES
SPECIFIC
DATASETS
DATA TYPE
AND FORMAT
DATA
DYNAMISM
DATA QUALITY
LINKED
DATA
SPATIAL
DATA
CITIZEN-
GENERATED
DATA
REAL-TIME
DATA
METADATA
QUALITY
QUALITY

62. DATA
CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ALL DATA …
DATA
CATEGORIES
SPECIFIC
DATASETS
DATA TYPE
AND FORMAT
DATA
DYNAMISM
DATA QUALITY
LINKED
DATA
SPATIAL
DATA
CITIZEN-
GENERATED
DATA
REAL-TIME
DATA
METADATA
QUALITY
QUALITY
!!!HISTORICAL
DATA ARE ALSO
IMPORTANT
OFTEN
IGNORED
!!! SYSTEM MUST SUPPORT THEM
& ACTORS (PROVIDERS & USERS)

63. +
=
https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Destruction_of_Despayre, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/georgefirican_data-dataquality-datamanagement-activity-7001229524768108544-v-ne/?originalSubdomain=mv, Historyin Objects: Death Star Plans Datacard • Lucasfilm, Video Analysis of an Exploding Death Star | WIRED

64. +
=
https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Destruction_of_Despayre, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/georgefirican_data-dataquality-datamanagement-activity-7001229524768108544-v-ne/?originalSubdomain=mv, Historyin Objects: Death Star Plans Datacard • Lucasfilm, Video Analysis of an Exploding Death Star | WIRED

65. CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ALL DATA …
!!! SYSTEM MUST SUPPORT THEM
& ACTORS (PROVIDERS & USERS)
OFTEN
IGNORED
OFTEN
IGNORED

66. CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ALL DATA …
Today - data provider can be data user,
and data user is the data provider
private-sector data to tackle
societal challenges - urban
mobility, public health, and
climate change → «Private
Data for Public Good»
(Verhulst et el., 2019)
Verhulst, S. G., Young, A., Winowatan, M., & Zahuranec, A. J. (2019). Leveraging private data for public good. Govlab.

67. CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ALL DATA …
!!! SYSTEM MUST SUPPORT THEM, INCL. FEATURES, SUPPORT, FEEDBACK, ENGAGEMENT
MECHANISMS
Today - data provider can be data user,
and data user is the data provider

68. Hackathon can be a valuable asset for the data owners to get feedback on the current state and identify opportunities for
improvement, which can sometimes be accompanied by recommendations - this information comes from real data users
making it possible to look at it from uers’s lens.
Hackathon can also serve as a part of the educational process raising open data literacy (open data literacy & digital literacy)
Nikiforova, A. (2022). Open data hackathon as a tool for increased engagement of Generation Z: to hack or not to hack?
Nikiforova, A. (2022). Gen Z open data hackathon–civic innovation with digital natives: to hack or not to hack. In EGOV-CeDEM-ePart 2022.
WORKSHOPS,
SEMINARS,
WEBINARS,
COURSES
DATA
COMPETITIONS,
DATATHONS,
HACKATHONS
MORE IMPORTANT
EVEN MORE IMPORTANT
NOT ONLY FOR USERS/
CONSUMER, BUT ALSO
PROVIDERS
Image source: https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/eu-datathon
HACKATHONS ON
SPECIFIC TOPICS
OR PREDEFINED
«CHALLENGES»
HACKATHONS
FOR SPECIFIC
TARGET GROUPS

69. ✓ OGD does help public sector organizations with crisis management &
OGD helps by providing a way to increase information availability and
dissemination
✓ in a crisis, when OGD is released, co-creation can naturally emerge
between stakeholders
✓ the OGD-driven co-created services primarily focus on information
dissemination and visualization contributing to the understandability of
data and a problem as a whole
✓ OGD enables new co-creation ecosystems, and these ecosystems allow
for different stakeholders to cooperate and co-create new services that
solve problems directly related to the management of a crisis
✓ the success of a given OGD co-creation ecosystem is highly dependent
on the presence of individual motivated actors with a higher level of
digital skills and competences, particularly those that enable them to
effectively work with OGD.
McBride, K., Nikiforova, A., Lnenicka, M. ‘The Role of Open Government
Data and Co-creation in Crisis Management: Initial Conceptual
Propositions from the COVID-19 Pandemic’. 1 Jan. 2023 : 219 – 238.

70. DEFINITION OF THE OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEM IN THE SMART CITY CONTEXT
Its main components are … DATA
PORTAL
Data portals, platforms, and other data repositories in the smart city & their administration and other public
authorities, which provide:
OGD - Open Government Data
OBD - Open Business Data
OCD - Open Citizen Data
OSD - Open Science Data
which are provided by other stakeholders and freely available for reuse.
THE EMERGING NEED FOR
SUSTAINABILITY OF PUBLIC
DATA ECOSYSTEMS

71. KEY DATA SOURCES AT THE SMART CITY LEVEL
OPEN DATA PORTAL
publishes data and their reuses
provides features to work with
them etc. (preview,
visualization, analyzes etc.)
SMART DATA PORTAL
publishes data relevant to smart
services and smart projects
GEODATA PORTAL
publishes spatial data in open
formats,
provides features and services
to work with them
IOT AND BIG DATA PORTAL
provides raw data and data
streams
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC PORTALS
such as smart education, smart
transportation, smart energy etc.
Less popular –
rather
exceptions
!!! The dynamics of the infrastructure is driven by information and data flows between these components that are represented
by datasets’ requests, downloads, their processing, sharing etc., whose intensity limits or enhances the flows in the ecosystem.
Less popular –
rather
exceptions

72. ATTENTION! UPCOMING CURRENT TREND
OPEN DATA PORTAL
publishes data and their reuses
provides features to work with
them etc. (preview,
visualization, analyzes etc.)
Source: https://blog.gitnux.com/data-visualization-trends/, https://explodingtopics.com/blog/data-visualization-trends
VISUALIZATION
TOP DATA VISUALIZATION TRENDS (2023-2025)
RULE#1: NO MORE STATIC VISUALIZATIONS
Interactive / Animated Visualizations
Real-time Data Visualizations
AI-powered Data Visualization
Storytelling with Data
Mobile-friendly Visualizations
Collaborative Visualizations
Geospatial Data Visualization
Multi-layered Visualizations
Gamification
You can also try Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality Visualizations

73. COMPONENTS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE OPEN
DATA ECOSYSTEM IN THE SMART CITY CONTEXT
Concepts that should be considered since they affect/
shape the ecosystem:
✓ stakeholders and their roles,
✓ phases of the data lifecycle, in which a stakeholder
participates in the ecosystem,
✓ technical and technological infrastructure,
✓ human capacities and skills of both providers and
consumers,
✓ smart city domains (thematic categories) as the targeted
areas for data reuse,
✓ externalities having an effect on goals, policy and
resources,
✓ level of (de)centralization of data sources – development,
restrictions,
✓ perception of importance and support from public
officials,
✓ user interface, user experience and usability.

74. TRANSPARENCY OF OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEMS IN SMART CITIES:
5 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
The definition of the open data ecosystem and its description aims to be general and includes all components we found. However, there can be identified some variations of this ecosystem based on the predominant
components of the data-centric and data-driven infrastructure.
Type of
data
ecosystem
Description
Type 1 The city’s OGD portal is the center of the data infrastructure and all OGD including those labeled as smart are published and centralized through it. For this
type of open data ecosystem, other websites that had previously provided open data or other services to access public sector information have been
replaced by the OGD portal. The focus is on datasets, providing features to work with them, reuse them, and making all data requests transparent at one
place.
Type 2 This type of ecosystem also usually has the OGD portal as the central point but there are also other portals and platforms that publish open data
The smart data portal and online city dashboards focusing on different dimensions such as transport, health, air quality etc. are important components of
this type of ecosystem
Type 3 A decentralized type of the ecosystem that includes many components such as OGD portal, smart data portal, geodata portal etc. - increases the
complexity of the ecosystem that is more difficult to manage and less usable for stakeholders.
Type 4 The smart city portal focused on projects and services is usually the center of this type of ecosystem but providing data and appropriate features to reuse
them is not the priority. Most services are developed by public sector organizations, research institutions or businesses and then provided to citizens.
Type 5 In addition to the city’s OGD portal there are other transparency-, participation-, collaboration-, and cooperation- oriented websites and portals to support
the formation and improvement of relations between stakeholders. This type of ecosystem is focused on processes to improve open data reuse

75. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE MATURITY
LEVEL
Current &
targeted
levels
Recommendations
Level #1 to
Level #2
✓ define formal procedures for publishing open data,
✓ document and communicate procedures with stakeholders,
✓ establish relationships between ecosystem components,
✓ establish or improve engagement of stakeholders.
Level #2 to
Level #3
✓ identify and implement actions and/or activities to involve
stakeholders and encourage them to reuse data,
✓ ensure possibility to provide feedback, collect it & use for
defining agenda,
✓ determine the current & improve the level of automation of
the open data ecosystem and its components.
Level #3 to
Level #4
✓ ensure that procedures are based on the best practices,
✓ constantly identify and monitor stakeholders & their needs,
✓ optimize components & relationships between them for the
city's environment & requirements & needs of stakeholders.
Level
Description
Level 1
(Developing)
No formal procedures for publishing open data, and the transparency efforts
fall to each data provider (publisher). Results in missing relationships
between the components of the ecosystem and no or low engagement of
stakeholders
Level 2
(Defined)
Formal procedures for publishing open data to be followed are defined,
documented, and communicated. Although the data infrastructure is
implemented, the processes of involving stakeholders to reuse open data are
lacking.
Level 3
(Managed)
Standardized processes to be followed. Open data ecosystem and its
components are mainly automated. Stakeholders are active in the ecosystem
and provide feedback to improve it.
Level 4
(Integrated)
Procedures are based on best practices. Components and relationships
between them are optimized for the city's environment & the requirements
and needs of stakeholders, which are constantly being monitored

76. PUBLIC DATA ECOSYSTEMS IN SMART CITIES
The open data ecosystem** in the smart city context can be defined as
«systematic efforts to integrate ICT and technologies into city life to deliver citizen-
centric, better-quality services, solutions to city problems with open data published
through the data-centric and data-driven infrastructure.»
• can also be viewed as a part of the transition to the knowledge economy
• also a part of a local e-government system, and is usually considered as one of the e-government services

77. DATA
DATA
PUBLISHER
DATA
USER
DATA
PORTAL
ENGAGE
MENT
PUBLIC
DATA
ECOSYSTEM

78. DATA
DATA
PUBLISHER
DATA
USER
DATA
PORTAL
ENGAGE
MENT
PUBLIC
DATA
ECOSYSTEM
IS THIS SUFFICIENT FOR A RESILIENT AND
SUSTAINABLE DATA ECOSYSTEM
THAT CONTRIBUTES TO SMARTIFICATION OF CITIES,
SOCIETY, LIFE?

79. DATA
DATA
PUBLISHER
DATA
USER
DATA
PORTAL
ENGAGE
MENT
PUBLIC
DATA
ECOSYSTEM
AND EVEN THIS IS OVERSIMPLIFIED IDEA

80. DATA USABILITY
✓ the trust in data
✓ their quality
✓ accuracy
✓ timeliness
✓ up-to-date’ness
✓ accessibility via API
✓ their value, incl. compliance with the
current trends (social, economic,
business & format) & identification and
opening of “high-value datasets” etc.
ICT INFRASTRUCTURE
Relevant ICT infrastructure from both
technological and managerial perspectives
with appropriate level of transparency is
crucial, as well as the level of skills, knowledge
and education forming both internet-and
digital literacy should be met by individuals
involved in both data supply and consumption
COOPERATION AND
COLLABORATION
considering actors dealing with the
data at different levels, mechanisms
enabling cooperation and collaboration
of different parties are needed, thereby
leading, and facilitating co-creation.

81. PUBLIC DATA ECOSYSTEM IS
NOT ABOUT THE DATA AND THE FINAL RESULT [data are opened],
BUT
ABOUT CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT,
WHERE THE DIRECTION IS SET BY CURRENT TRENDS AND
ALL STAKEHOLDERS & ACTORS INVOLVED
SUSTAINABLE OPEN DATA ECOSYSTEM IS A
COMPLEX SOCIOTECHNICAL PHENOMENON
- ACTIVE / DYNAMIC IN NATURE -
IS ABOUT MEANS, NOT AN END

82. Contact information:
Website: https://anastasijanikiforova.com/
Email: nikiforova.anastasija@gmail.com
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/anastasija-nikiforova-466b99b3/
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!

83. For further reading in case of interest…
✓ Nikiforova, A., Alor, M. A., & Lytras, M. D. (2022). The role of open data in transforming the society to Society 5.0: a resource or a tool for SDG-
compliant Smart Living?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.11784.
✓ Lnenicka, M., Nikiforova, A., Luterek, M., Azeroual, O., Ukpabi, D., Valtenbergs, V., & Machova, R. (2022). Transparency of open data ecosystems in
smart cities: Definition and assessment of the maturity of transparency in 22 smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 82, 103906.
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2021). Smarter open government data for society 5.0: are your open data smart enough?. Sensors, 21(15), 5204.
✓ McBride, K., Nikiforova, A., and Lnenicka, M. (2023) ‘The Role of Open Government Data and Co-Creation in Crisis Management: Initial Conceptual
Propositions from the COVID-19 Pandemic’, Information Polity, vol. Pre-press, 10.3233/IP-220057
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2023). Open Data Hackathon as a Tool for Increased Engagement of Generation Z: To Hack or Not to Hack?. In Electronic Governance
with Emerging Technologies. EGETC 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Cham.
✓ Nikiforova A., Zuiderwijk A. (2022) Barriers to openly sharing government data: towards an open data-adapted innovation resistance theory, In 15th
International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV 2022). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA,
215–220
✓ Tékouabou, S. C., Chenal, J., Azmi, R., Toulni, H., Diop, E. B., & Nikiforova, A. (2022). Identifying and Classifying Urban Data Sources for Machine
Learning-Based Sustainable Urban Planning and Decision Support Systems Development. Data, 7(12), 170.
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2020, October). Timeliness of open data in open government data portals through pandemic-related data: a long data way from the
publisher to the user. In 2020 Fourth International Conference on Multimedia Computing, Networking and Applications (MCNA) (pp. 131-138). IEEE.
✓ Lnenicka, M., & Nikiforova, A. (2021). Transparency-by-design: What is the role of open data portals?. Telematics and Informatics, 61, 101605.

84. Some references…
✓ Nikiforova, A., & Lnenicka, M. (2021). A multi-perspective knowledge-driven approach for analysis of the demand side of the Open Government Data
portal. Government Information Quarterly, 38(4), 101622.
✓ Nikiforova, A., & McBride, K. (2021). Open government data portal usability: A user-centred usability analysis of 41 open government data portals.
Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101539.
✓ Lněnička, M., Nikiforova, A., Saxena, S., & Singh, P. (2022). Investigation into the adoption of open government data among students: The behavioural
intention-based comparative analysis of three countries. Aslib Journal of Information Management.
✓ Nikiforova A. (2021) Towards enrichment of the open government data: a stakeholder-centered determination of high-value data sets for Latvia:
Stakeholder-centered determination of High-Value Open Government Data sets, 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic
Governance Proceedings, (ICEGOV 2021), October 6-8, 2021, Athens, Greece, ACM, New York, NY, USA
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2020). Comparative analysis of national open data portals or whether your portal is ready to bring benefits from open data. In IADIS
International Conference on ICT, Society and Human Beings (pp. 21-23)
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2020). Assessment of the usability of Latvia’s open data portal or how close are we to gaining benefits from open data. In IADIS 14th
International Conference on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction (pp. 51-28)
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2020). Definition and Evaluation of Data Quality: User-Oriented Data Object-Driven Approach to Data Quality Assessment. Baltic Journal
of Modern Computing, 8(3), 391-432
✓ Nikiforova, A. (2018). Open Data Quality Evaluation: A Comparative Analysis of Open Data in Latvia. Baltic Journal of ModernComputing, 6(4), 363-386.

85. Some more references…
▪ Van Loenen, B. (2022, February 2). A Pathway Towards an Sustainable Open Data Ecosystem. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5959342
▪ Wiener, M., Sommer, F. T., Ives, Z. G., Poldrack, R. A., & Litt, B. (2016). Enabling an open data ecosystem for the neurosciences. Neuron, 92(3), 617-621.
▪ Heimstädt, M., & Kelsey, T. (2014). The British Open Data Ecosystem.
▪ Kitsios, F., Kamariotou, M., & Grigoroudis, E. (2021). Digital Entrepreneurship Services Evolution: Analysis of Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Models for Open
Data Ecosystems. Sustainability, 13(21), 12183.
▪ Van Schalkwyk, F., Willmers, M., & McNaughton, M. (2016). Viscous open data: The roles of intermediaries in an open data ecosystem. Information Technology for
Development, 22(sup1), 68-83.
▪ Oliveira, M. I. S., & Lóscio, B. F. (2018). What is a Data Ecosystem? In: Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research
Governance in the Data Age - dgo '18 (pp. 1–9). New York: ACM.
▪ Wilson, L. (2019). Understanding the Data Ecosystem. In Data-driven Marketing Content (pp. 11–21). Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley.
▪ Araújo, A. C., Reis, L., & Sampaio, R. C. (2016). Do transparency and open data walk together? An analysis of initiatives in five Brazilian capitals. Media Studies, 7(14)
▪ Corrêa, A. S., Paula, E. C. D., Correa, P. L. P., & Silva, F. S. C. D. (2017). Transparency and open government data: a wide national assessment of data openness in Brazilian
local governments. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 11(1), 58-78.
▪ Tang, R., & Jiang, J. (2021). Characteristics of open government data (ogd) around the world: A country-based comparative meta-analysis. Data and Information
Management, 5(1), 11-26.
▪ Kleiman, F., Jansen, S. J., Meijer, S., & Janssen, M. (2023). Understanding civil servants' intentions to open data: factors influencing behavior to disclose data. Information
Technology & People.
▪ de Souza, A. A. C., d'Angelo, M. J., & Lima Filho, R. N. (2022). Effects of Predictors of Citizens' Attitudes and Intention to Use Open Government Data and Government 2.0.
Government Information Quarterly, 101663.
▪ Wang, V., & Shepherd, D. (2020). Exploring the extent of openness of open government data–A critique of open government datasets in the UK. Government Information
Quarterly, 37(1), 101405.