PSM

1. LUNG CANCER
TOPIC PRESENTED BY
RISHI KANNAN G S
ROLL NUMBER 106

2. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
● Known in industrial workers from late 19 th Century
● Later the major cause of lung cancer became increasing adoption of Cigerette Smoking first by
men later by women.
● According to WHO reports,the death rate due to lung cancer is increased 76 per cent in men
and 135 per cent in women.
● The total burden in any country is directly proportional to the amount and duration of
Cigerette Smoking
● Most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer deaths in 2020.
● Leading cause of Cancer related morbidity and mortality in men and third most in women .
● 3 to 4 times higher mortality rates in transitioned countries compared to transitioning
countries

3. SCENARIO IN INDIA
● The age standardised incidence rate of the
year 2020 was 8.4 per 100,000 population
● For men,the incidence was 7.8 per 100,000 .
● For women 3.1 per 100,000 population.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
1) Age and Sex
● About a third of lung cancer deaths occur below the
age of 65.
● Industrialized countries have more female incidence
than males.

5. RISK FACTORS
Smoking
● Smoking was suggested as a factor in 1920s. Two studies in India
showed that the lung cancer in smokers is 8.6 times higher than
non smokers
● Age starting to smoke, Number of Cigerettes smoked, Smoking
habits all will affect risk factors.
● Those who are Exposed to “Passive Smoking” are also at an
increased risk of developing Lung Cancer.
● Incidence reduction is obtained in Caessation of Smoking

6. ● The most noxious components of tobacco smoking are Carbon Monoxide and Nicotine.
● Tar is also a carcinogenic substance
● These components enhance blood coagulation and increased risk of Cardiovascular diseases.
● Reduction of threshold of ventricular fibrillation.

7. • There is no difference in tar and
Nicotine delivery between filter and
Non filter Cigerettes
• Bidi smokers have more risk of getting
lung cancer thanCigerette smokers

8. OTHER RISK FACTORS
✓Apart from smoking there are other
risk factors like air pollution,
radioactivity, occupational exposure to
asbestos,Arsenic and its
compounds,Chromates and Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons containing
compounds and Nickel bearing dusts.

9. PREVENTION
✓ PRIMARY PREVENTION
● The mostnd mportant step in primary prevention is
to control smoking.
● The control measures are Public education and
information,Legislative and restrictive
measures,Smoking cessation activities and
National,International Co ordination.

10. PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION
● The area of concentration is Young people and School
Children.
● Awareness about hazards of smoking through mass
media.
● National campaign might be required for the reach
into a huge number of people.

11. LEGISLATIVE AND RESTRICTIVE MEASURES
● Controls of sales promotion,Health warnings on
cigerette packets and Product description
showing yield of harmful substances.
● Restriction of smoking in public as well as in
workplace.
● Cigerette act 1975, Smoking is injurious to
health.(1976 April 1).2003 Cigerettes and other
tobacco products included in title.

12. SMOKING CESSATION ACTIVITIES
● In many countries over 90 per cent of people
who gave up smoking was on their own interest.
● The aim of most therapies would be relief from
abstinence symptoms.
(Sleeplessness,craving,Dizziness and
Constipation).

13. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CO
ORDINATION
● Since smoking is a world wide problem,It
requires co ordinated political and non Political
approaches at local,National, international
Levels.

14. SECONDARY PREVENTION
● Early detection of cases and their treatment
● Chest X Ray and sputum cytology for early
detection of lung cancer are the two methods.
● Screening for lung cancer is less attractive,more
expensive and Less potent than primary prevention.
● Effective treatment is yet to find

15. • The patients without treatments will survive only for 2 to
3 months.
The patients receiving combined chemotherapy will
✓
survive for 10 to 14 years
In the view of this, primary prevention is always better.
✓
The treatments helps to reduce pain in last days in the
✓
life of a patient.