micronutrient def. in adolescent pregnancy and its impact on offspring's risk of epigenetic programming of diseases

1. MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY IN ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND IMPACT
ON OFFSPRING’S RISK OF EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF DISEASE
A PROTOCOL FOR NARRATIVE REVIEW
PRESENTED
BY
BELLO LAWAL DANCHADI
AT
CENTRE FOR ADVANCED MEDICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING,
(CAMRET).
USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO.

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Statement of problem
• Justification
• Aims and objectives
• Methodology
• Some selected papers
• Summary
• References
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3. Introduction
• Micronutrients are essential vitamins and minerals, needed in trace amounts (Tam et
al., 2020).
• Micronutrients are essential component of the diet, necessary for normal cellular and
metabolic functions (Tam et al., 2020).
• Micronutrients deficiency nearly affect up to 2 billion peoples globally, about 30% of
the world’s population (WHO, 2014).
• Their deficiency during adolescent pregnancy can have significant implications for both
the mother and the offspring (Tam et al., 2020).
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4. Introduction cont’d
• Adolescent pregnancy refers to pregnancy in girls aged 10 to19 years (Diabelková
et al., 2023).
• Adolescent pregnancy constitute about 23% of disease arising from pregnancy
and childbirth, though it only represents 11% of all births worldwide (Tesfaye et
al., 2021).
• Micronutrients are involved in various physiological processes, including fetal
organ development, DNA synthesis, and immune function (Tam et al., 2020).
• Micronutrients deficiency increases the risk for a number of outcomes, in both
the offspring and the mother (Tesfaye et al., 2021). 4

5. Introduction cont’d
• Epigenetic programming: modifications in gene expression that occur due to
environmental influence (Vanhees et al., 2014).
• During pregnancy micronutrient deficiency can disrupt normal epigenetic
processes, leading to altered gene expression patterns in the offspring.
• These alterations can increase the risk of various diseases (Vanhees et al., 2014).
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6. Statement of problem
• Studies have shown that micronutrient deficiencies in adolescent pregnancies have
been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, (Christian & Stewart, 2010).
• Inadequate nutrition, limited healthcare access, and socioeconomic factors contribute
to this deficiency among adolescent mothers.
• Micronutrient deficiencies during critical periods can induce epigenetic changes,
altering gene expression and increasing the offspring's risk to future diseases
(Vanhees et al., 2014).
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7. Justification
• This review will determine the impact of micronutrient deficiency during
adolescent pregnancy on the offspring's risk of epigenetic programming of
diseases.
• However, the effects of micronutrients deficiency on the long-term health of the
offspring are not well understood.
• This review will explore the impact of micronutrient deficiency on the epigenetic
programming of diseases in the offspring of the adolescent mothers.
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8. Aims and Objectives
This narrative review aims
• To determine the prevalence and patterns of micronutrient deficiency among
pregnant adolescents.
• To understand the potential impact of micronutrient deficiency during adolescent
pregnancy on the epigenetic programming of diseases in offspring.
• To assess the long-term health outcomes and risks of offspring exposed to maternal
micronutrient deficiency during adolescent pregnancy.
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9. Objectives of this review
• Explore the mechanisms by which maternal micronutrient deficiency during
adolescent pregnancy may affect epigenetic programming in offspring.
• Determine the association between maternal micronutrient deficiency and the risk
of diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and
neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring.
• Provide recommendations for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and
stakeholders to address the issue of micronutrient deficiency in pregnant
adolescents and reduce the risk of epigenetic programming of diseases in
offspring.
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10. Methodology
• Study setting and design
• A narrative review will be done on available studies relating micronutrient deficiency,
adolescent pregnancy and epigenetic programming of disease.
• Data sources and search strategies
• Publications from the following databases and search Engines will be used:
• Google scholar
• PubMed
• Science direct
• Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Using the combination of the following terms: “Micronutrient/trace nutrient
deficiency” “Adolescent/teenage pregnancy” “Offspring” “Epigenetic programming”
“Disease/infection”. 10

11. Methodology cont’d
• Study selection:
• Inclusion criteria
• All published articles with available full texts linking micronutrient deficiency,
adolescent pregnancy and epigenetic programming.
• Exclusion criteria
• Articles not linking micronutrient deficiency with adolescent pregnancy.
• Articles not examining the outcome of micronutrient deficiency in teenage
pregnancy and the risk of epigenetic programming of disease in offspring.
• Articles published in languages other than English.
• Data extraction
• Studies that meet the inclusion criteria will be included and duplicate will be
removed using Mendeley.
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12. Some selected studies
Title Micronutrients observed Epigenetic diseases
developed
References
1. You are what you eat, and so
are your children: the
impact of micronutrients on
the epigenetic programming
of offspring
Vitamin B2, B6, B12, Folate,
Vitamin A, C, Chromium,
Iron, and Zinc.
Neural disorders Vanhees et al.,
2013
2. A prospective study of
micronutrient status in
adolescent pregnancy
Folate, vitamin B12, Vitamin
D and Iron.
Baker et al.,
2009
3. Determinants of
micronutrient deficiencies in
pregnant adolescents in
accra
Iron, folate, calcium,
phosphorus, zinc and
vitamin C.
Donkor-Adjei,
2020
4. Micronutrient deficiencies in
pregnancy worldwide:
Health effects and
prevention
Vitamin A, B6, C, D, Folic
acid, Iron, Iodine and Zinc.
Gernand et al.,
2016
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13. Summary
• Adolescent pregnancy refers to pregnancy in girls aged 10 to19 years.
• Micronutrient deficiency during adolescent pregnancy can have profound effects on
both the mother and the developing fetus.
• Adequate intake of micronutrients is crucial for proper organ formation, immune
system development, and brain function.
• Emerging evidence suggests that maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can
lead to epigenetic modifications in offspring, influencing their risk of developing
diseases later in life.
• Addressing and preventing micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant adolescents is of
great importance to reduce the potential long-term health risks for both mother and
child. 13

14. References
• Baker, P. N., Wheeler, S. J., Sanders, T. A., Thomas, J. E., Hutchinson, C. J., Clarke, K., Berry, J. L., Jones, R. L., Seed, P. T., and Poston, L.
(2009). A prospective study of micronutrient status in adolescent pregnancy 1 – 3. 2004(3), 1114–1124.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27097.INTRODUCTION.
• Christian, P., & Stewart, C. P. (2010). Maternal Micronutrient Deficiency , Fetal Development , and the Risk of Chronic Disease 1.
Journal of Nutrition, 140(3), 437–445. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.116327.437
• Diabelková, J., Rimárová, K., Dorko, E., Urdzík, P., Houžvičková, A., and Argalášová, Ľ. (2023). Adolescent Pregnancy Outcomes and Risk
Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005411.
• Programme, H. N., Programme, M. S., and Province, L. (2008). The prevalence of anaemia and selected micronutrient status in
pregnant teenagers of Polokwane Municipality in the Limpopo Province. 21(4), 332–336.
• Tam, E., Keats, E. C., Rind, F., Das, J. K., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Micronutrient Supplementation and Fortification Interventions on
Health and Development Outcomes among Children Under-Five in Low- and Middle- Income Countries : A Systematic Review.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020289.
• Tesfaye, A., Gerbaba, M., Tamiru, D., and Belachew, T. (2021). Undernutrition among Pregnant Adolescent, A scoping Review.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-912494/v1.
• Vanhees, K., Vonhögen, I. G. C., Van Schooten, F. J., and Godschalk, R. W. L. (2014). You are what you eat, and so are your children: The
impact of micronutrients on the epigenetic programming of offspring. In Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (Vol. 71, Issue 2, pp.
271–285). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1427-9
• WHO database on iodine deficiency disorders. Website accessed 23/5/ 2014. http://www.who.int/vmnis/iodine/data/en/index.html.
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15. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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