Proposing the use of a global probe based network of durable marine “laboratories” to quantify the global flux of dimethylsulfide across the sea/air interface
This was my final project for my sedimentary geology class. The task was to come up with an original research project that was based on a topic relevant to the environment.
James Lovelock proposed the Gaia hypothesis, which states that living organisms and their inorganic surroundings have evolved together as a single living system that actively regulates Earth's environment and climate to be suitable for life. He developed this theory in the 1960s while working for NASA, noting that the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere suggests the presence of life. The theory was controversial but gained support over time as mechanisms of planetary self-regulation like the carbon cycle were discovered. Gaia theory reconciles evolutionary biology and geology by proposing that evolution shapes the environment as well as organisms adapting to it, maintaining conditions suitable for life.
During the recent launch of a book I was able to briefly discuss a physicist about the existence of life on other planets.
One of his statements was that, if there were life on other planets, their DNA should be fundamentally different from life on Earth.
My opinion on the matter was completely different, and in this brief essay I present my arguments.
The case for_a_gaian_bottleneck_the_biology_of_habitabilitySérgio Sacani
De acordo com os astrobiólogos Charley Lineweaver e Aditya Chorpa, a vida em outros planetas provavelmente tem sido breve e tornou-se extinta rapidamente.
“O universo é provavelmente preenchido com planetas habitáveis, e muitos cientistas acreditam que esses planetas são habitados por alienígenas. O início da vida é algo frágil, por isso, nós acreditamos que ela raramente se desenvolve rápida o suficiente para sobreviver”, disse o Dr. Chopra, que é o primeiro autor de um artigo publicado na revista Astrobiology.
“A maioria dos ambientes planetários iniciais são instáveis. Para se produzir um planeta habitável, a forma de vida precisa regular os gases de efeito estuda, bem como a água e o dióxido de carbono para manter a temperatura da superfície estável”.
A cerca de 4 bilhões de anos atrás, a Terra e os outros planetas terrestres no nosso Sistema Solar podiam ter sido todos habitáveis.
This document summarizes key concepts from the book "Landscape Ecology in Action" by Almo Farina. It discusses the origins and definition of landscape ecology, approaches to scaling landscapes, and different types of landscapes including skyscapes, waterscapes, terrestrial landscapes categorized by biotic and abiotic processes, and vertical/suspended landscapes. The conclusion emphasizes that the book provides a detailed description of landscape ecology and can help landscape architects, planners, and geographers better understand how to apply its concepts in practice.
Week 4.1 microclimates and microclimatologyEmma Carson
This document provides an overview of microclimates and microclimatology. It defines a microclimate as a climate within a small, spatially defined area that can be differentiated from the surrounding climate. Microclimates are influenced by various inputs like solar radiation, wind, and moisture. The document discusses how humans interact with and alter microclimates. It also outlines the study of microclimatology, including cases examining urban heat islands, plant habitats, and the microclimate impacts of infrastructure like the Sphinx of Giza.
The document outlines plans for a proposed deployable plant habitat on Mars as a precursor to human missions. It would contain various plant species and fungi in a closed ecosystem to test viability of oxygen production and food growth. The habitat would be transported collapsed and inflated on Mars, using local resources and sustainable design. Sensors would monitor plant health and environment, with data transmitted to Earth for research and public engagement through virtual simulations.
Climate Change and Wilderness - A Scottish PerspectiveforestryCommission
The document discusses the impacts of climate change from a Scottish perspective. It notes that the effects of releasing fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere will persist for hundreds of thousands of years. Comparison of modern temperatures with paleoclimate data suggests the planet is currently at its warmest in the past one million years, constituting dangerous climate change. The impacts of climate change are already being observed globally through rising temperatures and sea levels as well as decreasing snowfall.
The document discusses several topics related to the environment:
1. The Gaia hypothesis proposes that life influences the environment to maintain conditions suitable for life, such as algae affecting climate through carbon dioxide and rainfall. However, few scientists accept that life deliberately controls the environment.
2. Urbanization is increasing as more people live in cities due to population and technology changes. This affects the environment through loss of habitats and increase in paved areas. By 2025, an estimated 67% of people will live in urban areas.
3. Deciding how to address environmental problems involves both scientific knowledge and values like the ecological, aesthetic, and moral value of the environment. These values influence differing views on issues like coal power
James Lovelock proposed the Gaia hypothesis, which states that living organisms and their inorganic surroundings have evolved together as a single living system that actively regulates Earth's environment and climate to be suitable for life. He developed this theory in the 1960s while working for NASA, noting that the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere suggests the presence of life. The theory was controversial but gained support over time as mechanisms of planetary self-regulation like the carbon cycle were discovered. Gaia theory reconciles evolutionary biology and geology by proposing that evolution shapes the environment as well as organisms adapting to it, maintaining conditions suitable for life.
During the recent launch of a book I was able to briefly discuss a physicist about the existence of life on other planets.
One of his statements was that, if there were life on other planets, their DNA should be fundamentally different from life on Earth.
My opinion on the matter was completely different, and in this brief essay I present my arguments.
The case for_a_gaian_bottleneck_the_biology_of_habitabilitySérgio Sacani
De acordo com os astrobiólogos Charley Lineweaver e Aditya Chorpa, a vida em outros planetas provavelmente tem sido breve e tornou-se extinta rapidamente.
“O universo é provavelmente preenchido com planetas habitáveis, e muitos cientistas acreditam que esses planetas são habitados por alienígenas. O início da vida é algo frágil, por isso, nós acreditamos que ela raramente se desenvolve rápida o suficiente para sobreviver”, disse o Dr. Chopra, que é o primeiro autor de um artigo publicado na revista Astrobiology.
“A maioria dos ambientes planetários iniciais são instáveis. Para se produzir um planeta habitável, a forma de vida precisa regular os gases de efeito estuda, bem como a água e o dióxido de carbono para manter a temperatura da superfície estável”.
A cerca de 4 bilhões de anos atrás, a Terra e os outros planetas terrestres no nosso Sistema Solar podiam ter sido todos habitáveis.
This document summarizes key concepts from the book "Landscape Ecology in Action" by Almo Farina. It discusses the origins and definition of landscape ecology, approaches to scaling landscapes, and different types of landscapes including skyscapes, waterscapes, terrestrial landscapes categorized by biotic and abiotic processes, and vertical/suspended landscapes. The conclusion emphasizes that the book provides a detailed description of landscape ecology and can help landscape architects, planners, and geographers better understand how to apply its concepts in practice.
Week 4.1 microclimates and microclimatologyEmma Carson
This document provides an overview of microclimates and microclimatology. It defines a microclimate as a climate within a small, spatially defined area that can be differentiated from the surrounding climate. Microclimates are influenced by various inputs like solar radiation, wind, and moisture. The document discusses how humans interact with and alter microclimates. It also outlines the study of microclimatology, including cases examining urban heat islands, plant habitats, and the microclimate impacts of infrastructure like the Sphinx of Giza.
The document outlines plans for a proposed deployable plant habitat on Mars as a precursor to human missions. It would contain various plant species and fungi in a closed ecosystem to test viability of oxygen production and food growth. The habitat would be transported collapsed and inflated on Mars, using local resources and sustainable design. Sensors would monitor plant health and environment, with data transmitted to Earth for research and public engagement through virtual simulations.
Climate Change and Wilderness - A Scottish PerspectiveforestryCommission
The document discusses the impacts of climate change from a Scottish perspective. It notes that the effects of releasing fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere will persist for hundreds of thousands of years. Comparison of modern temperatures with paleoclimate data suggests the planet is currently at its warmest in the past one million years, constituting dangerous climate change. The impacts of climate change are already being observed globally through rising temperatures and sea levels as well as decreasing snowfall.
The document discusses several topics related to the environment:
1. The Gaia hypothesis proposes that life influences the environment to maintain conditions suitable for life, such as algae affecting climate through carbon dioxide and rainfall. However, few scientists accept that life deliberately controls the environment.
2. Urbanization is increasing as more people live in cities due to population and technology changes. This affects the environment through loss of habitats and increase in paved areas. By 2025, an estimated 67% of people will live in urban areas.
3. Deciding how to address environmental problems involves both scientific knowledge and values like the ecological, aesthetic, and moral value of the environment. These values influence differing views on issues like coal power
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with us (200 dpi)Tim Helble
This presentation looks at several cases where it can be readily demonstrated that the young earth creation ministries are not being honest with their Christian audience.
Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...Tim Helble
This presentation uses the Coconino Sandstone to evaluate the question of whether it is quantitatively reasonable for sedimentary formations to have been deposited by Noah's Flood.
The semester project involves creating a Planetline path through 10 Biology-related locations. Each location must be described in a paragraph and connected to a course concept. Two locations must relate to recent Biology news, one must involve a Biology event attended, and 4-5 locations should include photos, references, or both. An example path includes locations like a grocery store discussing GMOs, a wetland discussing ecosystem services, and an apiary involving pollination and mutualism.
Main points of The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient EarthTimothy Helble
This presentation presents the 177 main points of the book "The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient Earth, Can Noah's Flood Explain the Grand Canyon?" 120 of the main points are direct refutations of flood geology, most of the remaining ones can be considered to be indirect refutations of flood geology. This presentation was compiled by Tim Helble, one of the editors and authors of the book and has been coordinated with the other 10 authors.
Are we witnessing the emergence of a new geological epoch?
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Lecture 2 anthropogenic climate change - the current state of knowledge and...polylsgiedx
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and how the Earth's climate system works. It then discusses evidence of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document addresses skepticism around human-caused climate change and argues that climate science has been thoroughly tested and validated through induction, deduction, and consistency of evidence from multiple independent sources. It outlines how doubt has been deliberately spread by certain groups for political or economic reasons, similar to how the tobacco industry denied the health risks of smoking. In the end, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that human activity such as fossil fuel burning is disrupting the
Lattice Energy LLC-300 Nanoseconds in Life of an LENR-active Patch-Feb 29 2012Lewis Larsen
The following information may be helpful insofar as providing insight into the 100-year ‘checkered’ history of LENRs as well as a much more detailed working knowledge of how LENR-active ‘patches’ operate on condensed matter surfaces where Born-Oppenheimer breaks down and the otherwise distant chemical and nuclear energy realms can, under exactly the right conditions, occasionally come together.
The earth: A Lost Planet from another Universeoyepata
This article proposes the theory that Earth originated from another universe and is a stranger in our current universe. It suggests Earth's unique composition and ability to support life, unlike any other known planets, is evidence that it formed under different conditions in its original universe. The article speculates that an imbalance of forces in Earth's parent universe caused it to explode, scattering fragments like Earth that were captured by other universes like our own. It concludes that exploring explanations for Earth's origin could provide insight into why life and the planet are so uniquely suited to support intelligent life.
The document discusses current research in the field of astrobiology. It covers research being done on Mars, Enceladus, and Titan to discover evidence of ancient or current life. On Mars, methane pulses detected by the Curiosity rover could potentially be produced by methanogens living underground. Enceladus shows signs of hydrothermal activity and a subsurface ocean, conditions that could support life. Titan, with its liquid hydrocarbon seas, may be able to support a hypothetical form of life called an azotosome, which could use nitrogen-based membranes instead of cell walls. The document argues that expanding our understanding of possible forms life could take is important for continuing progress in the search for life beyond Earth.
The document discusses the Earth as a system comprised of interacting components or spheres. It defines systems and the key differences between open and closed systems. The Earth system involves the constant exchange of matter and energy between four main spheres - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Each of these spheres affects the others through the transfer of energy and matter across their boundaries, causing the entire Earth system to act as an open, interconnected system.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
The document discusses several key aspects of life and its origins:
1) It defines some key properties of life including order, reproduction, growth and development, energy utilization, homeostasis, and evolutionary adaptation.
2) It discusses early theories on the origins of life from the 19th century idea of supernatural creation to 20th century ideas of natural spontaneous generation and chemical evolution.
3) It outlines several theories proposed by scientists to explain the chemical evolution of life on Earth, including panspermia, RNA world, and environments like deep sea vents that could have supported early life.
The document discusses the Earth system and its four interacting spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each sphere and how they interact. For example, the biosphere releases and absorbs gases that impact the atmosphere through photosynthesis and respiration. Water cycles between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through evaporation and precipitation. Rock breakdown through weathering transfers nutrients between the geosphere and hydrosphere.
Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support lifeSimple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life.
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life.
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
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Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
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Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
Lynn Margulis - Meetup Presentation by Jim Lauriebio4climate
Our restoration ecologist Jim Laurie shares some of the revolutionary ideas developed by Lynn Margulis on the deep relationship among microbes, and all life including humans. Join us as we explore the importance of microbial activity to restoring ecosystems and reversing global warming.
Meetup hosted by Biodiversity for a Livable Climate on Sunday, June 14th, 2015. Learn more about our organization at www.bio4climate.org.
5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)Jimmica Demiar
This document discusses life on Earth and the possibility of life beyond Earth. It covers the major phases in the history of the universe from the formation of galaxies and stars to the emergence of life and human civilization. It also discusses theories of chemical and biological evolution on Earth and the potential for alternative biochemistries to develop on other worlds. The document notes that life exists with certainty only on Earth but that the building blocks of life are widespread in the universe. It explores possibilities for detecting signs of extraterrestrial intelligence through radio communication.
1) Early life on Earth likely originated between 4-3.5 billion years ago as simple prokaryotic cells without nuclei. 2) Around 2.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria evolved that could produce oxygen through photosynthesis, gradually changing the atmosphere. 3) Eukaryotic cells with nuclei and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and archaea.
The document discusses various therapies for delaying and preventing aging. It summarizes studies on the effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment in healthy elderly individuals and adults with GH deficiency. While GH treatment was shown to increase lean body mass and decrease fat mass, it also increased risks of adverse effects like edema, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The effects of GH treatment on longevity and disability prevention were unclear based on studies presented. Vitamin D and DHEA were also mentioned as potential therapies but not described in detail.
This presentation was made by me when I was studying my Masters from TERI. I Chose this topic because everyone was talking about warming and this was little different and interesting.
This document contains common English words in no particular order. It lists various pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions and other parts of speech but does not form complete sentences or convey a clear idea. The words on their own provide little meaningful information.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with us (200 dpi)Tim Helble
This presentation looks at several cases where it can be readily demonstrated that the young earth creation ministries are not being honest with their Christian audience.
Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...Tim Helble
This presentation uses the Coconino Sandstone to evaluate the question of whether it is quantitatively reasonable for sedimentary formations to have been deposited by Noah's Flood.
The semester project involves creating a Planetline path through 10 Biology-related locations. Each location must be described in a paragraph and connected to a course concept. Two locations must relate to recent Biology news, one must involve a Biology event attended, and 4-5 locations should include photos, references, or both. An example path includes locations like a grocery store discussing GMOs, a wetland discussing ecosystem services, and an apiary involving pollination and mutualism.
Main points of The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient EarthTimothy Helble
This presentation presents the 177 main points of the book "The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient Earth, Can Noah's Flood Explain the Grand Canyon?" 120 of the main points are direct refutations of flood geology, most of the remaining ones can be considered to be indirect refutations of flood geology. This presentation was compiled by Tim Helble, one of the editors and authors of the book and has been coordinated with the other 10 authors.
Are we witnessing the emergence of a new geological epoch?
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Lecture 2 anthropogenic climate change - the current state of knowledge and...polylsgiedx
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and how the Earth's climate system works. It then discusses evidence of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document addresses skepticism around human-caused climate change and argues that climate science has been thoroughly tested and validated through induction, deduction, and consistency of evidence from multiple independent sources. It outlines how doubt has been deliberately spread by certain groups for political or economic reasons, similar to how the tobacco industry denied the health risks of smoking. In the end, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that human activity such as fossil fuel burning is disrupting the
Lattice Energy LLC-300 Nanoseconds in Life of an LENR-active Patch-Feb 29 2012Lewis Larsen
The following information may be helpful insofar as providing insight into the 100-year ‘checkered’ history of LENRs as well as a much more detailed working knowledge of how LENR-active ‘patches’ operate on condensed matter surfaces where Born-Oppenheimer breaks down and the otherwise distant chemical and nuclear energy realms can, under exactly the right conditions, occasionally come together.
The earth: A Lost Planet from another Universeoyepata
This article proposes the theory that Earth originated from another universe and is a stranger in our current universe. It suggests Earth's unique composition and ability to support life, unlike any other known planets, is evidence that it formed under different conditions in its original universe. The article speculates that an imbalance of forces in Earth's parent universe caused it to explode, scattering fragments like Earth that were captured by other universes like our own. It concludes that exploring explanations for Earth's origin could provide insight into why life and the planet are so uniquely suited to support intelligent life.
The document discusses current research in the field of astrobiology. It covers research being done on Mars, Enceladus, and Titan to discover evidence of ancient or current life. On Mars, methane pulses detected by the Curiosity rover could potentially be produced by methanogens living underground. Enceladus shows signs of hydrothermal activity and a subsurface ocean, conditions that could support life. Titan, with its liquid hydrocarbon seas, may be able to support a hypothetical form of life called an azotosome, which could use nitrogen-based membranes instead of cell walls. The document argues that expanding our understanding of possible forms life could take is important for continuing progress in the search for life beyond Earth.
The document discusses the Earth as a system comprised of interacting components or spheres. It defines systems and the key differences between open and closed systems. The Earth system involves the constant exchange of matter and energy between four main spheres - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Each of these spheres affects the others through the transfer of energy and matter across their boundaries, causing the entire Earth system to act as an open, interconnected system.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
The document discusses several key aspects of life and its origins:
1) It defines some key properties of life including order, reproduction, growth and development, energy utilization, homeostasis, and evolutionary adaptation.
2) It discusses early theories on the origins of life from the 19th century idea of supernatural creation to 20th century ideas of natural spontaneous generation and chemical evolution.
3) It outlines several theories proposed by scientists to explain the chemical evolution of life on Earth, including panspermia, RNA world, and environments like deep sea vents that could have supported early life.
The document discusses the Earth system and its four interacting spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each sphere and how they interact. For example, the biosphere releases and absorbs gases that impact the atmosphere through photosynthesis and respiration. Water cycles between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through evaporation and precipitation. Rock breakdown through weathering transfers nutrients between the geosphere and hydrosphere.
Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support lifeSimple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Planet Earth and its properties necessary to support life.
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the Solar System with properties necessary to support life.
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
Lynn Margulis - Meetup Presentation by Jim Lauriebio4climate
Our restoration ecologist Jim Laurie shares some of the revolutionary ideas developed by Lynn Margulis on the deep relationship among microbes, and all life including humans. Join us as we explore the importance of microbial activity to restoring ecosystems and reversing global warming.
Meetup hosted by Biodiversity for a Livable Climate on Sunday, June 14th, 2015. Learn more about our organization at www.bio4climate.org.
5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)Jimmica Demiar
This document discusses life on Earth and the possibility of life beyond Earth. It covers the major phases in the history of the universe from the formation of galaxies and stars to the emergence of life and human civilization. It also discusses theories of chemical and biological evolution on Earth and the potential for alternative biochemistries to develop on other worlds. The document notes that life exists with certainty only on Earth but that the building blocks of life are widespread in the universe. It explores possibilities for detecting signs of extraterrestrial intelligence through radio communication.
1) Early life on Earth likely originated between 4-3.5 billion years ago as simple prokaryotic cells without nuclei. 2) Around 2.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria evolved that could produce oxygen through photosynthesis, gradually changing the atmosphere. 3) Eukaryotic cells with nuclei and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and archaea.
The document discusses various therapies for delaying and preventing aging. It summarizes studies on the effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment in healthy elderly individuals and adults with GH deficiency. While GH treatment was shown to increase lean body mass and decrease fat mass, it also increased risks of adverse effects like edema, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The effects of GH treatment on longevity and disability prevention were unclear based on studies presented. Vitamin D and DHEA were also mentioned as potential therapies but not described in detail.
This presentation was made by me when I was studying my Masters from TERI. I Chose this topic because everyone was talking about warming and this was little different and interesting.
This document contains common English words in no particular order. It lists various pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions and other parts of speech but does not form complete sentences or convey a clear idea. The words on their own provide little meaningful information.
The document announces the 5th edition of the Endocrine Witch conference to be held on June 4-5, 2015 in Paris. It provides details about the conference such as websites, social media accounts, and that the speaker Carlos Francisco will present on "Babaylan, Ang Manggagamot". It also lists the roles of an endocrinologist as a clinician, educator, manager, researcher, and social mobilizer and includes the hashtag #healthXPH.
The document discusses the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial and its results. The DPP was a major clinical trial that compared intensive lifestyle intervention, metformin treatment, and placebo in people with prediabetes. The key results were that intensive lifestyle intervention reduced the risk of developing diabetes by 58% over 3 years, while metformin reduced risk by 31%. A follow up study called the DPP Outcomes Study found that lifestyle intervention continued to have a protective effect against diabetes over 10 years. The results demonstrated that type 2 diabetes can be prevented through modest weight loss and increased physical activity.
This is a presentation that was given at several conferences in 2005, it details the effects of DMSP on the taste and smell of abalone and what can be done to mitigate it.
This document discusses identifying local copepod species from the Mlalazi estuary in South Africa that can be used as live feed for fish larvae. Currently, South African fish hatcheries rely on imported live feed, but copepods are a desirable natural food source for fish larvae due to their nutrition. This study treated copepods from the Mlalazi estuary with different temperature and salinity levels to determine which species are most robust, as the first step to identifying suitable local copepods that can replace imported live feeds and improve fish larvae production.
Abstract: The Use of Sub-Tropical East Coast Copepod Species as Live Feed for...
Similar to Proposing the use of a global probe based network of durable marine “laboratories” to quantify the global flux of dimethylsulfide across the sea/air interface
This document proposes a Venus atmospheric sample return mission to address questions from the Planetary Science Decadal Survey about potential life in other planetary habitats and understanding greenhouse processes. The mission would collect samples from Venus' lower atmosphere and clouds to analyze for evidence of microbial life and isotope ratios to study greenhouse effects. Two concepts are proposed: one uses a balloon to ascend and collect samples, while the other deploys a solar-powered aircraft. Both concepts face challenges from Venus' extreme environment but could provide insights into life and climate.
This article discusses findings from the MESSENGER spacecraft revealing details about Mercury's dynamic atmosphere. The spacecraft found that Mercury's polar regions contain large amounts of water ice, fulfilling predictions. However, measurements also surprisingly showed that the laser altimeter detected very low reflectance of Mercury's surface in polar regions, indicating it is coated in a dark, absorbing material in addition to water ice. Further studies are needed to understand the nature and origin of this dark material.
Presentation using a pair of books to expand possibilities inherent in chemical and electromagnetic interaction leading to some wider speculation about the role the rich structure of H₂O has had and continues to have in shaping Life of this planet. Consequent linkage to persistent themes within our Supervenience project and wider orbit.
Large-scale Volcanism and the Heat Death of Terrestrial WorldsSérgio Sacani
This document discusses the potential for large igneous provinces (LIPs) to cause the "heat death" of terrestrial planets through massive volcanic eruptions that overwhelm the climate system. It examines the timing of LIP events on Earth to estimate the likelihood of nearly simultaneous eruptions. Statistical analysis of Earth's LIP record finds that eruptions within 0.1-1 million years of each other are likely. Simultaneous LIPs could have driven Venus into a runaway greenhouse effect like its current state. The timing of LIP events on Earth provides insight into potential past LIP activity on Venus that may have ended its hypothesized earlier temperate climate.
Venus’ Atmospheric Chemistry and Cloud Characteristics Are Compatible with Ve...Sérgio Sacani
Venus is Earth’s sister planet, with similar mass and density but an uninhabitably hot surface, an atmosphere with a
water activity 50–100 times lower than anywhere on Earths’ surface, and clouds believed to be made of concentrated sulfuric acid. These features have been taken to imply that the chances of finding life on Venus are
vanishingly small, with several authors describing Venus’ clouds as ‘‘uninhabitable,’’ and that apparent signs of life
there must therefore be abiotic, or artefactual. In this article, we argue that although many features of Venus can
rule out the possibility that Earth life could live there, none rule out the possibility of all life based on what we
know of the physical principle of life on Earth. Specifically, there is abundant energy, the energy requirements for
retaining water and capturing hydrogen atoms to build biomass are not excessive, defenses against sulfuric acid are
conceivable and have terrestrial precedent, and the speculative possibility that life uses concentrated sulfuric acid as
a solvent instead of water remains. Metals are likely to be available in limited supply, and the radiation environment
is benign. The clouds can support a biomass that could readily be detectable by future astrobiology-focused space
missions from its impact on the atmosphere. Although we consider the prospects for finding life on Venus to be
speculative, they are not absent. The scientific reward from finding life in such an un-Earthlike environment
justifies considering how observations and missions should be designed to be capable of detecting life if it is there.
Key Words: Venus—Life—Astrobiology—Habitability—Acidity—Aridity. Astrobiology 23, xxx–xxx.
Anthropogenic Global Warming A Skeptical Point Of ViewSabrina Baloi
There is enough uncertainty in our understanding of the climate system and its many feedback mechanisms that many scientists remain skeptical about the degree to which human activity is contributing to current climate change. While rising carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures are well established, the relationship between the two on shorter timescales is still debated. Climate models aim to predict future climate changes but have limitations due to incomplete knowledge and the sensitivity of results to initial conditions. When assessing claims of climate change impacts, it is important to consider natural climate cycles and solar influences that science does not fully understand. Due to this complexity and uncertainty, many scientists remain skeptical that humans are the primary cause of recent climate change.
Genomic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of marine ecology in three key ways:
1) They have provided a more unbiased view of marine diversity and evolution by revealing substantial genetic diversity between organisms that were previously thought to be identical based on marker genes alone. This diversity reflects different modes of adaptation to ecological niches.
2) Comparative genomics has shown that horizontal gene transfer, not just vertical inheritance, is a major driver of prokaryotic evolution in the ocean. It allows microbes to rapidly acquire new genes from other domains to adapt to their environment.
3) While genomics provides novel insights into marine organisms' biology and evolution, integrating this reductionist knowledge into holistic concepts that explain
The document discusses middle range theory in archaeology. Middle range theory aims to connect raw archaeological data to broader conclusions about human behavior in the past. It seeks to develop testable theories that are abstract enough for generalization but grounded in empirical evidence. While archaeologists initially applied middle range theory haphazardly, it has the potential to play an important role in the future by refocusing research on theoretical issues and human behavior rather than just interpretation. However, more work needs to be done to further define middle range theory in archaeology.
Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applica...Sérgio Sacani
One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for this
optimistic scenario is the high deuterium to hydrogen ratio from the Pioneer Venus mission that was
interpreted to imply Venus had a shallow ocean's worth of water throughout much of its history. Another
view is that Venus had a long-lived (∼100 million years) primordial magma ocean with a CO2 and steam
atmosphere. Venus' long-lived steam atmosphere would sufficient time to dissociate most of the water
vapor, allow significant hydrogen escape, and oxidize the magma ocean. A third scenario is that Venus had
surface water and habitable conditions early in its history for a short period of time (<1 Gyr), but that a
moist/runaway greenhouse took effect because of a gradually warming Sun, leaving the planet desiccated
ever since. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate the viability of the first scenario using the
few observational constraints available.We further speculate that large igneous provinces and the global
resurfacing hundreds of millions of years ago played key roles in ending the clement period in its history
and presenting the Venus we see today. The results have implications for what astronomers term “the
habitable zone,” and if Venus-like exoplanets exist with clement conditions akin to modern Earth, we
propose to place them in what we term the “optimistic Venus zone.”
This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity. Ocean acidification is close to being breached, while aerosol loading regionally exceeds the boundary. Stratospheric ozone levels have slightly recovered. The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped. As primary production drives Earth system biosphere functions, human appropriation of net primary production is proposed as a control variable for functional biosphere integrity. This boundary is also transgressed. Earth system modeling of different levels of the transgression of the climate and land system change boundaries illustrates that these anthropogenic impacts on Earth system must be considered in a systemic context.
Publication date: 13th September 2023
Required Resources
https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/news/current.html
https://www.congress.gov/
https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process
Geobiology is the study of the interactions that occur between the biosphere and the geosphere. It must include elements of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere. When I looked up geobiology a lot of the articles came up about climate change.
Geologists think of the last 50 million years as the recent past, both because they represents only about one percent of the age of the earth. As well as because plate tectonics, the geologic process that controls conditions within the solid part of the earth, has operated without major change during that time period. This is the time period that is most relevant to gaining insights about earth’s climate. Which can be applied to the present-day global warming. Geological record of ancient climate is good. Ancient temperatures can be determined very precisely, because the composition of the shells of corals and other marine organisms varies measurably with it. The plants and animals that lived during a given time and are now preserved as fossils indicate whether the climate was wet or dry. Overall climatic trend has been cooling, from an unusually warm period. This is called the Eocene Optimum. Before like 55-45 million years ago, there was a cool period, colloquially called the Ice Age. It ended just 20,000 years ago. The overall range in temperature was huge it was about 35°F. During the Eocene Optimum it was warm that Antarctica was ice-free. The ice caps did not start to form there until about 35 million years ago. Palm trees grew at high latitudes. As well cold-blooded animals, such as crocodiles, lived in the Arctic. The earth’s climate is highly variable. During the Eocene Optimum and the Ice Age, though in both cases life was more abundant in some parts of the world than in others. The fossil record indicates that forests were common during the Eocence Optimum. But in some areas were vegetated steppes and deserts. While the great glaciers of the Ice Age were lifeless, extremely large mammals inhabited lower latitudes. Some species adapted and others went extinct. Climate during the Ice Age was unstable. Many swings of more than 10°F. The Milankovitch cycles, which is a cycle due to the gravitational influence of the moon and planets. The timing of these swings closely follows regular fluctuations in the tilt of the earth’s axis and the shape of its orbit around the sun. The magnitude can be reliably calculated.
Another article stated that the a changing climate has been the norm throughout the 4.6 billion year history of the Earth. Recent geological past, climate swings have given us repeated glaciations separated by warmer intervals. Climate is intimately connected to the evolution of life, to the erosion and formation of rocks, and even to the generation of mountains. The connections is the transfer of carbon from one place is a process known as.
Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms evidence from paleoclimatesim8283
This paper uses climate modeling, paleoclimate data, and modern observations to investigate the impacts of rapid ice melt from Antarctica and Greenland on global climate. The modeling finds that meltwater injection leads to ocean stratification, which retains heat at depth and promotes further ice shelf melting. This causes surface cooling in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic, increasing Earth's energy imbalance and ocean heat uptake. The paleoclimate data from the last interglacial period provides evidence that these processes occurred when Earth was slightly warmer, resulting in rapid sea level rise and extreme storms. Modern observations also show signs that these impacts may already be underway due to human-caused climate change.
Interplanetary Climate Change - Prof. Dr. Alexey DmitrievExopolitics Hungary
This document discusses interplanetary climate change and transformations occurring within the solar system and on Earth. Recent events provide evidence that the solar system is experiencing large-scale planetophysical changes caused by the influx of energetic material from interstellar space. This has led to transformations on other planets and changes in the sun's behavior. On Earth, the geomagnetic field is inverting and climate instability is increasing, as the biosphere adapts to these new conditions. Understanding these fundamental changes is important for achieving balance with the renewing flow of planetophysical states.
Coral Reefs: Challenges, Opportunities and Evolutionary Strategies for Surviv...rsmahabir
Coral reefs are one of the most diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. They are renowned hotspots of species biodiversity and provide home to a large array of marine plants and animals. Over the past 100 years, many tropical regions’ sea surface temperatures have increased by almost 1 °C and are currently increasing at about 1–2 °C per century. Corals have very specific thermal thresholds beyond which their temperature sensitive symbiont Zooxanthellae becomes affected and causes corals to bleach. Mass bleaching has already caused significant losses to live coral in many parts of the world. In the Caribbean, the problem of coral bleaching has especially been problematic, with as much as 90% bleaching in some parts of the Caribbean due to thermal anomalies in some instances. This paper looks at the key role that temperature plays in the health and spatial distribution of coral in the Caribbean. The relationship between coral and symbiont is examined along with some evolutionary strategies necessary to ensure the future survival of coral with the changing climate.
Microbial habitability of Europa sustained by radioactive sources Sérgio Sacani
This document summarizes a scientific report that models the potential for microbial life in Europa's subsurface ocean, sustained by energy from radioactive decay. The model proposes that radiation from uranium, thorium, and potassium in the seabed could produce sulfate through water radiolysis, similar to how bacteria thrive in deep mines on Earth. Calculations show that sulfate production could meet the energy demands of sulfate-reducing bacteria, like those found 2.8 km below Earth's surface. The model provides a framework to further evaluate habitability in icy moons through radioactive sources and future exploration.
This document discusses research on the effects of rising ocean temperatures on coral reefs. It summarizes three sources that studied coral bleaching. One source used models to project bleaching through 2100 under different scenarios and found most models predicted high bleaching, though corals may adapt. Another surveyed coral at a atoll in 1998 and 2013, finding higher living coral, suggesting adaptation. The third modeled bleaching by 2050-2100 and found severe bleaching likely due to rising temperatures. The document concludes that while corals may partially adapt, coral reefs will increasingly experience severe bleaching as temperatures rise from climate change.
Earlier collapse of Anthropocene ecosystems driven by multiple faster and noi...Energy for One World
The document discusses how multiple, faster-acting, and noisier drivers may cause ecosystems to collapse more quickly than expected based on single, gradual drivers of change alone. It presents the results of experiments on four ecosystem models - representing fisheries, human populations, forests, and freshwater quality - where collapse times were substantially reduced by adding secondary and tertiary stresses or noise to the primary stressors. The models showed that collapses could occur at lower primary stress levels in the presence of additional drivers or noise. This has implications for better understanding how interacting human and climate pressures could accelerate real-world ecosystem changes.
Here are two examples of interactions between Earth's subsystems:
1. Volcanic eruptions (geosphere) release large amounts of gases and ash into the atmosphere. The ash and particles can serve as nuclei for formation of raindrops, influencing precipitation patterns and potentially increasing rainfall (hydrosphere). The changes in rainfall can impact plant growth and ecosystems (biosphere).
2. Photosynthesis by plants (biosphere) releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plants also take in water and minerals from the soil (geosphere) through their roots. Transpiration by plants releases water vapor into the air (hydrosphere), influencing the water cycle and climate.
THE WAYS IN WHICH GEO -ENGINEERING COULD TRANSFORM THE ENVIRONMENTVARUN KESAVAN
Varun Kesavan discusses how geoengineering could be used to address the climate emergency. Specifically, solar radiation management techniques like stratospheric aerosol injection aim to reflect sunlight back into space to cool the planet. While once dismissed, major universities are now researching geoengineering due to the urgent threat of climate change. However, the large-scale effects are still uncertain and it may discourage climate action or have unintended impacts if halted. Overall, geoengineering shows potential to significantly benefit society and the environment according to studies, despite some risks, and could provide time to further address the root causes of climate change.
This chapter discusses two main processes that shape the Earth's surface topography: climatic and vegetative zonation, and geographical cycles. Zonation divides the Earth into climate zones from poles to equator based on factors like latitude and vegetation. Geographical cycles describe the evolution of landscapes through youth, maturity, and old age stages. While zonation and cycles were originally seen as competing theories, they are now viewed as often complementary. Zonation has influenced paleogeography and sedimentation since life became widespread, while cycles better describe some arid landscapes. Both processes, along with tectonics and eustatic sea level changes, have interacted to sculpt the Earth's surface over geological time.
Similar to Proposing the use of a global probe based network of durable marine “laboratories” to quantify the global flux of dimethylsulfide across the sea/air interface (20)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Proposing the use of a global probe based network of durable marine “laboratories” to quantify the global flux of dimethylsulfide across the sea/air interface
1. Hofstra University : GEOL140: Paleoclimatology VOL. 21 doi:1029/2011GEOL1406873, 2011
Proposing the use of a global probe based network of durable
marine “laboratories” to quantify the global flux of
dimethylsulfide across the sea/air interface
S. LeoneA
A
Hofstra University Geology Department, Hempstead New York, USA
Abstract
As it stands now there are <1500 quality scientific papers written regarding the CLAW hypothesis,
many of which confirm the hypothesis. The hypothesis was conceived by four scientists: R.J. Charlson, J.
E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae & S. G. Warren in a 1987 paper in Nature. The four last names of the
scientists make the acronym CLAW. This hypothesis provides a fascinating concept that there is a
complex interaction between marine organisms and the atmosphere that work together to oppose change in
a particular system through a series of feedback loops. Phytoplankton in the ocean produces
dymethylsulfide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMS/DMSP). These substances act as cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN). When there is an input of sunlight and an output of excessive phytoplankton,
the DMS/DMSP is released into the atmosphere and facilitates the formation of clouds. The clouds
increase albedo and cool the system. There is currently no consistent and unified global network of
sensors to provide real time data regarding the production of DMS/DMSP. Most of the data collected
regarding the concentrations and production of DMS/DMSP are from the Global Surface Sea water DMS
database (http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/dms), other databases, satellite information, and measurements made
by individual researchers. The current collection of data is fairly accurate and is fit to be used in scientific
writing. The general consensus though among climate scientists specializing in research pertaining to
CLAW is that there needs to be a better data collection protocol and it needs to be implemented in a way
that will facilitate quick and accurate data collection. For this reason I propose that there be a global
network of renewably powered, remotely controlled “DMS laboratories” present in the ocean. The probes
will utilize CalTech’s “lab on a chip” technology to gain accurate real-time data that will quantify the
seawater DMS/DMSP distribution and its global flux across the sea/air interface.
Background attacked his views. The Gaia hypothesis is a
fairly controversial theory and its main critics
Other planets in this solar system may purport that it verges on being a quasi religious
have cores, and low-density atmospheres, but to belief and that it did not follow the reductionist
the best of our knowledge, Earth is the only approach of modern science. Over the past 20
planet that demonstrates such complex years the theory has begun to gain much wider
interactions between the living organisms and acceptance among the scientific community
their inorganic surroundings. This complex (Spowers 2000). Too lovelock though, it made
interaction creates sets of self-regulating perfect sense, especially in light of the fact that
phenomenon that sustain the life on Earth. he worked with NASA to find life on other
Similar beliefs have been held by various planets. The stark contrast drawn between the
indigenous cultures around the world throughout surface of planets like Venus and Mars
history. The first western scientific model to compared to the surface of the earth allowed him
describe this phenomenon was suggested by to realize just how incredible and unique our
James Lovelock. His theory that identifies and planet actually is.
attempts to quantify this global phenomenon is In a 2000 interview, Lovelock states that
known as the Gaia Hypothesis (GH). other planets seemed to be in a state of
Lovelock’s theory was inspired by his work with equilibrium. The atmospheres of planets like
NASA developing technology to detect life on Mars and Venus are composed entirely of
other planets. When he published his first paper carbon dioxide. This indicates a lifeless state.
on the topic in 1979, the scientific community Lovelock compares earths atmosphere to the gas
2. you put in your car. The rich mixture of oxygen into the atmosphere, oxidizes to form a sulfate
and hydrocarbons is akin to the fuel going into aerosol. This substance acts as a CCN. The
the intake manifold of a motor vehicle. The reflectance or albedo of clouds is responsive to
atmosphere on Mars though is composed of CCN density. Thus in turn the earth’s radiation
gasses akin to the exhaust of a car. From this he budget is sensitive to the presence of DMS due
believes life on mars and Venus exhausted itself to its impact on cloud formation. Regulation of
(Spowers 2000). This lead to the conclusion that the climate can be achieved by the feedback that
the onset of global warming is a huge problem, occurs through the effects of temperature and
in fact, in Lovelock’s opinion everything else is sunlight on the populations of phytoplankton
secondary to the problems of rising levels of and the production of DMS.
greenhouse gasses. He asserts that we are now Oceanic phytoplankton, if pushed to
in a state of “positive feedback” and that instead either extreme of their tolerance levels i.e. too
of mitigating the harm that is being done, the hot and sunny or too cold and dim, will respond
system is “actually increasing so that as it by varying their DMS emissions. This way they
warms, the systems are wiped out and the can increase or decrease the insolation hitting
process speeds up.”(Spowers 2000). In essence, the ocean surface by influencing the marine
treating this planet as a machine has gotten cloud reflectivity. By doing this, phytoplankton
humans into a lot of trouble. The Gaia effectively drive the system back towards their
hypothesis helps us to see that nature can indeed tolerance levels.
be seen as sacred and that there is still a lot we
don’t know. What we do know, though, is that
it’s important to assess the factors contributing
not only to the Gaia hypothesis but the entire
issue of climate change.
Lovelock’s theory of Gaia is quite broad.
One of the main terrestrial phenomenons that
Lovelock and many others have studied in depth
that contributes great insight into Gaia is the
“CLAW Hypothesis.” The letters that spell the
word “CLAW” are taken from the names of the
scientists that wrote a 1987 article in Nature
(Lovelock et. al. 1987). Before the CLAW
hypothesis can be fully explored, it is important
to examine the role of clouds in the atmosphere.
The way that clouds affect the warming and
cooling of the earth is hard enough to quantify.
Understanding the way that clouds affect the
warming and cooling of the earth in a warming
world is an even bigger uncertainty. One of the
main forcing on cloud properties is the existence
and concentration of a cloud condensation nuclei
(CCN). A CCN is a tiny particle present in the (Ayers et. al. 2007)
atmosphere that serves as a medium for the
nucleation of a water droplet that makes up a DMS in the atmosphere comes from the
cloud. ocean. When DMS is present in the ocean it is the
The basis of the CLAW hypothesis is the direct result of biological activity.
prospect that there are oceanic and atmospheric Dymethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is the
systems that are coupled in such a way that precursor compound to DMS. DMSP is
opposes changes in climate. In the ocean there synthesized by phytoplankton and the amount of
are several thousand species of phytoplankton. DMSP present depends on the species of
These phytoplankton produce a substance called phytoplankton present. So far, direct emission of
dimethylsulfide (DMS). DMS, once released DMS from phytoplankton has been observed in a
laboratory setting. It has not, however, been
2
3. observed in the oceans. It is also likely that the Once the DMSP is in the water, there are
action of grazing zooplankton and viruses have an several processes that convert the substance into
affect on the phytoplankton community that yields DMS. The complexity of the process is what is
substantial levels of DMSP in the water. It is important to note for the purposes of this paper.
typical that the higher levels of DMSP and DMS The early work in understanding the processes
usually correlate with the onset of a plankton was based in physics and utilized different
bloom. variables pertaining to wind speed, solubility of
In light of the fact that there has been no DMS and other factors. Fully understanding the
direct observation of DMS/DMSP production in complexities of the sea-air interface, knowing
phytoplankton in the oceans, it is important to what we already know poses a significant
implement a system that will allow real time challenge. A major difficulty in obtaining DMS
quantification of the levels of DMS/DMSP, the measurements from the water is the wind speed
presence of viruses, the grazing zooplankton, the associated with oceans experiencing large blooms.
temperature and sunlight concentration in a The safety of scientists and observation platforms
particular location. A. Lana et. al. in their 2011 is a main concern and so until Ayers et. al. in
paper utilized state of the art climatological 1995 determined certain micrometeorological
records and interpolation/extrapolation techniques techniques to gain a better understanding of this
to carry out their research. They identified several flux. Still, the techniques are only predictions
significant issues with the current state of the based on proxies of eddy accumulation and eddy
databases and individual measurements used for covariance.
their research. There doesn’t seem to be any
quality control in the database and a lack of Motivation:
unification of the DMS measurement protocol. The anthropogenic influence on the atmosphere
This is troubling to many for it retards any is predicted to lead to significant changes global
research attempts regarding oceanic DMS/DMSP climatic conditions. Roughly half of the current carbon
concentrations. dioxide emissions are being absorbed by the ocean and
by land ecosystems. This absorption is sensitive to
In addition to a lack of a unified measurement
climate as well as to atmospheric carbon dioxide
protocol, the role of DMSP or DMS in plankton concentrations. This creates a feedback loop. (Cox et.
physiology is still unclear (Ayers et. al. 2007). It al. 2000) The CLAW hypothesis though, has a
is hypothesized that the conversion of DMSP to counterpart: the Anti-CLAW hypothesis. Lovelock
DMS may have something to do with relieving contends that the constituents of the CLAW hypothesis
oxidative stress following exposure to UV will reverse from their current state of negative feedback
radiation, nutrient limitation, or changes in and wind up acting as a positive feedback loop
surface temperature. It has also been suggested (Lovelock 2007). Considering the evidence of increased
that DMSP has osmoregulative properties or is a atmospheric carbon presented by Cox et.al. and the fact
carrier in organic sulfur cycling. (S. M. Vallina that as of now, there is a predicted increase in global
et. al. 2007) temperature, it is likely that world oceans may
The fact that the role of DMSP and DMS in stratify.
(Lovelock 2007)
plankton is unclear makes it difficult to
understand how the emission of DMSP or DMS
from plankton would change as the surface water
environment changed in response to climate
change. It would be important to know if
changing certain oceanic conditions would alter
the plankton community in such a way that would
promote species of plankton that were higher
emitters of DMSP or DMS. In addition it would
be of note to determine the extent to which
increasing acidity would have on phytoplankton
communities and their emission of DMSP, for
deformed plankton have been observed. (Norris
2003)
3
4. This would reduce the supply of nutrients that up energy back as outgoing long-wave (infrared)
well from the deep. These nutrients are key for the radiation, also known as terrestrial radiation.
proper functioning of phytoplankton in its euphotic Albedo is an important factor in the radiation
zone. In a CLAW hypothesis reversal, this would balance, and clouds have the major effect on
lead to a decline in phytoplankton activity and thus albedo. The optical properties of a cloud are a key
less DMS production. If there is less DMS present issue to understanding and therefore predicting
in the atmosphere there will be less cloud global climate change. A cloud's optical properties
formation and so less albedo. The problem with are related to the size distribution and number of its
this is that the lack of cloud cover will potentially droplets. The more cloud condensation nuclei, the
lead to further climate warming. This in turn, will smaller the size of its water droplets and the higher
continue to reduce the global production of DMS. the density of water droplets since the same
amount of water vapor is distributed among a
greater number of CCN. This affects the radiative
properties (reflectance, transmittance and
absorbance) of the cloud. Because of the vast
amount of atmosphere between the sea and space,
there is a lot of room for cloud activity. When the
clouds are low and thick, they act as shields,
blocking and reflecting insolation into space. This
in turn cools the planet. When clouds are high up,
they can also trap the outgoing heat, which is in the
form of longwave radiation. This warms the
planet. On the whole, data suggests that clouds
have a general net cooling effect on the planet
(Norris 2003).
Climate scientists have realized that
current models had a poor ability to accurately
reproduce the effect of clouds. For this reason,
scientists have made it a priority to measure and
understand more about clouds physical properties
and radiative fluxes. Programs like CERES, and
the IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library are observing
clouds from space in order to more accurately
quantify cloud properties and their respective effect
on albedo. If a more accurate model of cloud
physics can be expressed, scientists will be able to
construct more accurate simulations of climate
budget and projections of change. Based on what
we have learned over the years in regard to the
CLAW hypothesis, it is likely that DMS has an
Having a global network of biosensors can influence on the global heat budget and the
help keep scientists savvy to the changes occurring hydrological cycle due to its impact on cloud
in real time. The radiation balance has a formation. In order to understand how any CLAW
fundamental effect on Earth's climate. About one related feedback mechanism (positive or negative)
third of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth is between the plankton population and the
reflected back into space by clouds and from earth atmosphere might operate, it is vital that the
surfaces, such as ice and snow. The atmosphere biological role of DMS/DMSP within the cells of
absorbs some solar energy, but most of the other plankton is clarified. The reason for this is because
two thirds is absorbed by the land and oceans, the biological role of DMS/DMSP in plankton is
which are warmed by the sunlight (Norris 2003). inextricably tied to how the feedback between
The sun's energy is converted into heat, and the biology and atmosphere may respond to
land and oceans then radiate a portion of this environmental changes. It seems that an
4
5. understanding of this feedback process in the There will be an onboard computer with
CLAW hypothesis remains elusive (Ayers et. al. power efficient processors capable of dynamically
2007). Being able to accurately quantify the adjusting their frequencies to reduce energy
amount of DMS being produced in real time all consumption. These chips will likely be akin to the
across the globe will be a vital contribution to the A5 processing chips at the heart of Apple’s iPad’s
climate science community. and iPhones. Because accurate location
Currently, some of the most recent quantification will be necessary, the units will be
research in the field has come from data contained equipped with onboard GPS chips in order to
in the Global Surface Sea water DMS Database. convey precise global coordinates at any time.
Simo et. Al. states that there is no quality control in The super computer used for this research
the database. This was worth stressing because will be a Cray XT system. Similar systems have
there doesn’t seem to be unification of the DMS been installed at several operational meteorological
measurement protocol, and very few and hydrological services and leading climate
intercalibration exercises have been conducted in research centers worldwide. Examples include but
the last 30 years. Furthermore, a number of are not limited too, NOAA, NCAR, Korea
sampling and analytical issues have been reported Meteorological Administration (KMA), Brazilian
in recent years. For this reason it is important to National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and
have a definitive, reliable, and long lasting network Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies
of instruments that provide real time analysis of the (CPTEC), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI),
DMS/DMSP sea and air measurements. This will and the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office
help to assess health of the planet based on the (NAVO). (Nyberg 2010)
progression of cloud formation and earths radiation In order for the unit to be able to
balance. In addition it will continue to support communicate with the central data collection server
James Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis. it will utilize very low frequency (VLF)
transmission to land based towers, which will then
Proposal for new research be able to route the data to a server linked to a
Using modified “lab on a chip” technology super computer to analyze the collected data. The
developed by CalTech (Liu et. al. 2009) to reason VLF transmissions were chosen as the
effectively create a network of interconnected, transmission medium is because they are often
centrally linked “microlabs” to measure levels of used in Integrated Communication Systems (ICS)
DMS and DMSP in phytoplankton on a global for naval vessels and HF ground-to-air
scale. The labs will be encapsulated in a specific applications. The technology will likely come from
vessel designed for durability and ease of Hagenuk Marinekommunikation (HMK). The
maintenance and potential retrofitting. The vessel company has provided solutions for more than 25
will also be equipped with a propulsion system, navies throughout the world who now rely on the
which draws energy from solar power, tidal high level of technical expertise of HMK. Over
currents, or both. The unit will not only be able to 540 systems have been delivered for all classes of
run real time collection and transmission of DMS ships, including 117 submarine systems.
and DMSP data, it will be able to determine the Moreover, HMK provides a full service package
effects of CO2 concentrations, sunlight, grazing including feasibility studies, system engineering,
zooplankton, temperature and viral lysis on the hardware and software design, production, system
production, dissemination and oxidation of DMS integration and setting to work as well as
and DMSP. integrated logistics combined with comprehensive
In order to accomplish this, the unit will be after sales services over the whole product life
equipped with several sensors, including but not cycle. Lastly, the technology that allows user
limited too, a PH sensor, a thermometer, a interface with the VLF system can be a single
photometer, a salt refractometer, a current speed workstation that is expandable to a networking
sensor, and a heavy metal sensor. The unit will multi-console client/server configuration that,
also be able to rise to the surface and extend a according to the contractor, provides sophisticated
probe into the atmosphere in order to collect data automated communications support for naval
regarding the concentrations of DMS/DMSP in the applications. The solutions offered by HMK
air directly above a particular system. posses the reliability of a company providing for
5
6. the United States navy, and the customizability one phenomenon out of the trillions that exist on
necessary for such a specific application. this planet, it is a step in the right direction.
The communication ability of the units
will boast two way transmission capabilities for References
the obvious purpose of relaying collected
information back to the server, and the less "Hagenuk Marinekommunikation - Naval VLF and SHF Radio
obvious ability to receive remote course and Equipment." Naval Technology. Hagenuk
Marinekommunikation. Web. 12 Dec. 2011.<http://www.naval-
speed commands from a controlling computer. technology.com/contractors/navigation/hagenuk/>.
This system would ideally be composed of
several hundred of these units to create a global Greg p. Ayers, Jill M. Cainey (2007) “The CLAW hypothesis: a review of
network. Ideally a climate scientist would be the major developments”, Research Front, 4, 366-374
able to identify one singular, or several units in
Lana, A, G Bell, R Simo, M Vallina, and L Bopp 2011"An updated
one of the many strategically placed locations climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and
and have full control over the device(s). This emission fluxes in the global ocean” Global Biogeochemical
will allow for a level of accurate, real time Cycles. 25. 1-17.
climatic data collection never before achieved. Lovelock, James (2007). The Revenge of Gaia. Penguin.
The reason each unit has its own ISBN 0141025972.
propulsion system, whether it be a set of Mike Liu et. al. (2009) “Field Operational Sensor and Lab-on-a-Chip
propellers or a series of pumps and jets is so the System for Marine Environmental Monitoring and Analysis”
units can maintain one fixed position in the sea, CENS 1-3
or move about the sea for however long a certain Norris, Katina B. "Dimethylsulfide Emission: Climate Control by Marine
experiment or research project dictates. Algae." CSA. ProQuest, Nov. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2011.
An example of the novel application of <http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/dimethyl/overview.php>.
this technology is the fact that so far there is no Per Nyberg (2010) “Cray Supercomputers in Climate”, Weather and
system of interconnected, un-tethered, real time Ocean Modeling Cray 1-6
data collecting mechanisms of this scale. There Peter M. Cox, Richard A. Betts, Chris D. Jones, Steven A. Spall, & Ian J.
have been global collaborations of many Totterdell (2000) “Acceleration of global warming due to
different scientists and instrumental records, but carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model” Nature, 408,
184-187
the ingenuity behind this concept is to have one
place for scientists to go to analyze the real time R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae & S. G. Warren (1987)
data of the DMS/DMSP concentrations and a “Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and
climate”, Nature, 326: 655-661
other measurable factors in the marine climate
system. The information can easily be archived Rory Spowers (2000) “Interview: Living Planet” Geographical 25-27
and made public for all scientists and individuals S.M. Vallina, R. Simo, S. Gasso, C. de Boyer-Montegut et. al. (2007)
who may not have the means to get to the “Analysis of a potential “solar radiation dose-dimethylsulfide-
supercomputer that all the units are linked to. cloud condensation nuclei” link from globally mapped seasonal
correlations” Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21, 1-16
Furthermore, the main goal of this global
network is to have the ability to monitor the Vallina, M, and R Simo. "What controls CCN seasonality in the Southern
health of the planet. The possibility of the Ocean? A statistical analysis based on satellite-derived
chlorophyll and CCN and model-estimated OH radical and
oceanic feedback loop reversing and creating rainfall." Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 20. 1-13.
another system that subjects this planet to
unnecessary temperature increases is very real.
James Lovelock is not the only scientist who is
concerned with the future of our climate system.
Although any scientist knows that the planet will
survive long after humans are extinct, the focus
of preventing climate change is to ensure the
prosperity of humans and all other organic life
alike. It is not farfetched that at some point the
earth may shrug humans off its proverbial
shoulder. This is why this proposal is so
important. Although it is serving to quantify but
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