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1. Guided by- Prof.(Dr) Priyanath Das
Department of Electrical Engineering
Sharmistha Sarkar (Enrollment No:
19EDEEA001)
Ph.D, 7th Semester
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

2.  Solar energy serves the huge contribution in the field of renewable and
alternative energy resources. Presently, extensive research works are going on
worldwide to make efficient solar cells, including inorganic and organic types.
The organic material based solar cells find much popularity due to their low
cost, flexibility and eco-friendliness. Depending on the materials, structures
and fabrication techniques, three generations of solar cells have been evaluated
till date[1].
 The recent increases in the world energy demand and the global concern over
the climate have directly focused the research attention on harvesting energy
from sunlight using photovoltaic (PV) technology which is a renewable, clean
energy source [2,3,4].
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

3. Dye Sensitized Solar Cell:
Dye sensitized solar cells(DSSC) are classified as third
generation solar cells, that converts the light energy to
electricity, based on the sensitization of wide band gap
semi-conductors[2]. They are gaining much interest due
to their low cost, flexibility, biodegradability, short
production time and mostly they can produce electricity
even in low light.
O’Regan and Grätzel invented the first DSSC in
1991[1].
•The DSSC primarily comprised of photoelectrode, redox
electrolyte and counter electrode [6]. Other materials
include transparent conducting oxide and sealing agents.
3
Fig: Dye Sensitized Solar Cell.
Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

4. Working Principle of DSSC
The working principle of DSSC involves four basic steps: light absorption,
electron injection, transportation of carrier, and collection of current.
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5. * BRIAN O'REGAN* & MICHAEL GRÄTZEL(24 October 1991)
*The large-scale use of photovoltaic devices for electricity generation is
prohibitively expensive at present: generation from existing commercial devices
costs about ten times more than conventional methods1.
*They describe a photovoltaic cell, created from low-to medium-purity materials
through low-cost processes, which exhibits a commercially realistic energy-
conversion efficiency.
*The device is based on a 10-µm-thick, optically transparent film of titanium
dioxide particles a few nanometres in size, coated with a monolayer of a charge-
transfer dye to sensitize the film for light harvesting.
*The overall light-to-electric energy conversion yield is 7.1-7.9% in simulated solar
light and 12% in diffuse daylight.
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6. Adolf Goetzberger, Christopher Hebling, Hans-Werner Schock(20 August 2002)
Reviews the history, the present status and possible future developments of photovoltaic
(PV) materials for terrestrial applications.
After a brief history and introduction of the photovoltaic effect theoretical requirements
for the optimal performance of materials for p-n junction solar cells are discussed. Most
important are efficiency, long-term stability and, not to be neglected, lowest possible
cost(8)
They also focused on the future scope of Dye sensitized solar cell and Organic solar
cell.
Khwanchit Wongcharee, Vissanu Meeyoo, Sumaeth Chavadej (7 November 2006)
Fabricated Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using natural dyes extracted from rosella,
blue pea and a mixture of the extracts.
The light absorption spectrum of the mixed extract contained peaks corresponding to
the contributions from both rosella and blue pea extracts(3).
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7. The cell sensitized by the rosella extract alone showed the best sensitization. When the dyes
were extracted at 100 C, using water as extracting solvent, the energy conversion efficiency
of the cells consisting of rosella extract alone, blue pea extract alone and mixed extract was
0.37%, 0.05% and 0.15%, respectively.
The efficiency of rosella extract sensitized DSSC was improved from 0.37% to 0.70%
when the aqueous dye was extracted at 50 C instead of 100 C and pH of the dye was
adjusted from 3.2 to 1.0.
The effects of changing extracting temperature, extracting solvent and pH of the extract
solution are also reported.
R.A.M. Ali, N. Nayan (June2010)
Dragon fruit dye has been prepared and used in the fabrication of DSSC as sensitizer.
The properties of dragon fruit dye have been investigated by UV-Vis and FTIR technique.
The absorption spectrum shows a peak value of 535 nm. Chemically dragon fruit dye
shows presence of anthocyanin. 7
Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

8. On the other hand, the resistivity of TiO2 film on ITO glass before it is used for the
fabrication of DSSC is also investigated. The TiO2 sheet resistivity increase from 1 layer
= 22.1Ωcm to 2 layers = 369.6 Ωcm.
The result obtained from the fabricated device shows fill factor, Pmax and efficiency
during the present of halogen lamp are 0.30, 13 μW, 0.22%, respectively.
E.M. Abdou , H.S. Hafez , E. Bakir , M.S.A. Abdel-Mottaleb (24 May 2013)
Use the natural pigments and synthetic dye as sensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells
(DSSCs).
Dye sensitized solar cells are fabricated using the anthocyanin, RR and coumarin dyes
and their conversion efficiency is 0.27%, 0.14% and 0.001% respectively.
They Observe the Photostability of the three dyes over the TiO2 film electrodes under
UV–Vis light exposure.
The stability results favor selecting anthocyanin as a promising sensitizer candidate for
DSSCs applications(5)
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

9. Federico Bella , Adriano Sacco , Diego Pugliese , Marco Laurenti , Stefano
Bianco(19 April 2014)
A multivariate chemometric approach is proposed for the first time for performance
optimization of I-/I3- liquid electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Using optimal electrolyte solution they obtained efficiencies upto 10.79% . 25%
improvement on the photovoltaic conversion efficiency compared with that obtained with
a commercial electrolyte is demonstrated(9).
D. Susanti, M. Nafi, H. Purwaningsih, R. Fajarin, G. E. Kusuma(2014)
In their research used tamarillo extract as dye for TiO2 based DSSC. TiO2 powder was
spin-coated on top of Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide conductive glass and calcined at 550⁰C,
650⁰C and 750⁰C each for 60 and 120 min.
As the result, the sample calcined at 650⁰C for 60 min showed the highest electrical
performance of 542.5 mv and 0.356 mA/cm2 which corresponds to an efficiency of
0.043%.
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

10. P. Dhamodharan , C. Manoharan , S. Dhanapandian , P. Venkatachalam (15 October
2014)
Prepared DSSC with the ZnO film on ITO coated glass substrate as photoanode and its
photocurrent – voltage performance was investigated.
The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure with preferred
orientation along (0 0 2) plane at substrate temperature 350 °C and the crystallite size was
found to vary from 18 to 47 nm.
Used indirect hydronic heating method to extract anthocyanine and chlorophyll from
hibiscus rosasinensis flowers(6).
S. Saha, P. Das, A. K. Chakraborty, S. Sarkar, R. Debbarma (2016)
Fabricated DSSC using Kenaf Hibiscus (Hibiscus Cannabinus) flower. They reported the
use of dye extracted from kenaf hibiscus as photosensitizer for the first time.
The different structural, optical and electrical characteristics of the fabricated device were
measured. The DSSC showed a maximum conversion efficiency of 2.87 %.
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

11. D D Pratiwi, F. Nurosyid, K. Kusumandari, A. Supriyanto, R. Suryana (2017)
Reported combination of anthocyanin and synthetic dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells
(DSSC) applications.
This study aims was to improve the performance of DSSC by addition of synthetic dye
into anthocyanin dye. Anthocyanin dye was extracted from red cabbage and synthetic dye
was obtained from N719.
The conversion efficiency of dssc with anthocyanin dye of red cabbage is 0.024% and
combination of natural and synthetic dyes resulted a efficiency of 0.054%
M. S. Ahmad, A. K. Pandey, N. A. Rahim (2017)
The components of DSSC which combine to form a photo conversion device are
the conducting substrate, dye, photoanode, catalyst and electrolyte. Each component has
its own importance but among them photoanode is probability the main component which
determines the energy conversion efficiency.
Various photoanode materials have been trialled to date. Among them Zn and TiO2 are
widely recognized, researched and investigated.
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

12. In the review they discussed about the TiO2 photoanode, its properties, issues related to
TiO2 photoanode, various improvement approaches.
Shihan Zhang.et.al(16 July 2019)
In their work use counter electrodes based on carbon materials for increased power
conversion efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell.
A cell efficiency of 6.29 % was obtained by the DSSC with a counter electrode composed
of the optimum mixture of carbon nanotubes, graphite, conductive carbon black and
graphene.
Asad Aslam.et.al(2020)
Describe the evolution of DSSC from the laboratory to commercialization. They used Dye-
sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a potential photovoltaic technology for the self-powered
internet of things (IoTs) applications.
The objective of this review is to emphasize applications of DSSCs for IoTs, factors
affecting the performance, and challenges in their commercialization.
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

13. N.Y. Amogne.et.al( November 2020)
reviews the factors affecting the stability of anthocyanin pigments and also the solvents
needed for efficient extraction of anthocyanins.
Moreover, they also discussed the potential application of anthocyanin dyes as
photosensitizers for DSSC application.
M.Z. Najihah, Tan Winie( 5 January 2021) in their Current work employs dye extracted
from leaves of Costus woodsonii as a new sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
They extract the dyes from Costus woodsonii leaves using methanol, ethanol, and acetone as
solvent
DSSC with methanol extract of dye has an efficiency of 0.23 %. DSSC sensitized with
ethanol extract of leaves has an efficiency of 0.37 %. DSSC sensitized with acetone extract
of leaves shows the highest efficiency of 0.48 % .
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Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala

14. Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala 14
FABRICATION OF DSSC WITH TIO2
TF AND RUBY LEAF DYE AND
PLATINUM AS COUNTER
ELECTRODE

15. Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala 15
*
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
200 400 600 800 1000
Absorption(a.u)
Wavelength (nm)
434 nm
458 nm
530 nm
Figure shows the UV-VIS
absorption spectra of Ruby
leaf. The absorption
spectra of dye solution
were recorded using a UV-
VIS spectrometer. It was
found that the absorption
peak of Ruby leaf are at
434nm, 458 nm and 530
nm.

16. Materials

17. Scotch Tape
Binder clips Hot plate Crocodile clips
Vial
Filter paper Glass rod Bikar
Equipment

18. FABRICATION PROCEDURE OF DYE
SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL:
STEP 1: Preparation of FTO coated
glass
•We take two FTO coated glass of
dimension 2×2 cm
•clean the glass with DI water and ethyl
alcohol so that FTO glass has no impurities
•Put Scotch tape on the conducting side of
FTO glass so that thin film of TiO2 can be
make easily

19. STEP 2: Preparation of TiO2 paste and thin
film generation
• TiO2 powder have been taken in the vial with
acetic acid and shaken vigorously to make the
TiO2 paste.
• Put TiO2 paste in FTO coated glass and flatten
it with a glass rod on the conductive side of the
FTO glass for making thin film
.STEP 3: Heating of TiO2 Coated glass
• Put the TiO2 coated glass on top of a hot plate
and heat it at approximately 100 °C for 3 hours.

20. STEP 4: Dye extraction
•10 gm leaves of Ruby leaf have been taken in a bikar with 10 ml ethyl alcohol
solution.
•Bikar have been sealed with aluminium foil so that it will be air-tight.
•A steel bowl is heated with water at a temperature of boiling point of alcohol on hot
plate and then placed the bikar in that water and heated it for 45 minutes
•After 45 minutes bikar has been taken out from the hot plate and then filtered the
extraction with filter paper and thus extraction procedure completed.

21. STEP 5: Preparation of dye sensitized Solar
cell
•Dip the TiO2 electrode into the dye solution for
10 min.
•Platinum paste is coated on the conducting
surface of another FTO glass as a counter
electrode.
•Take out the TiO2/dye electrode from the dye
solution and wash it with DI water
•Combine the TiO2/dye electrode with the
counter electrode, facing them each other.
•The cell is filled with liquid electrolyte solution
by injecting it between the TiO2/dye electrode
and the counter electrode.
•Fix them with binder clips.

22. Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala 22
Output Voltage of the Ruby Leaf DSSC
At the output
terminals of Ruby
leaf Dye Sensitized
Solar Cell a voltage
of 172.9 mv has
been obtained for a
active area of 1cm2
at normal room
temperature.

23. Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala 23
*Here the extraction temperature for dye has been varied. Basically the dye is
extracted at three different temperature 50◦C,75 ◦ C and 100◦C using Ethyl
Alcohol as solvent.

24. Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala 24
*

25. Nataional Institute of Technology, Agartala 25
*
*To study the electrical, structural and optical characteristics of
fabricated devices at three different temperatures .
*To calculate the fill factor and efficiency of the fabricated
devices.
*To improve efficiency of the fabricated devices will add some
polymers and perform all the electrical, structural and optical
characterization .

26. 26
*
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30. THANK YOU
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