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3. Topics covered
Process & Software Process
Software process models
Process Activities
The Rational Unified Process
An example of a modern software process.
3
Software Processes
4. in Process ?
Perform Different Activities.
Required to Complete the Project.
To Produce a High Quality Product.
Software Processes 4
5. Software Process ?
“Distribution of Framework Activities into work tasks
which when performed, the activities get completed.”
Deeply study of Current System.
Cover all Framework activities.
Software Processes 5
6. Software Process(Con...)
Many different software processes but all involve:
Specification – defining what the system should do;
Design and implementation – defining the organization of the
system and implementing the system;
Validation – checking that it does what the customer wants;
Evolution – changing the system in response to changing
customer needs.
6
Software Processes
7. Software process descriptions
When we describe and discuss processes, we usually
talk about the activities in these processes such as
specifying a data model, designing a user interface, etc.
and the ordering of these activities.
Process descriptions may also include:
Products, which are the outcomes of a process activity;
Roles, which reflect the responsibilities of the people involved in
the process;
Pre- and post-conditions, which are statements that are true
before and after a process activity has been enacted or a
product produced.
7
Software Processes
8. Plan-driven and Agile Processes
Plan-driven processes are processes where all of the
process activities are planned in advance and progress
is measured against this plan.
In agile processes, planning is incremental and it is
easier to change the process to reflect changing
customer requirements.
8
Software Processes
9. Software process models
The waterfall model
Incremental development
Reuse-oriented software engineering
Linear Sequential Model
Spiral Model
Prototyping Model.
9
Software Processes
10. Process activities
Real software processes are inter-leaved sequences of
technical, collaborative and managerial activities with the
overall goal of specifying, designing, implementing and
testing a software system.
The four basic process activities of specification,
development, validation and evolution are organized
differently in different development processes. In the
waterfall model, they are organized in sequence,
whereas in incremental development they are inter-
leaved.
10
Software Processes
11. Software specification
The process of establishing what services are required
and the constraints on the system’s operation and
development.
Requirements engineering process
Feasibility study
• Is it technically and financially feasible to build the system?
Requirements elicitation and analysis
• What do the system stakeholders require or expect from the system?
Requirements specification
• Defining the requirements in detail
Requirements validation
• Checking the validity of the requirements
11
Software Processes
13. Software design and implementation
The process of converting the system specification into
an executable system.
Software design
Design a software structure that realises the specification;
Implementation
Translate this structure into an executable program;
The activities of design and implementation are closely
related and may be inter-leaved.
13
Software Processes
15. Design activities
Architectural design, where you identify the overall
structure of the system, the principal components
(sometimes called sub-systems or modules), their
relationships and how they are distributed.
Interface design, where you define the interfaces
between system components.
Component design, where you take each system
component and design how it will operate.
Database design, where you design the system data
structures and how these are to be represented in a
database.
15
Software Processes
16. Software validation
Verification and validation (V & V) is intended to show
that a system conforms to its specification and meets the
requirements of the system customer.
Involves checking and review processes and system
testing.
System testing involves executing the system with test
cases that are derived from the specification of the real
data to be processed by the system.
Testing is the most commonly used V & V activity.
16
Software Processes
18. Testing stages
Development or component testing
Individual components are tested independently;
Components may be functions or objects or coherent groupings
of these entities.
System testing
Testing of the system as a whole. Testing of emergent properties
is particularly important.
Acceptance testing
Testing with customer data to check that the system meets the
customer’s needs.
18
Software Processes
19. Testing phases in a plan-driven software
process
19
Software Processes
20. Software evolution
Software is inherently flexible and can change.
As requirements change through changing business
circumstances, the software that supports the business
must also evolve and change.
Although there has been a demarcation between
development and evolution (maintenance) this is
increasingly irrelevant as fewer and fewer systems are
completely new.
20
Software Processes
22. Key points
Software processes are the activities involved in
producing a software system. Software process models
are abstract representations of these processes.
General process models describe the organization of
software processes. Examples of these general models
include the ‘waterfall’ model, incremental development,
and reuse-oriented development.
22
Software Processes
23. Key points
Requirements engineering is the process of developing a
software specification.
Design and implementation processes are concerned
with transforming a requirements specification into an
executable software system.
Software validation is the process of checking that the
system conforms to its specification and that it meets the
real needs of the users of the system.
Software evolution takes place when you change
existing software systems to meet new requirements.
The software must evolve to remain useful.
23
Software Processes
25. Coping with change
Change is inevitable in all large software projects.
Business changes lead to new and changed system
requirements
New technologies open up new possibilities for improving
implementations
Changing platforms require application changes
Change leads to rework so the costs of change include
both rework (e.g. re-analysing requirements) as well as
the costs of implementing new functionality
25
Software Processes
26. Reducing the costs of rework
Change avoidance, where the software process includes
activities that can anticipate possible changes before
significant rework is required.
For example, a prototype system may be developed to show
some key features of the system to customers.
Change tolerance, where the process is designed so that
changes can be accommodated at relatively low cost.
This normally involves some form of incremental development.
Proposed changes may be implemented in increments that have
not yet been developed. If this is impossible, then only a single
increment (a small part of the system) may have be altered to
incorporate the change.
26
Software Processes
27. Software prototyping
A prototype is an initial version of a system used to
demonstrate concepts and try out design options.
A prototype can be used in:
The requirements engineering process to help with requirements
elicitation and validation;
In design processes to explore options and develop a UI design;
In the testing process to run back-to-back tests.
27
Software Processes
28. Benefits of prototyping
Improved system usability.
A closer match to users’ real needs.
Improved design quality.
Improved maintainability.
Reduced development effort.
28
Software Processes
29. The process of prototype development
29
Software Processes
30. Prototype development
May be based on rapid prototyping languages or tools
May involve leaving out functionality
Prototype should focus on areas of the product that are not well-
understood;
Error checking and recovery may not be included in the
prototype;
Focus on functional rather than non-functional requirements
such as reliability and security
Software Processes 30
31. Throw-away prototypes
Prototypes should be discarded after development as
they are not a good basis for a production system:
It may be impossible to tune the system to meet non-functional
requirements;
Prototypes are normally undocumented;
The prototype structure is usually degraded through rapid
change;
The prototype probably will not meet normal organisational
quality standards.
31
Software Processes
32. Incremental delivery
Rather than deliver the system as a single delivery, the
development and delivery is broken down into
increments with each increment delivering part of the
required functionality.
User requirements are prioritised and the highest priority
requirements are included in early increments.
Once the development of an increment is started, the
requirements are frozen though requirements for later
increments can continue to evolve.
32
Software Processes
33. Incremental development and delivery
Incremental development
Develop the system in increments and evaluate each increment
before proceeding to the development of the next increment;
Normal approach used in agile methods;
Evaluation done by user/customer proxy.
Incremental delivery
Deploy an increment for use by end-users;
More realistic evaluation about practical use of software;
Difficult to implement for replacement systems as increments
have less functionality than the system being replaced.
Software Processes 33
35. Incremental delivery advantages
Customer value can be delivered with each increment so
system functionality is available earlier.
Early increments act as a prototype to help elicit
requirements for later increments.
Lower risk of overall project failure.
The highest priority system services tend to receive the
most testing.
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Software Processes
36. Incremental delivery problems
Most systems require a set of basic facilities that are
used by different parts of the system.
As requirements are not defined in detail until an increment is to
be implemented, it can be hard to identify common facilities that
are needed by all increments.
The essence of iterative processes is that the
specification is developed in conjunction with the
software.
However, this conflicts with the procurement model of many
organizations, where the complete system specification is part of
the system development contract.
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Software Processes
37. Boehm’s spiral model
Process is represented as a spiral rather than as a
sequence of activities with backtracking.
Each loop in the spiral represents a phase in the
process.
No fixed phases such as specification or design - loops
in the spiral are chosen depending on what is required.
Risks are explicitly assessed and resolved throughout
the process.
37
Software Processes
39. Spiral model sectors
Objective setting
Specific objectives for the phase are identified.
Risk assessment and reduction
Risks are assessed and activities put in place to reduce the key
risks.
Development and validation
A development model for the system is chosen which can be
any of the generic models.
Planning
The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is
planned.
39
Software Processes
40. Spiral model usage
Spiral model has been very influential in helping people
think about iteration in software processes and
introducing the risk-driven approach to development.
In practice, however, the model is rarely used as
published for practical software development.
Software Processes 40
41. The Rational Unified Process
A modern generic process derived from the work on the
UML and associated process.
Brings together aspects of the 3 generic process models
discussed previously.
Normally described from 3 perspectives
A dynamic perspective that shows phases over time;
A static perspective that shows process activities;
A practive perspective that suggests good practice.
41
Software Processes
42. Phases in the Rational Unified Process
42
Software Processes
43. RUP phases
Inception
Establish the business case for the system.
Elaboration
Develop an understanding of the problem domain and the
system architecture.
Construction
System design, programming and testing.
Transition
Deploy the system in its operating environment.
43
Software Processes
44. RUP iteration
In-phase iteration
Each phase is iterative with results developed incrementally.
Cross-phase iteration
As shown by the loop in the RUP model, the whole set of phases
may be enacted incrementally.
Software Processes 44
45. Static workflows in the Rational Unified Process
Workflow Description
Business modelling The business processes are modelled using business
use cases.
Requirements Actors who interact with the system are identified and
use cases are developed to model the system
requirements.
Analysis and design A design model is created and documented using
architectural models, component models, object
models and sequence models.
Implementation The components in the system are implemented and
structured into implementation sub-systems.
Automatic code generation from design models helps
accelerate this process.
45
Software Processes
46. Static workflows in the Rational Unified Process
Workflow Description
Testing Testing is an iterative process that is carried out in conjunction
with implementation. System testing follows the completion of
the implementation.
Deployment A product release is created, distributed to users and installed in
their workplace.
Configuration and
change management
This supporting workflow managed changes to the system (see
Chapter 25).
Project management This supporting workflow manages the system development (see
Chapters 22 and 23).
Environment This workflow is concerned with making appropriate software
tools available to the software development team.
46
Software Processes
47. RUP good practice
Develop software iteratively
Plan increments based on customer priorities and deliver highest
priority increments first.
Manage requirements
Explicitly document customer requirements and keep track of
changes to these requirements.
Use component-based architectures
Organize the system architecture as a set of reusable
components.
47
Software Processes
48. RUP good practice
Visually model software
Use graphical UML models to present static and dynamic views
of the software.
Verify software quality
Ensure that the software meet’s organizational quality standards.
Control changes to software
Manage software changes using a change management system
and configuration management tools.
Software Processes 48
49. Key points
Processes should include activities to cope with change.
This may involve a prototyping phase that helps avoid
poor decisions on requirements and design.
Processes may be structured for iterative development
and delivery so that changes may be made without
disrupting the system as a whole.
The Rational Unified Process is a modern generic
process model that is organized into phases (inception,
elaboration, construction and transition) but separates
activities (requirements, analysis and design, etc.) from
these phases.
49
Software Processes